01 introduction to information technology
TRANSCRIPT
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University Of Buddhist and pali
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About the lecturer
Dinesh Kumara Hakmana Abeynayaka Gunathilaka
• MBCS -CITP– UK• MUKAP – University Of Greenwich
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Subject Contents in General
• Computer Hardware• Computer software• Application programs
Word processingPresentationSpreadsheets
• Data & information management• Computer networking• Applications of networking: Internet, Intranet
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Subject Content in Details1.0 The Information Technology Basic Information Technology Concepts Computer History
Basic Components of Computer System How a Computer System Works 2.0 Function of Major Computer Hardware
Computer Configuration and ClassificationCentral Processing UnitInput-Output Devices and PeripheralsSecondary Storage
3.0 Basic Uses of Application S/ware & OSOperating System and Its Functions Disk Operating System (DOS) Primer High and Low Level Languages Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter WINDOWS and MS Office Primer
4.0 Data Security Importance of Backup
The Computer Virus Crisis
5.0 Computer and NetworkLocal Area Network (LAN)Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)Wide Area Network (WAN)LAN Components, Topologies and TypesTransmission Media
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Objectives
• Describe the three fundamental characteristics of computers
• Describe at least four areas of society in which computers are used
• Identify the basic components of a computer system: input, processing, output, and storage
• List some common input, output, and storage media
• Distinguish data from information
• Describe the significance of networking
• Explain the significance of the Internet
• Explain the various classifications of computers
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Course Assessment
Quiz 20%
Test 20%
Assignment 20%
Final Exam 40%
Total = 100%
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Introduction to Computers
Computer hardware
Input, Output & peripheral devices
History of computers
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Basic Components of a Computer System
What is computer?
An electronic device that can accept data (input), process the input to useful information (process) according to a set of instructions, store the instructions and the results of processing (storage), and produce the information (output).
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Other definition:-
• A machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it away (in secondary storage device) for safekeeping or later reuse
• Process is directed by software but performed by the hardware
Basic Components of a Computer System
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• Evolving more rapidly than Industrial Age
• Will continue into the current century
Information Age
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Cornerstones of our Economy
• Land
• Labor
• Capital
• Information
Forging a Computer-Based Society:
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Jobs
• From physical to mental
• From muscle-power to brain-power
Forging a Computer-Based Society:
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A Computer in Your Future• Where used?
– Bank withdrawal– Supermarket– Drive the car
• Do I need a Personal Computer?– Campaign: One Home, One PC– Many more use at work
• Will I use a computer in my future career?– Almost every job will involve use of a computer
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Computer Literacy
• Awareness– Importance– Versatility– Pervasiveness in our society
• Knowledge– What are computers– How do computers work– Terminology
• Interaction– Use some simple computer applications
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Is computer literacy enough?
• Need to be computer literate to manipulate a computer
• Need to be computer fluent on computer concepts as a basis to build deeper knowledge
• Computer fluency make one able to continue follow developments as computers continue to evolve
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Basic Information Technology Concept
• Information technology - the use of modern technology to aid the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and communication of information.
• The various methods of delivering information are by the use of data, text, image, and voice for personal or organization needs.
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History of Computers
• Man from centuries ago used a physical unit or sets of units to represent numbers or quantities.
• A number or a quantity can be represented by a physical thing, whether it is:
a pebble a transistor
a bead of wire a mark on a bit of paper
a mechanical gear wheel
an electrical relay
a vacuum tube
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The Nature of Computers
Characteristics• Speed• Reliability• Storage capability
Results• Productivity• Decision making• Cost reduction
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Where Computers Are Used: Graphics
Graphs and charts
Animated graphics
Visual walk-through
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Where Computers Are Used:Education
• Teaching and testing aid
• Learning by doing
• Computer-based instruction
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Where Computers Are Used:Retailing
• Bar codes for pricing and inventory
• Shipping
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Where Computers Are Used:Energy
• Locate oil, coal, natural gas, and uranium
• Monitor the power network
• Meter reading
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Where Computers Are Used:Law Enforcement
• National fingerprint files
• National files on criminal
• Computer modeling of DNA
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Where Computers Are Used:Transportation
• Cars
• Run rapid transit systems
• Load containerships
• Track railroad cars
• Monitor air traffic
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Where Computers Are Used:Money
• Record keeping
• Banking by phone
• Credit cards
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Where Computers Are Used:Agriculture
• Billing
• Crop information
• Feed combinations
• Livestock breeding and performance
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Where Computers Are Used:Government
• Forecast weather
• E-government
• Process immigrants
• Taxes
• Registration: birth, identity, car etc.
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Where Computers Are Used:The Home
• Educational tool• Record keeping• Letter writing• Budgeting• Drawing and editing pictures
• Newsletters• Connecting with others
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Where Computers Are Used:Health and Medicine
• Monitor patients
• Electronic imaging
• Diagnose illnesses
• Tele-health
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Where Computers Are Used:Robotics
• Perform jobs that are dangerous for humans
• Factory work
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Where Computers Are Used:The Human Connection
• Assist the disabled
• Assist athletes by monitoring their movements
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Where Computers Are Used
The Sciences• Research
• Simulation
Connectivity• Communication
• Telecommuting
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Where Computers Are Used
Training• Airline pilots
• Railroad engineers
Paperwork• Junk mail
• Term paper
• Record keeping
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Computers are all around!
• Grocery store• Schools• Libraries• Bank• Mail• Malls
We interact with computers everyday!
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What computers can’t do yet?
Complex human activities
What else? Can you think of others?
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Computer System
People
Software
Hardware
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People
• Computer programmer – person who writes programs
• Users or End-users – make use of the computer’s capabilities
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Software
• Programs
• Set of instructions that directs the hardware to do a required task and produce the desired results
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Hardware:Basic Components of a Computer
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Computer Components
1. Input Devices- examples: keyboard and the mouse- data entered on the keyboard and temporarily stored in the computer’s memory and displayed on the monitor
2. System Unit- contains the electronic circuits that cause the processing of data to occur- consists of central processing unit, memory, (RAM and ROM)
and other electronic components- CPU has a control unit and arithmetic/logic unit- RAM temporarily stores data and program instructions when they are processed
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4. Output Devices- most commonly used output devices are monitor and printer - Monitor :commonly as CRT or Flat Panel Display- Printer: Dot-Matrix, Ink-Jet etc.
5. Secondary Storage Devices- also known as auxiliary storage devices- stores instructions and data when they are not being used by the system unit- Examples : floppy disk and hard disk drive
Computer Components – cont.
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Input Process Output
DataInformation
Storage
How a Computer System Works
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How a Computer System Works – cont.
Software- The instructions needed to direct the computer to
complete specific tasks.
• The CPU follows the step-by-step instructions in a program to complete the tasks from user.
• Operating system is the system software that controls the basic, low-level hardware operations and file management.
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Microcomputers- Also known as personal computers- Physical sizes : palmtop, desktop and tower case- Cheaper and smaller in size
Minicomputer- Also known as departmental computers- Physical sizes : small to large cabinets- Support business application
Computer Configuration and Classification
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Mainframe- Large computers with the capability to process
data at millions of instructions per second. - Physical size : partial to full room of equipment
Supercomputer- Most powerful and expensive computers- Vast quantities of data manipulation - Physical size : full room of equipment- No. of users : hundreds of users
Computer Configuration and Classification – cont.
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- It is the heart of the computer, that is the microprocessor chip.
- A highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions.
- CPU perform three main tasks :-• Perform arithmetic operations• Perform logic operations• Retrieval and storage of data
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- CPU consists of two main units :-
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)- arithmetic operations e.g. +, -, x, /- logic operations e.g. >, >=, ==, <,
<=
CPU – cont.
2. Control unit - fetches instructions from memory- decode/translate instructions- executes the processing tasks - stores result in memory
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CPU – cont.
- CU fetches instructions from memory - CU decodes/translates instructions, directs necessary data to ALU
- ALU executes arithmetic/logic instruction-ALU stores results into memory
What happens in a CPU?
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Memory - also known as primary storage, primary memory,
main storage, internal storage, and main memory
- Consists of RAM and ROM 1. RAM (Random Access Memory)
- volatile; means the data exists only when power is ON - two types of RAM, dynamic and static
2. ROM (Read Only Memory) - non-volatile; means data permanently stored in and cannot be changed
CPU – cont.
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Function of Computer System
Data handling
I Input
P Process
O Output
S Storage
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Processing: Batch vs. Interactive
• 2 types of information processing– Batch processing– Interactive processing : Real time
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Input devices
• Accept data or commands and convert them to electronic form
• Getting data into the computer– Typing on a keyboard
– Pointing with a mouse
– Scanning with a wand reader or bar-code reader
– Terminal
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Output devices
Monitor or screen• Text• Numbers• Symbols• Art• Photographs• Video
Printer• Black and white• Color
• Convert from electronic form to some other form
• May display the processed results
• Usable information
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Input and Output Devices
1. Input devices
- Common type of devices used are the keyboard and the mouse
- Standard type of keyboard is the QWERTY which has 86 keys (basic) and 101-102 keys (enhanced).
- Mouse is a pointing device for effective use of computer interface. Trackball and touch pad are also considered as pointing devices.
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Input and Output Devices – cont.
Digitizer- A pad with a pen-like stylus. - The tablet sends electronic signals to the computer, displaying the image drawn.
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Input and Output Devices – cont.
the use of special equipment to collect data at the source and send it directly to the computer.
Source data automation
MICR Images OCR
Bar code Hand Written
Input devices– cont.
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Input and Output Devices – cont.
2. Output devices
- most common devices are monitor displays and printers
- Two types of display; f lat panel display and CRT display (Cathode Ray Tube)
- Two categories of printers; impact and non-impact printers
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Displays
1. Flat Panel- commonly used in laptop, notebook- examples of flat panel; LCD, Gas Plasma
2. CRT- produce best images for computers- two types of display; monochrome and color- monochrome; displays one color (green or
amber)- color; four types:
Input and Output Devices – cont.
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Standard Graphic Add-on-BoardsResolution (by pixels)
CGA (Color Graphic Adapter) 640 x 200
EGA (Enhanced Graphic Adapter) 640 x 350
VGA (Video Graphic Array) 640 x 480
SVGA (Super Video Graphic Array) 1024 x 768
Displays – cont.
Input and Output Devices – cont.
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Two types of printers (according to printing methods)
Impact printers -use a physical contact with the paper to produce an image-e.g. dot matrix printer and line printer
Non-impact printers-Place images on a paper without physically touching it-e.g. thermal, inkjet, laser printer
Input and Output Devices – cont.
Printers
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Can you think of any other input/output devices?
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The Processor
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Converts data to useful information
• Interpret and execute instructions
• Communicate with input, output and storage
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Two Types of Storage
• Secondary storage
long-term storage
• Primary storage or memory
temporary storage
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Memory / Primary Storage
• Temporary storage
• Holds input to be processed
• Holds results of processing
• Contains the programs to control the computer and manipulate input into output
• Volatile
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Secondary Storage
• Long-term storage
• Non-volatile
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Secondary Storage Examples
• Magnetic disks – read and written by magnetic disk drive– Hard disk– Diskette
• Optical disks – read and written by optical disk drives– CD-ROM– DVD-ROM
• Magnetic tape – read and written by magnetic tape drives– Primarily used for back-up
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Magnetic Disk
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• It is needed because – Main memory stores data temporarily– Main memory space is limited
Secondary Storage
Benefits of secondary storage Space Reliability Convenience Economic
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Computer System
• Computer– CPU– Memory
• Peripheral equipment– Connected to the computer by a cable– Input, output, storage
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Computer Network
• Definition– A system that uses communications equipment
to connect computers and their resources.
• Types– Local area network (LAN) – connects computers
in close proximity
– Metropolitan are network (MAN) – connect computers between buildings in the same geographic area
– Wide are network (WAN) – connects computers over great distances
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Home Connectivity
• Connect home PC to other computers
• Use modem to convert signals between electronic (computer) and analog (voice) formats
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Internet
• Collection of networks• No ownership• No central source for services available• No comprehensive index of what information
is available
Individuals
Businesses
Organizations
Libraries
Research labs
Government
Connects Everyone!
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Getting Connected
• User’s computer must connect to a server
• Server must communicate using TCP/IP
• The user can purchase access to a server from an ISP (Internet Service Provider)
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Internet – What Can You Do?
• WWW – World Wide Web
• FTP – File Transfer Protocol
• UseNet
• IRC – Internet Relay Chat
• Bulletin Boards
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World Wide Web
• Browser – program that allows the user to move around and explore the Internet
• Use the mouse to point and click on text and graphics
• Web page
• Web site
• Home page
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Classifications of Computers
• Use the computer that fits your needs
• Based upon– Size– Speed– Cost– Portability– Number of simultaneous users supported– Available software– Typical use
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Personal Computers
• Other names– PC– Microcomputer– Home computer
• Categories– Low-end functional– Fully powered– Workstations– Net computer or net box (Web TV)
• Desktop Models
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Notebook Computers
• Portable– Lightweight– Fits in a briefcase– Battery operated
• Laptop– Larger– Heavier
• More expensive that desktop models
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Handheld Computers
• Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)– Scheduling– Addresses– Handwritten input– May offer wireless e-mail and fax
• PDA Phone– More power than PDA– Cellphone, GPS, MP3/MP4, Camera,
Video, TV, Radio etc.– Runs various type softwares, serving various
applications
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Other Types of Computers
Mainframes– High speed– More expensive– Used to process large amounts of data quickly– Support multiple users– Does server tasks
Supercomputers– Fastest speed– Most expensive
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What is a software?
- The instructions needed to direct the computer to complete specific tasks.
- Software can be categorized into two types :-
Operating System and Its Function
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Application Software
- program that tells a computer how to produce information- examples of application software : Business, scientific, educational programs and etc.
System Software
- program controlling the actual operations of the computer equipments
- the operating system tells computer how to perform functions such as load, store, execute application program, transfer data between I/O devices and main memory
Operating System and Its Function – cont.
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Definition of OS :-A set of programs that control and supervise a
computer system’s hardware
Purposes of OS :-• To manage the hardware for efficient utilization of
computer resources
• To interface between a user/an application program with the hardware
Operating System and Its Function – cont.
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• OS is made up of 2 programs;
Operating System and Its Function – cont.
Control Program
Service Program
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1. Control program - three main functions
Operating System and Its Function – cont.
Resource allocation allocate processor time, primary storage, input and output devices
Job management to monitor, schedule and control programs for its efficient processing
Data management -managing access to data for input of information to printers, disks/displays
- all hardware components activities are controlled by the supervisor program
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2. Service programs- provides services to the user/programmer- services include language-translator programs and utility programs- language-translator program converts instructions from English-like language to machine-language to be executed by the computer- utility program performs loading, saving, copying, keeping track of files stored on a disk, preparing a formatted disk
Operating System and Its Function – cont.
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Language TranslatorUtil
ity Pr
ogra
m
Other Services
Data Mgmt.Job M
gmt.
Resource Allocation
Supervisor
Operating System and Its Function – cont.
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What an Operating System does?
1. Checks the functionality of the computer’s hardware. It generates an error message (by messages or beeps) if any components are found faulty.
2. Then the OS control programs will load the supervisor program into the computer’s memory – booting
3. Once the supervisor control program in memory, the system displays the prompt sign (C:\>), indicating that it is ready to work
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MS-DOS DOS is the supervisor program of the computer It does all the followings
• Interface to peripherals – How to interpret input, how to process data, and how to produce output
• Application launcher – Most programming software, games etc. use DOS prompt to run application
• Utility provider – Manage disks and files, prepare disks for storage, copy files to a disk, to move or rename files, and to delete files
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MS-DOS – cont.
• Using DOS prompt to get command from user• Examples for DOS operation
• DOS version/prompt type• Modify date/time• File and directory contents
• Clearing a DOS screen• Going to subdirectory and back to root directory• Searching for specific files• Copy files from A drive / C drive
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TYPES OF OS
Microsoft Windows (98, 2000, XP, Vista)
Mac OS (X) Linux OS (Hundreds of
even thousands of distros ex: Red Hat, Ubuntu, Mandrake etc. Visit http://distrowatch.com/ for listing of Linux OS)
Unix OS etc.
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TYPES OF BROWSERS
Mozilla Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari Konqueror Flock
Firefox is gaining Popularity over IE
Flock
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Low and High Level Languages
Programming Language- a set of written symbols that instruct the computer
hardware to perform certain tasks- can be categorized as Low level Language and High Level
Language
Low Level Language- Language that has the tendency towards specific,
delicate machine syntax - Machine Language and Assembly Language
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- consists of entirely 1’s and 0’s that only the computer understands
- depends on different, specific hardware designs
- it executes very fast, but is time consuming and difficult to understand
- only programmer who has the knowledge of the computer architecture is able to understand the language
Low and High Level Languages – cont.
Low Level Language – cont.
Machine Language
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- also considered as Low Level Language because it still needs specific knowledge of hardware
- it differs from machine language because of it uses mnemonic in spite of 1’s and 0’s to represent the operation codes
- mnemonic code is an alphabetic abbreviation that is easy to remember
- it produce programs very efficient, less storage usage and the execution is much faster
Low Level Language – cont.
Assembly Language
Low and High Level Languages – cont.
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- instructions resemble human language and mathematical notation
- no detail knowledge of computer hardware and internal operation of a computer
- easier to learn because of the English-like language rather than understanding machine codes and instructions
- E.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, C/C++
Low and High Level Languages – cont.
High Level Language
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Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter
Assembler
Compiler/Interpreter
(Source code) (Object code)
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- the source code will remain unchanged after the conversion but can be updated and changed, then compiled again- after it is compiled, then the object code can be executed-example of HLL program uses compiler is the C and C++
- the interpreter will translate a program one line at a time, executing each line of the program after it is translated- if an error should occur during execution, the error must be rectified or solved before it can proceed to the next line- example of HLL program uses interpreter is the BASIC
Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter – cont.
Compiler
Interpreter
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Importance of Backup – cont.
Data is exposed to several threats.
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Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
How does UPS works?
- it is connected in series with the computer system- when power is interrupted, this result the UPS to function as a backup supply of power to the computer system- depends on the type of UPS, it will operate in 20 minutes or more- it is advisable to backup important data within the time limit to prevent any lost of data
Importance of Backup – cont.
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Components of UPS
- one rectifier (charger) to convert AC to DC and to fully charge the battery- one battery to supply DC power to the inverter and the supported time are based on the number and size of batteries- one inverter to convert DC to AC- one static bypass switch to control the load from/to the power source to/from the battery and allows certain load to transfer tolerances needed by the computer and its peripherals
Importance of Backup – cont.
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The Computer Virus Crisis
The elements of a computer virus :
1. A set of instructions - a program being made to disrupt or interfere other programs
2. Deliberately created - purposely created by humans or by itself3. Actively propagates - reproducing itself4. Infects other programs - contaminate or polluting different types
of programs5. Able to do harm - can cause damage to others6. Able to evolve - developing, growing and changing in
programs or systems
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The Computer Virus Crisis – cont.
What are the damages of the virus to a computer system :
1. Creates garbage in your computer system that takes up space in the memory and into your diskettes
2. Messing up files in their normal standard and altering some of the files
3. Messing up the FAT (File Allocation Table) which contains information of where are the other data's stored on your disk
4. Messing up the boot sector that can restrict your computer from being able to execute at all
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The Computer Virus Crisis– cont.
Types of anti-virus software The Computer Virus Industry Association (CVIA) in the USA has developed three basic categories of anti-virus software.
To prevent initial infection
To detectinfection
To identify and remove viruses
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COMPUTER NETWORKING
Network : Computers connected together to communicate among
themselves.
Resource Sharing File Sharing Communication PCs’ Administration and Security
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- Computer network technology can be classified by the distance the network technology is designed to span
- There are three types of networking :
Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
COMPUTER NETWORKING –cont.
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Local Area Network (LAN)
- Relatively small refers to the transmission media and computer hardware- The area is not exceeding 10 KM- It only uses one type of transmission medium- It share resources within building or campus
COMPUTER NETWORKING –cont.
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- The network is larger compared to LAN
- The area covers a city of 10 to 100KM
- It requires efficient hardware and transmission media
to cover these areas
COMPUTER NETWORKING –cont.
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
- The network is larger than MAN and LAN
- It interconnect LAN of opposite sides of country or around
the world
- It covers huge geographical area in the world
COMPUTER NETWORKING –cont.
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Local Area Network
Local Area Network
Router Multiplexer
Multiplexer
Modem
Modem
Front endProcessor
Host Computer
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LAN COMPONENTS
Every LAN is made up of a standard set of components:
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Topology: The physical connection among computers within a network
- the topology is the configuration of the hardware and shows which pairs of nodes can communicate-there are three common types of topologies :-
LAN TOPOLOGIES
Star topology
Ring topology
Bus topology
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Star
Ring
Bus
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LAN PROTOCOLS
Protocol : A set of rules to access the network to send data.
Two common LAN protocols
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Transmission Media : The physical medium used for transmission.
Types of TM
CoaxialCable
TwistedPair Cable
Fiber OpticCable
SatelliteTransmission
MicrowaveTransmission
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA - Twisted Pair Cable
Colour-coded insulation
Jacket
Copper wire conductor
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Inner conductor
Insulation
Outer plastic covering
TRANSMISSION MEDIA – Coaxial Cable
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA – Fiber Optic Cable
Optical fiber
Protective outer sheath
Glass covering
Strength wires
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA – Microwave
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA – Satellite
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ANY QUESTIONS OR ADDITIONS?