01. green building a to z

8/21/2019 01. Green Building a to Z

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A P

D V A N C E R A I S E F O R

The growth of Environmental Design is staggering.Jerr !"#elson $ontin"es his enormo"s $ontri%"tion to thismovement with Green Building A to Z. This %oo& is a m"st

rea# for an emerging green %"il#ing enth"siast.' J V ( )OE AN

E**E+,E-

-anaging Partner in#mill Develo/ment +ro"/ *t#.)Fo"n#er Cana#a +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il

In this ver "sef"l referen$e g"i#e) Jerr mi0esstraightforwar# information with his own /ersonal an#

engaging /ers/e$tive that ma&es this #o$"ment %enefi$ial for

all those intereste# in green %"il#ing from novi$e to e0/erien$e#.' - A * )AR!

NN A1AR2S

AIA) *EED3 AP) Dire$tor of S"staina%le Design),O4 Ar$hite$ts

An o"tstan#ing reso"r$e that $olle$ts ver #iverse an#timel information into a 5+reen En$$lo/e#ia6 that sho"l# %e on

everone7s %oo&shelf) Green Building A to Z is an eas8to8rea# g"i#e

that %rings it all together "n#er one $over.' R ) Sr.

OD I**E

Vi$e Presi#ent) -anager of S"staina%le Constr"$tion)T"rner Constr"$tion Com/an

!"#elson %rings together the %asi$s of green %"il#ingan# a##s to it something for everone) even the most e0/erien$e#

green $ham/ion. Green Building A to Z #oes not %elong on

o"r li%rar shelf. It7s an ever#a tool9

'D . 4 )R

AT, I**IA-S

Past Presi#ent) orl# +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il


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Green Building A to Z /rovi#es a $om/elling referen$e g"i#ethat arti$"lates the &e terms an# $on$e/ts in green %"il#ing. In thisfast8$hanging fiel#) Jerr !"#elson7s l"$i# writing stle %ea"tif"ll

#es$ri%es the essential $on$e/ts an# terminolog with a$$"ra$

an# /assion. Green Building A to Z $reates a m"$h8nee#e#ma/ of the green %"il#ing lan#s$a/e.

'A R. E )NDR:S

DARDS

a"thor of The Sustainability Revolution: Portait of a Paradigm Shift )an# fo"n#ing %oar# mem%er) 2S +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il7s

Re#woo# Em/ire Cha/ter

Green Building A to Z is a won#erf"l reso"r$e for/rofessionals learning a%o"t the green %"il#ing movement

an# its man moving /arts. !"#elson #oes an e0$ellent ;o% /"llingso man #ifferent to/i$s into one %oo&. I re$ommen# this %oo&

to anone starting their ;o"rne on the /ath to s"staina%ilit.

'P S )A2*

,A,RIARI

fo"n#er) +reen-in#

Green Building A to Z is an e0$iting $ontri%"tion to the toolswe nee# to $reate environmentall intelligent $omm"nities. As thes"staina%le %"il#ing in#"str e0/lo#es) it is vital that we have a $ommon

lang"age an# share# e0/e$tations a%o"t what $onstit"tes 5green.6Jerr !"#elson has /ro#"$e# a #i$tionar of terms that is"n#erstan#a%le to the la/erson an# /rofessional ali&e.

It will %e es/e$iall /ertinent to those ;"st %eginning to "n#erstan#the #nami$ new /ara#igm of s"staina%le #esign.

' R V )

ON VAN DER EENAIA) *EED3 AP) Prin$i/al)

-IT,2N ar$hite$ts < #esigners < /lanners

Green Building A to Z/rovi#es thoro"gh $overage of the lang"agean# /ra$ti$e involve# in the #esign of green %"il#ings. !"#elson gives "s$om/elling an# ill"strate# #efinitions "se# in s"staina%le #esign) along

with his e0/ertise an# histori$al an# /hiloso/hi$al $onte0t.

'A +. 4 )*ISON

O4AIA) *EED3 AP) Asso$iate Professor) De/artment of Ar$hite$t"re)

2niversit of Oregon


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N S PE

OCIET! 2(*IS,ERS


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Cataloging in Publication Data:

A $atalog re$or# for this /"%li$ation is availa%le fromthe National *i%rar of Cana#a.

Copyright 2007 by Jerry Yudelson.

All rights reserved.

Cover #esign %Diane -$Intosh.Images=Alam an# iSto$&.

Printe# in Cana#a.First /rinting J"ne >??@.

Pa/er%a$& IS(N= @B8?8B@8@>8

In"iries regar#ing re"ests to re/rint all or /art of Green Building A to Zsho"l# %e a##resse# to New So$iet P"%lishers at the a##ress %elow.

To or#er #ire$tl from the /"%lishers)/lease $all toll8freeGNorth Ameri$aH 8B??8@8@@>) or or#er online at www.newso$iet.$om

An other in"iries $an %e #ire$te# % mail to=

New So$iet P"%lishersP.O. (o0 B) +a%riola Islan#) (C V?R ?) Cana#a

G>?H >@8@K@

New So$iet P"%lishers7 mission is to /"%lish %oo&s that $ontri%"te in f"n#amentalwas to %"il#ing an e$ologi$all s"staina%le an# ;"st so$iet) an# to #o so with the least

/ossi%le im/a$t on the environment)in a manner that mo#els this vision.e are $om8mitte# to #oing this not ;"st thro"gh e#"$ation) %"t thro"gh a$tion. e are a$ting ono"r $ommitment to the worl#7s remaining an$ient forests % /hasing o"t o"r /a/ers"//l from an$ient forests worl#wi#e. This %oo& is one ste/ towar# en#ing glo%al#eforestation an# $limate $hange. It is /rinte# on a$i#8free /a/er that is ??L /ost8$ons"mer re$$le# G??L an$ient forest8freeH)/ro$esse# $hlorine free)an# /rinte# withvegeta%le8%ase#) low8VOC in&s. A##itionall) New So$iet /"r$hases $ar%on oMsets

%ase# on an ann"al emissions a"#it) o/erating with a $ar%on8ne"tral foot/rint. For

f"rther information) or to %rowse o"r f"ll list of %oo&s an# /"r$hase se$"rel)visit o"rwe%site at= www.newso$iet.$om

NE SOCIET! P2(*IS,ERS www.newso$iet.$om


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Contents

Prefa$e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0iii

Forewor# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0vii

Part !reen "uildings #oday

+reen ("il#ings in a +lo%al Conte0t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KReso"r$e De/letion an# Car%on Dio0i#e Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @

> +reen ("il#ing ,istor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C"rrent Sit"ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

2n#erstan#ing +reen ("il#ings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

ho Is 2sing *EED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

K hat is a +reen ("il#ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(e$oming a +reen ("il#ing A#vo$ate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In !o"r Offi$e or or&/la$e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

In !o"r ,ome or A/artment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >!o"rTown) Cit or State= The Power of *o$al Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . >>

!o"r College or 2niversit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

Part !reen "uilding: A to $

+reen ("il#ing Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >B

Ar$hite$t"re >?K? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

A$$ess to Transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K?(i$$le Comm"ting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K>

(ig Pi$t"re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KK

(io#iesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K

(io/hilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K

(rownfiel#s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K

("il#ing Co#es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KB

Car%on Dio0i#e -onitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

Car%on Ne"tral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Car/et . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

v


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Certifi$ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K

Certifie# oo# Pro#"$ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Charrettes an# E$o8$harrettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @Commissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Controlla%ilit of Sstems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

Constr"$tion Pra$ti$es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cool Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K

Costs of +reen ("il#ings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cra#le8to8$ra#le Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @

Dalighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Densit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dis/la$ement Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K

E$o8effi$ien$ an# E$o8effe$tiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E$ologi$al Foot/rint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E#"$ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @

Energ Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Engineering Ga S"staina%le orl#H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @?

Feng Sh"i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @>

F"rnit"re an# Finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @K

+lo%al arming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @

+reen +lo%es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @

+reen +"i#e for ,ealth$are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @@+reen ,ome ("il#ing +"i#elines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @B

+reen Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B?

+reen Pro#"$ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

+reen Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B>

,igh8/erforman$e ("il#ings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

,istori$ Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

,omes) +reen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B@

,%ri# Vehi$les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

vi + ( A 1R E E N 2 I * D I N + T O


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In$entives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

Integrate# Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K

Interior Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Investing in +reen ("il#ings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @J"sti$e) So$ial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4nowle#ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

*EDs G*ight8emitting Dio#esH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?K

*EED G*ea#ershi/ in Energ an# Environmental DesignH . . . . . . ?

*ife8$$le Assessment G*CAH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?B

*ife8$$le Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

*ight Poll"tion Re#"$tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*ighting Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

*iving ("il#ings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K

*o$all So"r$e# -aterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*ow8fl"sh Toilets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-i$rot"r%ines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

-eas"rement an# Verifi$ation Sstems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Native Ameri$an an# Native Cana#ian as of *iving . . . . . . . . . >

Nat"re) Design with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >>

New 2r%anism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >K

Onsite Sewage Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

O/erations an# -aintenan$e Pra$ti$es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >@

Oone8laer Prote$tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >B

Paints) *ow8VOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K?Para#igm Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K

Passive Solar Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K>

Permea%le Pavement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KK

Photovoltai$s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K

Platin"m ("il#ings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KB

Post8o$$"/an$ Eval"ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

Pro#"$tivit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

"estion A"thorit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Ra#iant ,eating an# Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rainwater Re$lamationQRe"se . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @

Ra/i#l Renewa%le -aterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

Re$$le#8$ontent -aterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?Renewa%le Energ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renovation) ("il#ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

Restoration of Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ret"rn on Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right8siing Sstems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Salvage -aterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

S$hools) +reen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Solar Thermal Sstems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

Stormwater -anagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K

S"staina%le Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S"staina%le Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Te$hnolog) +reen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

Thermal Energ Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tri/le (ottom *ine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @?

2S +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @>

2n%ri#le# Enth"siasm9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @K

2r%an ,eat8islan# Effe$t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @

Vast" Shastra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @

Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @@

Views of the O"t#oors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @BVolatile Organi$ Com/o"n#s GVOCsH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B?

ater Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B>

ater8free 2rinals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BK

etlan#s) Constr"$te# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

in# Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

eris$a/ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BB

1en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

1ero8net8energ ("il#ings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Part

Reso"r$es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @

En#notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >?K

In#e0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >K

A%o"t the A"thor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

C i0O N T E N T S


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For green builders

and their supporters

every!here.


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Prefa$e

This %oo& /resents the %asi$ $on$e/ts an# terminolog "se# in #esigning

an# $onstr"$ting green %"il#ings) %ase# on state8of8the8art #esign an#$onstr"$tion /ra$ti$es in >??@. It is #esigne# for o") the intelligent rea#er)who ma not %e a$tivel engage# in ar$hite$t"re or %"il#ing engineering)

%"t who nee#s a "i$& intro#"$tion to the rationale for green %"il#ingsan# the lang"age of the el#. It will also %e "sef"l for /"%li$ o$ials forthose #ealing with green %"il#ing or s"staina%ilit re"irements fromwithin or o"tsi#e o"r $om/an) organiation or agen$ for those whoselivelihoo# #e/en#s on nan$ing) %"il#ing an# mar&eting $ommer$ial #e8velo/ment /ro;e$ts) an# new resi#ential s"%#ivisions or m"ltifamil /ro;8e$ts for real estate %ro&ers an# agents for /eo/le in the nan$e) ins"ran$ean# real estate in#"stries for senior e0e$"tives in "niversities) governmentagen$ies an# large $or/orations who want to "n#erstan# what all the f"ssis a%o"t an# for anone who has an interest in t"rning the #esign) $on8str"$tion an# o/eration of %"il#ings into a more environmentall res/on8si%le a$tivit.

+reen %"il#ing enth"siasts have ma#e this /henomenon a ma;or /artof the #esign an# $onstr"$tion in#"str over the /ast ten ears. Sin$e >???

the n"m%er of green %"il#ings has grown from a han#f"l to more than)??? /ro;e$ts in the 2S an# over ?? in Cana#a a$tivel see&ing $erti$a8tion of one &in# or another at the en# of >??. This is the fastest8growing

/henomenon to hit the %"il#ing in#"str sin$e the Internet an# /erha/ssin$e air $on#itioning. I saw a nee# for a "i$& an# a$$essi%le g"i#e togreen %"il#ings that $o"l# %e "se# % a wi#e variet of /eo/le) one that iste$hni$all a$$"rate an# "/8to8#ate) witho"t re"iring a /rofessional orte$hni$al %a$&gro"n#.

The following $ha/ters a##ress several &e "estions= hat is a green%"il#ing h are green %"il#ings an# green #evelo/ments im/ortantfor the environmental an# e$onomi$ $hallenges we fa$e earl in the > st

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$ent"r hat are the im/ortant new s"staina%le te$hnologies that areinU"en$ing the %"il#ing in#"str ,ow #o green /ro#"$ts an# green

%"il#ings a$t"all get #esigne# an# %"ilt hat $an I #o in m $om/an)m home an# m $it to f"rther the 5green %"il#ing revol"tion6

Thro"gho"t the te0t) I rel on /"%lishe# #ata) $"rrent thro"gh earl>??@. -ost of this information is availa%le from so"r$es s"$h as the 2S an#Cana#a +reen ("il#ing Co"n$ils) from /a/ers at green %"il#ing $onfer8en$es) from the Internet or from %"siness or tra#e me#ia. I have e0amine#several /"%li$ an# /ro/rietar s"rves) an# I have %enete# from /ersonal$onversations with green %"il#ing lea#ers to ro"n# o"t the roster of to/i$sim/ortant to "n#erstan#ing green %"il#ings) green /ro#"$ts an# green#evelo/ments in the 2nite# States.

I have s/ent most of m $areer engage# in energ an# environmentalaMairs) wor&ing to ma&e o"r $"rrent e$onom an# wa of life more a//ro8/riate to long8term s"staina%ilit. As a st"#ent in California in @?) Ihel/e# organie the rst Earth Da) an# I hel/e# $reate the rst state8levelagen$ to /romote solar energ) also in California. For the /ast ten ears) Ihave %een involve# in %"il#ing #esign an# $onstr"$tion on a #ail %asis)an# I7ve %een a$tive in the green %"il#ing movement sin$e . I see mrole as a $omm"ni$ator %etween green %"il#ing /rofessionals an# thelarger %"siness an# governmental /"%li$. I $on$eive# of this %oo& as a wato a$$elerate the "n#erstan#ing of the im/ortan$e of green %"il#ings ina##ressing the $limate8$hange $hallenges of the earl > $ent"r.st

Ea$h of "s has an im/ortant role to /la in transforming the %"il#ingan# #evelo/ment in#"str into one that /ro#"$es what most /eo/le sathe want from it= energ8 an# reso"r$e8e$ient) environmentall so"n#)health) $omforta%le an# /ro#"$tive /la$es to live) wor&) learn) e0/erimentan# /la. I ho/e this %oo& will hel/ o" to /la a role in this great "n#erta&8ing. Than&s for o"r interest) an# ma o" rea# this %oo& /rota%l9 I wel8

$ome an other fee#%a$&) #ire$te# to me at= ;errgreen%"il#$ons"lt.$om)or via m %"siness we%site) www.green%"il#$ons"lt.$om.

I want to than& all the /eo/le who $ontri%"te# to the $ase st"#ies inthis %oo& an# to all those toiling in the green %"il#ing vinear#. Es/e$iallI want to than& m resear$h asso$iate) +retel ,a&anson) who $ame to this

/ro;e$t late an# /rovi#e# inval"a%le assistan$e in /"lling together the $asest"#ies) /hotos an# e0am/les in this %oo&. Than&s to *nn Par&er of Par8&er Designs) (eaverton) Oregon) for the gra/hi$ images $reate# es/e$iall

for this %oo&. An# a ver s/e$ial than&s to 4evin ,#es) former $hair ofthe 2S +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il an# $hair8ele$t of the orl# +reen ("il#8ing Co"n$il) for genero"sl agreeing to write the forewor#. I also want to

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than& all the green %"il#ing /rofessionals who f"rnishe# /hotos an# /ro;8e$t #es$ri/tions) an# es/e$iall to those e0/erien$e# ar$hite$ts) engineers)

%"il#ers an# $ons"ltants who reviewe# the man"s$ri/t) in$l"#ing Son;aPersram) -ar& ,eier) -ar Ann *aar"s) Josh Arnol#) Jessi$a !"#elson)

Clar& (ro$&man an# !ves 4hawam.

Jerr !"#elson) 3T"$son) Ariona

-ar$h >??@

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Forewor#

( 4evin ,#es

At the %eginning of the millenni"m) whi$h now seems li&e a lifetime ago interms of green %"il#ing $hronolog) I ha//ene# to meet another engineeras we were %eginning to em%ar& on a new wave of %"il#ings an# ne0t8generation green #esign. At the time I ha# ;"st %e$ome /resi#ent of mformer rm) the Cana#ian8%ase# 4een Engineering) an# I was arti$"lat8ing the vision we ha# set) to $hange o"r fo$"s from 5%l"e6 to 5green)6 fromtra#itional %"il#ing servi$e or me$hani$al engineering to a more enlight8ene# #ire$tion.

e tal&e# a%o"t the im/erative of the #esign an# $onstr"$tion $om8m"nit ma&ing the shift to a new /ara#igm an# how $o"l# we #o this"i$&l) eMe$tivel an# e$onomi$all. - %iggest $hallenge was not onl totrain a new generation of thin&ers %"t to n# man more) as the mar&et#eman# for green %"il#ing &now8how was %eginning to e0/lo#e) alongwith the ra/i# growth of o"r own %"siness.

As I #es$ri%e# m fr"stration at not %eing a%le to 5n#6 eno"gh goo#fol&s %"t note# that I ha# no #i$"lt in n#ing $lients) the engineera$ross the ta%le loo&e# at me $alml an# sai#) 54evin) o"r sol"tion is sim8

/le ' re$r"iting an# mar&eting are the same thing) two si#es of the same$oin.6 In an instant I realie# that not onl was he right) %"t all I nee#e# to#o was a//l the same i#eas an# $onvi$tion in #ealing with /otential re8$r"its that I was "sing with m $lients. It wor&e#= o"r rm tri/le# in sie inve ears an# %e$ame m"$h more /rota%le.

That engineer7s name was Jerr !"#elson. Jerr has a "ni"e gift) onethat few of "s /ossess) to ta&e a series of $om/le0 an# often $onUi$ting#ata) ma&e sense of it) then %oil the message #own to its essen$e. In m

o/inion) he is one of the great $omm"ni$ators of o"r time.In re$ent months) than&s to a $onU"en$e of events) we have seen themoment"m %"il# glo%all aro"n# a share# $on$ern for the f"t"re of o"r

/lanet. Climate $hange has shifte# from %eing a /"rel s$ienti$ #is$"s8

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sion to a mainstream $on$ern in a short /erio# of time. Even in re$entwee&s) we have seen new information from the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change $onrming the /art that h"manit has ha# in $reatingthis /ro%lem. ("siness an# government lea#ers ret"rne# from the >??@

orl# E$onomi$ For"m in Davos) Switerlan#) "nite# in their resolve tolea# the ght against $limate $hange. This is an histori$ moment.

e now &now that resi#ential an# $ommer$ial %"il#ings are the%iggest single $ontri%"tor to /ro#"$ing $ar%on #io0i#e emissions) inti8matel lin&e# with glo%al warming. At the heart of the %"il#ing in#"strare #esigners) %"il#ers) #evelo/ers an# /ro#"$t man"fa$t"rers who arenow $ommitte# to wor&ing together to $hange the wa we #o %"siness. Asformer $hair of the 2S +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il an# now in$oming $hair of

the orl# +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il) I have ha# an o//ort"nit to o%servehow in#"str an# government are $oming together to #ramati$all re#"$ethe im/a$t of %"il#ings on the environment) "sing new te$hnologies an#sstems that hel/ in re#"$ing $ar%on #io0i#e emissions) im/roving the"alit of stormwater an# re#"$ing the ha%itat #estr"$tion $a"se# %"r%an growth.

This %oo& is a val"a%le reso"r$e for those who want to &now morea%o"t the f"ll range of iss"es ta$&le# % the green %"il#ing movement. Itweaves the glo%al iss"es) the histori$ /ers/e$tives an# /re$e#ents for green

%"il#ings) $"rrent an# emerging te$hnolog an# tren# #ata that lea# therea#er) not onl in "n#erstan#ing the /rin$i/les an# %"siness $ase for shift8ing to green /ra$ti$e) %"t also in shifting the min#set from servi$e /rovi#eror s"//l8$hain /laer) to $on$erne# an# &nowle#gea%le a#vo$ate.

I often as& /eo/le) 5ho was the greatest engineer ' Thomas E#isonor ,enr For#6 For me) the answer is 5%oth6= E#ison) the greatest inven8tor of his time) an# For#) the great re/li$ator) the in#"strialist. In the late $ent"r) E#ison #evelo/e# man inventions that le# "s into a new era

th

of te$hnologi$al a#van$ement. ,e $reate# the rst in#"strial resear$h la%8orator that sstemati$all loo&e# for sol"tions to /ressing /ro%lems. For#too& some of E#ison7s inventions) as well as those of ,arve FirestoneGtiresH an# others) an# fo$"se# on re/li$ation) renement an# sim/li$a8tion) so that we $o"l# all aMor# the inventions thro"gh mass /ro#"$tion.

Nearl ?? ears ago) For# #evelo/e# the mo#ern sstem of mass /ro#"$8tion that %enets all of "s to this #a.

To#a we nee# to ta&e the innovations $reate# % man ar$hite$ts an#

engineers on a %"il#ing8%8%"il#ing %asis in ever region of the $o"ntran# aro"n# the worl#) then re/li$ate these %est /ra$ti$es ra/i#l thro"gh8o"t the %"ilt environment. ritten in sim/le lang"age) easil a$$essi%le tothe non8s/e$ialist) an# %a$&e# "/ % #ata an# $ommon sense) this %oo& is

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a /latform for ai#ing that re/li$ation) allowing "s to shift to greening o"r$ities an# $omm"nities from ;"st #esigning one %"il#ing at a time) ma&ingrst one organiation at a time res/on# to the nee# for s"staina%le #esignan# #evelo/ment) an# nall lea#ing to one5green $it6 at a time) "ntil we

have $om/letel a$$om/lishe# this green %"il#ing revol"tion.This %oo& is all a%o"t i#eas) /roven an# "n#enia%le. From m own e08

/erien$e) I &now that to eMe$t massive $hange we nee# to ta&e i#eas an#a$t "/on them to %e s"$$essf"l. The $all for a$tion is now. Than& o" forthis gift) Jerr.

4evin ,#es) PE) P.Eng.-ontreal) "e%e$

Fe%r"ar >??@

"evin #ydes is $i%e President Stante% &onsulting 'td. &anada( Founder&anada Green Building &oun%il( and &hairman )orld Green Building&oun%il.

F 0i0O R E O R D


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P A % #

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C & A P # ' % (

+reen ("il#ings in a +lo%al Conte0t

+reen %"il#ings are /art of a glo%al res/onse to in$reasing awareness ofthe role of h"man a$tivit in $a"sing glo%al $limate $hange. ("il#ings a$8$o"nt for more than ?L of all glo%al $ar%on #io0i#e emissions) one ofthe main $"l/rits im/li$ate# in the /henomenon of glo%al warming.hile the 2S an# estern E"ro/e) Cana#a an# Ja/an $ontri%"te the ma8

;orit of greenho"se gas emissions at the /resent time) this sit"ation isgoing to $hange #ramati$all in the near f"t"re. The /ro;e$te# ra/i#growth of $ar%on #io0i#e emissions from China) In#ia) the rest of Asia)(rail an# R"ssia ma&e it im/erative that the entire worl# /ar ti$i/ate inre#"$ing the 5$ar%on foot/rint6 Gthe im/a$t on the environment in termsof the amo"nt of greenho"se gases /ro#"$e#) meas"re# in "nits of $ar%on#io0i#eH of "r%an $iviliation over the ne0t K? ears. +lo%al tem/erat"rein$reases are inevita%le) with signi$ant $onse"en$es for all of "s.

-an o%servers /re#i$t that half the new %"il#ing over the ne0t three#e$a#es will o$$"r in China alone) some >>? %illion s"are feet of new

s/a$e for resi#ential) $ommer$ial an# in#"strial "ses. itho"t a fo$"s onenerg8e$ient an# green %"il#ings) we have no $han$e for ta$&ling glo%al$limate $hange. The 2S an# other #evelo/e# $o"ntries nee# to set a lea#8ershi/ e0am/le in ta$&ling their own $ontri%"tions to $ar%on #io0i#eemissions. There is ever reason to %elieve that this is not onl the so$iallres/onsi%le thing to #o) %"t that it will %e goo# %"siness as well) for the en8tire worl# soon will %e %"ing all manner of 5$ar%on re#"$tion6te$hnolo8gies. As the most inventive nation in the worl#) the 2S is /oise# to rea/

enormo"s e$onomi$ a#vantage from a##ressing $limate $hange iss"es in%"il#ings with new te$hnologies) /ro$esses an# sstems. ( #oing so) wewill not onl grow o"r own e$onom %"t will also ma&e a ma;or $ontri%"8tion to the glo%al /ro%lem.

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There are other /ra$ti$al reasons for innovating with green %"il#ings.Consi#er for a moment the ma;or s$ar$ities of $lean /ota%le water aro"n#the worl#) as well as worsening long8term #ro"ght $on#itions in the Amer8i$an So"thwest an# in /la$es s"$h as A"stralia. New water $onservation)

wastewater treatment an# water re"se te$hnologies /romise to $"t %"il#8ing water "se in half) /erha/s lea#ing to a L to ?L re#"$tion in totalwater "se. *earning how to $"t energ "se in %"il#ings will also $"t water"se from thermal /ower /lants G$oal an# n"$learH) estimate# to "se halfthe water s"//l in the western 2S) #ire$tl or in#ire$tl.

In man /arts of the worl#) $onUi$ts over energ an# water reso"r$esare %e$oming $ommon. +lo%al warming threatens the water s"//lies ofm"$h of the worl# #e/en#ent on s"mmer r"noM from gla$iers an# high8

mo"ntain snow/a$&s for s"mmer irrigation. Some /re#i$t that as the,imalaas %e$ome more rain an# less snow) an# as water from theirsnow/a$& r"ns oM faster in the s/ring) the entiret of So"theast Asia #e8

/en#ent on the -e&ong River) for e0am/le) will %egin to e0/erien$eworsening #ro"ght $on#itions) along with the nee# to ma&e vast infra8str"$t"re investments in water #esalination) water storage an# water $on8servation sstems. Saving water in "r%an "ses s"$h as %"il#ings is $riti$alfor man "r%aniing areas. ater ma ver well ass"me the e$onomi$ an#strategi$ im/ortan$e in the $oming several #e$a#es that oil has ha# fornearl ?? ears.

Energ shortages are alrea# a wa of life in m"$h of the worl#) %"tmore a$"tel so in the ra/i#l #evelo/ing mega8$ities aro"n# the glo%e.In fa$t) most of the ? largest $ities in the worl# are not in the $"rrentl#evelo/e# worl# the are /la$es s"$h as Rio #e Janeiro an# Sao Pa"lo)(rail -"m%ai) Chennai) P"ne) (angalore) Delhi an# 4ol&ata) In#ia4ara$hi an# *ahore) Pa&istan ,ong 4ong) (ei;ing) Choning) "han)Tian;in) Shenang) +"angho" an# Shanghai) China. Of the to/ ? $ities

% /o/"lation) there are onl two in the 2S= New !or& an# *os Angeles. InJa/an) onl one= To&o in R"ssia) onl two= St. Peters%"rg an# -os$ow inestern E"ro/e) onl *on#on in #evelo/e# East Asia) onl Seo"l an# Sin8ga/ore. Clearl) we m"st intro#"$e green %"il#ings on a massive worl#8

wi#e s$ale to halt the growth of $ar%on #io0i#e emissions an# avoi# the/otential for ma;or $limate $hanges an# severe e$onomi$ an# health #is8r"/tions over the ne0t K? to ? ears.

+reen %"il#ings also /resent a wa to atta$& the ine"it of glo%al re8

so"r$e #istri%"tion % /rovi#ing aMor#a%le ho"sing for the /oor that ishealthier) more reso"r$e e$ient an# $hea/er to own an# o/erate. Alrea#man ar$hite$ts) engineers an# /lanners have res/on#e# to the #isaster of,"rri$ane 4atrina in >?? % #evelo/ing innovative ho"sing #esigns that

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allow /oor an# lower mi##le8$lass /eo/le to have a health) attra$tivehome) with lower "tilit $osts an# more Uoo#8/roong than $onventionalho"sing. Renewa%le energ sstems "sing the "%i"ito"s solar an# win#energ of the /lanet are /owering man /oor villages in the #evelo/ing

worl#) hel/ing to /rovi#e e#"$ation an# health$are in reso"r$e8/oor envi8ronments.

Finall) green %"il#ings are goo# for the environment. Feat"res s"$has green roofs em/hasie sensitivit to "r%an ha%itat /reservation. Inno8vative onsite stormwater management an# the "se of s"staina%l har8veste# woo# an# re$$le#8$ontent materials hel/ re#"$e the environmen8tal an# infrastr"$t"re eMe$ts of o"r $"rrent %"il#ing metho#s. The essen$eof goo# #esign is having one a$tion $arr m"lti/le %enets.

In >?? an innovative $om/etition to #esign $onventional ho"singwith ero or /ositive reso"r$e an# environmental im/a$ts #rew more than?? entries from aro"n# the worl#. The winning team) a gro"/ of o"ng#esigners from -ith"n Ar$hite$ts an# Planners in Seattle) ashington)#esigne# a ho"se that o/erates totall on renewa%le energ) %"t with a fewtwists) as the #esign team e0/lains their $on$e/t.

GThe $ore of the ho"seH e0ten#s verti$all) $la# with a s"/er8$on8#"$tive /hotosntheti$ /lasma8$ell s&in that is a%le to generate>??L more ele$tri$al voltage /er area than $ontem/orar /hoto8voltai$s. ("il#ing on $"rrent resear$h involving e0tra$te#s/ina$h /rotein) this living s&in is /hotosntheti$ an# /ho8totro/i$ it grows an# follows the /ath of the s"n) generating ele$8tri$it in e0$ess of single famil nee#s. E0$ess /ower is #istri%"te#to neigh%oring homes an# street lighting infrastr"$t"re.

This is an e0am/le of the t/e of o"t8of8the8%o0 thin&ing that green %"il#8

ings are eli$iting. The #esign also a##resses water re"se) materials sele$8tion) ventilation nee#s an# $omm"nit $onne$te#ness. >

New green %"il#ing materials are showing how we $an re#"$e the im8/a$t on /eo/le an# e$osstems from $hemi$als that $ontain /ersistent%ioa$$"m"lative an# to0i$ $om/o"n#s. ( a//ling the 5/re$a"tionar/rin$i/le6 ' in essen$e) /"tting the %"r#en of /roof on in#"str to testever thing an# &now its eMe$ts f"ll %efore releasing new $hemi$als intothe h"man an# nat"ral e$osstems ' green %"il#ing /ro#"$t sele$tions

$an hel/ re#"$e the 5$hemi$al so"/6 that $a"ses a$"te $hemi$al sensitivi8ties in man /eo/le. At the larger e$osstem level) the /re$a"tionar /rin8$i/le is an a//li$ation of the ,i//o$rati$ Oath that #o$tors a%i#e %=5First) #o no harm.6 There are strong reasons to s"s/e$t that h"manK

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ingen"it is not infalli%le an# that nat"ral sstems that have evolve# overmillions of ears witho"t having to #eal with in#"strial $hemi$als are farmore fragile than we ass"me.

Some ? ears ago) the )hole *arth &atalog ) a %i%le of sorts to man

(a% (oomers) $oine# the slogan5e are as go#s an# %etter get goo# at it.6The essen$e of that message is that if h"man %eings are rema&ing the Earthin their own image ' a /ro$ess well "n#erwa ' we7# %etter start #raw8ing lessons from nat"re a%o"t a$hieving long8term s"staina%ilit on a vernite /lanet. +reen %"il#ings are a ma;or /riorit for a$hieving s"stain8a%le #evelo/ment witho"t sa$ri$ing "alit of life for all Earth7s inha%i8tants) h"man an# otherwise. The #annover Prin%iples ) rst en"n$iate# in> % Ameri$an ar$hite$tilliam -$Dono"gh an# +erman $hemist Dr.

-i$hael (ra"ngart) give $lear g"i#an$e for s"staina%le #esign. The rst/rin$i/le rea#s sim/l= 5Insist on the rights of h"manit an# nat"re to $o8e0ist in a health) s"//ortive) #iverse an# s"staina%le $on#ition.6 +reen

%"il#ings are an organie# a//roa$h to $onforming to this attit"#e.

A *EED3 +ol#8$ertifie# ("il#ing at Penn State 2niversit) #esigne# % Overlan# Partners

with T Ar$hite$ts) re#"$es energ"se% ?L.

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Reso"r$e De/letion an# Car%on Dio0i#e Emissions

A$$or#ing to the 2S +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il) the ann"al #ire$t im/a$ts ofall 2S resi#ential an# $ommer$ial %"il#ings in$l"#e KL of total energ"se) BL of ele$tri$it $ons"m/tion an# K?L of greenho"se gas emis8

sions. A## in the em%o#ie# energ in ma&ing %"il#ing materials) gettingthem to the ;o% site) installing an# servi$ing them) an# total energ "se is$loser to BL. ("il#ings ma&e a ma;or im/a$t on ;"st a%o"t ever as/e$tof the worl# we live in %"il#ing #esign an# $onstr"$tion $an a$$o"nt for"/ to K?L of raw materials "se) ?L of non8in#"strial lan#ll waste Gin8$l"#ing KL of the mer$"r in m"ni$i/al wasteH >L of /ota%le water "se)a$$or#ing to the 2S +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il an# the 2S EnvironmentalProte$tion Agen$. Ta&ing rm a$tions to re#"$e the environmental im8

/a$ts of %"il#ings $an have a n"m%er of %ene$ial eMe$ts=W Re#"$e o$ean an# river /oll"tion from stormwater r"noM.W E0ten# the life of m"ni$i/al infrastr"$t"re % "sing less water an#

$ontri%"ting less stormwater) there% allowing growth witho"t infra8str"$t"re e0/ansion.

W E0ten# the life of lan#lls % re#"$ing the #is/osal of $onstr"$tion#e%ris an# %"il#ing materials.

-ost of the %"il#ings in this $o"ntr in the ear >?K Gless than K? earsfrom nowH have et to %e %"ilt or renovate#) so now7s the time to ma&e$hanges. (etween tearing #own man ol#er %"il#ings) renovating somethat are str"$t"rall so"n# or ar$hite$t"rall signi$ant an# %"il#ing newstr"$t"res) most of o"r %"il#ing sto$& $an %e inU"en$e# % a$tions we ta&eto#a to green the %"ilt environment. The green %"il#ing movement willserve to ma&e o"r sto$& of %"il#ings more energ8 an# water8e$ient an#less %"r#ensome on the m"ni$i/al infrastr"$t"re that we all /a for) onewa or another. A$$or#ing to one $ommentator) ar$hite$t E#war# -aria=

In the ear >?K) three8"arters of the %"ilt environment in the2S will %e either new or renovate# Xre/resenting more than K??

%illion s"are feet of $onstr"$tionY. This transformation over thene0t K? ears re/resents a histori$ o//ort"nit for the ar$hite$8t"re an# %"il#ing $omm"nit to reverse the most signi$ant $ri8sis of mo#ern time) $limate $hange.

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C & A P # ' % 2

+reen ("il#ing ,istor

In the late B?s) the Ameri$an Instit"te of Ar$hite$ts GAIAH $reate# theCommittee on the Environment GCOTEH) whi$h has o"tlets to#a in ;"sta%o"t ever AIA $ha/ter a$ross the $o"ntr. All a$ross the 2S an# Cana#a)ar$hite$ts have le# the $harge towar# s"staina%le #esign) wor&ing thro"ghlo$al COTE $ha/ters) as well as the 2S +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il $ha/ters.

Create# in K) the 2S +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il G2S+(CH aims totransform the %"il#ing in#"str into a more environmentall res/onsi%lea$tivit. (eginning in the mi#8?s) the 2S+(C "n#ertoo&) with nan8$ial assistan$e from the 2S De/artment of Energ) the #evelo/ment of arating an# eval"ation sstem to #ene what a green %"il#ing re/resente#.The rst sstem) #"%%e# *ea#ershi/ in Energ an# Environmental Designor *EED) for new $onstr"$tion an# ma;or renovations) was /ilote# or

%eta8teste# in B an# on a%o"t ? /ro;e$ts in the 2S. In -ar$h>???) version >.? of *EED was intro#"$e# as an "/#ate#) revise# an# e08

/an#e# version of the original *EED version .?. Sin$e then version >.? has

ha# two ma;or $hanges *EED for New Constr"$tion G*EED8NCH version>.>) eMe$tive sin$e late >??) is the $"rrent stan#ar#.

The 2S+(C en;oe# ra/i# growth from B) when it ha# onl a%o"t?? mem%ers) to the %eginning of >??@) when mem%ershi/ stoo# at morethan @)@?? $or/orate) instit"tional) governmental an# non/rot organia8tions Git #oes not have in#ivi#"al mem%ersH. Re/resenting all segments of

the %"il#ing in#"str an# environmental $omm"nit) the 2S+(C has%een a%le to $raft a $onsens"s stan#ar# for eval"ating the environmental

attri%"tes of %"il#ings an# #evelo/ments) % #rawing on the reso"r$es ofthis large GZ trillion ann"al $onstr"$tion val"eH an# #iverse in#"str.Esta%lishe# in >??) the Cana#a +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il GCa+(CH

now has more than )K?? mem%er organiations) with $ha/ters in man


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/rovin$es. The Ca+(C "ses the *EED eval"ation sstem %"t has a#a/te#>

it for Cana#ian $on#itions. ( >??@ the Ca+(C ha# more than >> /ro;8e$ts registere# for $erti$ation "n#er the Cana#ian *EED stan#ar#. +reen

%"il#ing in Cana#a is a fast8growing movement) with a s/e$ial fo$"s on

energ e$ien$ an# in#oor air "alit s"ita%le for a more northerl an#$ol#er $limate.

C"rrent Sit"ation

Owners an# #evelo/ers of resi#ential) $ommer$ial an# instit"tional /ro/8erties a$ross North Ameri$a are #is$overing that it is often /ossi%le to %"il#green %"il#ings on $onventional %"#gets. -an #evelo/ers) %"il#ing own8ers an# fa$ilit managers are a#van$ing the state of the art in $ommer$ial

an# large resi#ential %"il#ings thro"gh new mo#eling tools) #esign te$h8ni"es an# $reative "se of nan$ial an# reg"lator in$entives. For the /astten ears) in ever8in$reasing n"m%ers) we have %eg"n to see #evelo/mentof $ommer$ial str"$t"res "sing green %"il#ing te$hni"es an# te$hnolo8gies. ith more than )>?? $or/orations iss"ing s"staina%ilit re/orts ofsome form in >??) it is $lear that this mar&et will not %e a short8live# fa#.Com/anies want to lo$ate in a s/a$e that reUe$ts their val"es) an# a high8

/erforman$e %"il#ing goes a long wa towar# satisfing that re"irement. K

-ost long8time /arti$i/ants in the real estate) ar$hite$t"ral #esignan# %"il#ing $onstr"$tion in#"stries realie that s"staina%le #esign is the

%iggest sea %hange in their %"siness $areers. The "rgen$ of glo%al warm8ing an# the in$reasing 2S #e/en#en$e on im/orte# f"els have le# ar$hi8te$ts to "rge more $on$erte# a$tion to re#"$e energ "se in %"il#ings. Inlate >?? the Ameri$an Instit"te of Ar$hite$ts GAIAH) re/resenting morethan @?)??? ar$hite$ts) release# a ma;or /oli$ statement that sets a goal ofre#"$ing the fossil f"el $ons"m/tion of new %"il#ings % ?L % the ear>??) with a##itional ?L re#"$tions ever ve ears thereafter) to rea$h

?L re#"$tion from >?? levels % >?K?. hile this #e$laration has nolegal for$e) it #oes a## /ress"re to in$or/orate s"/erior energ /erform8an$e into the goals for ea$h /ro;e$t. As ar$hite$t E#war# -aria o%serves)

one $an a$hieve a ?L re#"$tion with e0isting %"il#ing te$hnolog at noe0tra $ost % sim/l "sing the right #esign strategies) s"$h as /ro/er orien8tation an# form) #alighting) solar $ontrol an# /assive heating an# $oolingte$hni"es.

2n#erstan#ing +reen ("il#ings

hat #o we mean when we s/ea& of green %"il#ings or high8/erforman$e%"il#ings A$$or#ing to the 2S+(C) these %"il#ings in$or/orate #esignan# $onstr"$tion /ra$ti$es that signi$antl re#"$e or eliminate the nega8

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The 5ho"se6of green %"il#ing showing the five ma;or $ategories of $on$ern.

tive im/a$t of %"il#ings on the environment an# o$$"/ants in ve %roa#areas=

W S"staina%le site /lanning.W Safeg"ar#ing water an# water e$ien$.W Energ e$ien$ an# renewa%le energ.W Conservation of materials an# reso"r$es.W In#oor environmental "alit.

T/i$all) green %"il#ings are meas"re# against %ode%"il#ings ' str"$8t"res that "alif for a %"il#ing /ermit %"t #o not e0$ee# the minim"mre"irements of the %"il#ing $o#e for health an# safet. In a##ition) green

%"il#ings are often meas"re# a$$or#ing to a sstem s"$h as the *EED rat8ing sstem G"sg%$.orgH) the Colla%orative for ,igh8Performan$e S$hoolsGC,PSH ratings G$h/s.netH) the A#van$e# ("il#ing[ g"i#elines G/owero"r#esign.$omH) +reen +"i#e for ,ealth$are G++,CH or) in some $ases)

lo$al "tilit or $it g"i#elines Ga n"m%er of "tilities have rating sstems forresi#ential %"il#ingsH. S"$h %"il#ings m"st s$ore a minim"m n"m%er of/oints a%ove 5stan#ar# %"il#ing6 /erforman$e threshol#s to "alif for a$erti$ation) or a rating as 5green6 or high8/erforman$e.

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Sin$e the intro#"$tion of *EED in >???) it has %e$ome essentiall the2S national stan#ar# for $ommer$ial an# instit"tional %"il#ings. *EED is

/rimaril a performan%e stan#ar# in other wor#s) it generall allows a #e8velo/er) ar$hite$t or %"il#ing owner to $hoose how to meet $ertain %en$h8

mar& n"m%ers ' saving >?L on energ "se vers"s $"rrent %"il#ing$o#es) for e0am/le ' witho"t /res$ri%ing s/e$i$ meas"res. In this wa)*EED is a Ue0i%le tool for new $onstr"$tion or ma;or renovations in al8most all $ommer$ial an# instit"tional %"il#ings thro"gho"t the 2S.Cana#a has an almost i#enti$al version of *EED) whi$h has a$hieve# sig8@

ni$ant /o/"larit. Sin$e its in$e/tion) *EED has /roven to %e a val"a%le#esign tool for ar$hite$t"ral teams tas&e# with $reating green %"il#ings) aswell as a wa to eval"ate the nal res"lt.

*EED /rovi#es for fo"r levels of $erti$ation) in as$en#ing or#er ofa$hievement= Certie#) Silver) +ol# an# Platin"m. In >??K an# >?? three/ro;e$ts in so"thern California a$hieve# the Platin"m rating= one /ro;e$tfor a lo$al "tilit) another for a $o"nt /ar& Gin $oo/eration with the lo$alA"#"%on So$ietH an# another for the Nat"ral Reso"r$es Defense Co"n8$il. ( earl >??@ the largest *EED Platin"m /ro;e$t was the Center for,ealth an# ,ealing at Oregon ,ealth \ S$ien$e 2niversit) in Portlan#) at>)??? s"are feet. At the same time) more than ?? /ro;e$ts ha# $om8

/lete# the $erti$ation /ro$ess "n#er *EED for New Constr"$tionG*EED8NCH. Platin"m8see&ing /ro;e$ts that are "n#er $onstr"$tion in>??@ /romise to e0ten# the sie of the to/8rate# %"il#ings to more thanone million s"are feet.

ho Is 2sing *EED

( the en# of >??) *EED8NC ha# $a/t"re# a%o"t L to L of the totalnew %"il#ing mar&et) with nearl )??? registere# /ro;e$ts en$om/assingmore than @@ million s"are feet of new an# renovate# s/a$e. At the %e8

ginning of >??@) more than ?? new /ro;e$ts ea$h month were registere#for eval"ation "n#er *EED8NC. Sin$e a /ro;e$t $an onl %e *EED8$er8tie# after it is rea# for o$$"/an$) man /ro;e$ts are ;"st nearing $om8

/letion of their #o$"mentation to "alif for a *EED rating. +iven that itoften ta&es two ears or more for /ro;e$ts to move from #esign to $om/le8tion Gan# $erti$ation $an onl ta&e /la$e after s"%stantial $om/letion of a

/ro;e$tH) growth in the n"m%er of $ertie# /ro;e$ts will %e ra/i#. -anFort"ne ?? rms) "niversities) government agen$ies an# non8/rot or8

ganiations are %eginning to /arti$i/ate signi$antl in the #evelo/mentof *EED /ro;e$ts.J"st a%o"t ever $on$eiva%le /ro;e$t t/e has %een *EED8registere#)

in$l"#ing a mostl "n#ergro"n# Oregon winema&ing G%arrel8agingH fa$il8

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it9 For e0am/le) the rst ? *EED +ol# /ro;e$t $erti$ations Gthro"ghthe en# of >??H in$l"#e# ? non82S /ro;e$ts G@ in Cana#aH an# s"$h var8ie# %"il#ing t/es as=

W Renovation of a ??8ear8ol# wareho"se into a mo#ern o$e %"il#8

ing in Portlan#) Oregon.W A #evelo/er8#riven te$hnolog /ar& $onversion of an ol# hos/ital in

Vi$toria) (ritish Col"m%ia.W An o$e8wareho"se %"il#ing for a ma;or a"to $om/an in +resham)

Oregon.W An elementar s$hool in Statesville) North Carolina.W Two high8rise a/artment %"il#ings in New !or& Cit.W A new o$e %"il#ing an# an o$e %"il#ing renovation for ,erman

-iller) In$.) in 1eelan#) -i$higan. GCommenting on this /ro;e$t) ar8$hite$t illiam -$Dono"gh o%serve# that moving from a win#ow8less %"il#ing to a #alit %"il#ing in$rease# ann"al reven"es ?L an#that the in$rease in /rots /ai# for the %"il#ing in a%o"t fo"rmonths.H B

WA/"%li$ o$e %"il#ing lease# to the Commonwealth of Pennslvania.W An environmental learning $enter near Seattle) ashington.W A $it hall in A"stin) Te0as.W An aMor#a%le ho"sing $om/le0 in Santa -oni$a) California.W A new $onvention $enter in Pitts%"rgh) Pennslvania.

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35/241

C & A P # ' % )

hat Is a +reen ("il#ing

e7ve %een tal&ing a%o"t green %"il#ings in general. Now let7s get a littlemore s/e$i$ a%o"t what we a$t"all mean % the term 5green %"il#ing.62tiliing the *EED sstem of the 2S +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il) intro#"$e#in the /revio"s $ha/ter) a green %"il#ing is one that is %"ilt $onsi#ering thefollowing ve fa$tors. ,owever) most green %"il#ings #o not in$or/orateall of these meas"res) %"t rather the /ro;e$t team /i$&s an# $hooses thosethat are a//ro/riate for a /ro;e$t7s %"#get an# goals.

. Promote Sele$tion of A//ro/riate Sites an#Environmentall S"staina%le Site Develo/ment

W *o$ate /ro;e$ts on sites awa from wetlan#s) a%ove the ??8ear Uoo#level) awa from /rime agri$"lt"ral lan# an# awa from en#angere#or threatene# s/e$ies ha%itat.

W *o$ate /ro;e$ts on sites where there is alrea# "r%an infrastr"$t"re toserve them.

W *o$ate /ro;e$ts on %rownel# sites that have %een reme#iate# of $on8tamination these "s"all have infrastr"$t"re alrea# in /la$e.

W Provi#e o//ort"nities an# %"il#ing infrastr"$t"re for /eo/le to $om8m"te to wor& "sing /"%li$ transit an# %i$$les.

W -inimie /ar&ing to #is$o"rage e0$essive a"to "se.W Provi#e low8emission vehi$les an# $ar8sharing arrangements to re8

#"$e gasoline "se.W Prote$t o/en s/a$e in site #evelo/ment an# restore o/en s/a$e on al8

rea# im/a$te# sites.W -anage stormwater to re#"$e the rate an# "antit of stormwaterr"noM) an# "se %est /ra$ti$es to $lean stormwater %efore it leaves thesite.


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W -anage lan#s$a/ing an# /ar&ing lots to re#"$e e0$essive areas ofo/en /avement that $a"se heating of the area aro"n# a %"il#ing ins"mmer) lea#ing to more air8$on#itioning "se.

W Control interior an# e0terior light from leaving the site) hel/ing to

ma&e s&ies #ar&er at night.

>. Promote Effi$ient 2se of ater Reso"r$es

W Control irrigation water "se for lan#s$a/ing) "sing as little as /ossi%le.Sele$t native lan#s$a/ing whi$h #eman#s little or no a##e# water.

W *oo& for alternative was to re#"$e sewage Uows from the /ro;e$t)/ossi%l even treating the wastewater onsite.

W 2se water8$onserving 0t"res insi#e the %"il#ing) to re#"$e overall

water #eman#.K. Conserve Energ) 2se Renewa%le Energ an#

Prote$t Atmos/heri$ Reso"r$es

W Re#"$e the energ "se Gan# environmental im/a$tH of %"il#ings >?Lor more %elow the level of a stan#ar# %"il#ing.

W 2se onsite renewa%le energ to s"//l a /ortion of the %"il#ing7s ele$8tri$al an# gas Gthermal energH nee#s) "sing solar /hotovoltai$ GPVH

/anels or solar water heating.W Commission the %"il#ing % verifing the f"n$tional /erforman$e of

all energ8"sing sstems after the are installe# %"t %efore the %"il#8ing is o$$"/ie#.

W Re#"$e the "se of oone8harming an# glo%al8warming $hemi$als in%"il#ing refrigeration an# air8$on#itioning sstems.

W Provi#e a means to tro"%leshoot the %"il#ing7s energ "se on a $on8tin"ing %asis % installing meas"ring an# monitoring #evi$es.

W S"//l KL or more of the %"il#ing7s ele$tri$al s"//l with /"r$hase#

green /ower from oMsite installations) t/i$all from win# farms.

. Conserve ("il#ing -aterials) Re#"$e Constr"$ tion astean# Sensi%l 2se Nat"ral Reso"r$es

W Install /ermanent lo$ations for re$$ling %ins to en$o"rage the /ra$8ti$e in %"il#ing o/erations.

W Re"se e0isting %"il#ings) in$l"#ing interior an# e0terior materials) tore#"$e the energ "se an# environmental im/a$ts asso$iate# with

/ro#"$ing new %"il#ing materials.W Re#"$e $onstr"$tion waste #is/osal % ?L or more to $"t $osts an#re#"$e lan#ll "se.

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W 2se salvage# an# re$laime# %"il#ing materials s"$h as #e$orative%ri$& an# woo# tim%ers that are still str"$t"rall so"n#.

W 2se re$$le#8$ontent %"il#ing materials that are ma#e from 5#own8$$le#6 materials s"$h as re$$le# $on$rete) #r wall) U ash from $oal8

re# /lants an# news/a/ers.W 2se materials that are harveste# an# /ro$esse# in the region) within

?? miles) to $"t the trans/ortation im/a$ts asso$iate# with %ringingthem from far ther awa.

W 2se ra/i#l renewa%le materials that have a ten8ear regenerationtime or less) s"$h as %am%oo) $or&) linole"m) wheat%oar# or straw8

%oar# $a%inetr .W P"r$hase ?L or more of the woo# /ro#"$ts in the %"il#ing from

forests $ertie# for s"staina%le harvesting an# goo# management/ra$ti$es.

. Prote$t an# Enhan$e In#oor Environmental "alit

W Provi#e non8smo&ing %"il#ings) or se/arate ventilation sstemswhere smo&ing is allowe# Gs"$h as in high8rise ho"singH.

W -onitor #eliver of o"tsi#e air ventilation so that it res/on#s to #e8man# % "sing sensors for $ar%on #io0i#e levels to a#;"st air Uow.

The Center for Neigh%orhoo# Te$hnolog) Chi$ago) Illinois) #esigne# % Farr Asso$iates)a *EED Platin"m $ertifie# /ro;e$t) shows some of theelements that ma&e "/ a green

%"il#ing /ro;e$t. Energ"se is estimate# to %e ?L less than astan#ar# %"il#ing.

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W Provi#e for K?L in$rease# ventilation a%ove $o#e levels) or nat"ralventilation of in#oor wor& areas) to in$rease the amo"nt of health airin the %"il#ing.

W Con#"$t $onstr"$tion a$tivities so that there is $lean air at the start"/

of sstems an# no #"st or moist"re in materials s"$h as #"$twor& an#sheet ro$&. The i#ea is to get ri# of 5new8%"il#ing smell6 an# its asso8$iate# to0i$it.

W 2se low8emitting materials in the %"il#ing to re#"$e so"r$es of f"t"re$ontamination) in$l"#ing oM8gassing from /aints an# $oatings) a#he8sives an# sealants) $ar/ets an# %a$&ing an# $om/osite Gor engineere#Hwoo# or agri%er /ro#"$ts.

W -a&e s"re that areas where $hemi$als are mi0e# or "se# Gs"$h as in8

ho"se /rinting /lants or large $o/ roomsH are se/aratel ventilate#)an# install wal&8oM mats or grilles at %"il#ing entran$es to $a/t"re$ontaminants %efore the enter the %"il#ing.

W Provi#e for in#ivi#"al thermal $omfort of %"il#ing o$$"/ants) withres/e$t to tem/erat"re an# h"mi#it.

W Provi#e for o$$"/ant $ontrol of %"il#ing lighting an# ventilation ss8tems.

W Provi#e for a#e"ate #alighting of interior wor& s/a$es) "sing %othvision glaing an# overhea# light so"r$es s"$h as s&lights an# roofmonitors Gverti$al glaingH.

W Provi#e for views of the o"t#oors from at least ?L of all wor&s/a$esso that /eo/le $an $onne$t with the environment.

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C & A P # ' % *

(e$oming a +reen ("il#ing A#vo$ate

In!o"r Offi$e or or&/la$e

There are man things o" $an #o where o" wor& to /romote green%"il#ings an# s"staina%le #esign. ,ere are a few %rief s"ggestions o" $anim/lement right awa.

Redu%ing +our &arbon FootprintIn earl >??@ Swiss Re) a ma;or glo%al ins"ran$e $om/an) anno"n$e# thatit wo"l# %e s"//orting investments an# /"r$hases ma#e % em/loeesthat $ontri%"te to re#"$ing $ar%on #io0i#e emissions. The new 5CO!o">re#"$e an# gain6 /rogram is /art of Swiss Re7s $ommitments s"//ortingthe Clinton +lo%al Initiative. In >??K Swiss Re #e$lare# that it wo"l# ma&eits own o/erations $ar%on ne"tral % >?K. Now) as /art of the Clinton+lo%al Initiative) Swiss Re has #e$i#e# to s"//ort meas"res ta&en % itsem/loees that $ontri%"te to the re#"$tion of CO emissions.>

The 5CO!o"> re#"$e an# gain6 /rogram s"//orts em/loees7 invest8ments in meas"res that $ontri%"te to re#"$ing greenho"se gas emissions)

/arti$"larl in relation to mo%ilit) heating an# ele$tri$al energ. S"$hmeas"res) whi$h var a$$or#ing to regional $ir$"mstan$es an# /refer8en$es) in$l"#e low8emission h%ri# $ars) "se of /"%li$ trans/ort an# theinstallation of solar /anels or heat /"m/s. From now "ntil the en# of >?)Swiss Re /lans to re%ate ea$h em/loee one8half of the amo"nts investe#in these meas"res) "/ to a ma0im"m /er em/loee of )??? Swiss fran$s

Ga%o"t Z)???H or the e"ivalent in lo$al $"rren$.A$$or#ing to Ivo -eninger) ,ea# of S"staina%ilit \ Emerging Ris&-anagement) who is in $harge of the 5CO!o"> re#"$e an# gain6 /rogram)


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5Swiss Re is a$tivel engage# in mitigating $limate $hange an# its $onse8"en$es. This /rogram is an investment that will en$o"rage o"r em/lo8ees to ma&e a /ersonal $ontri%"tion an# f"rther raises awareness of theiss"e.6

Ta&e a$tion with o"r $om/an or %"siness. Some eas ste/s to ta&ein$l"#e=

W If o" o/erate a Ueet of vehi$les) $onvert them all to h%ri#s an# $"to"r normal gasoline $ons"m/tion % KL to ?L.

W S"%si#ie em/loees7 "se of /"%li$ transit) at least ?L or more.W Dis$o"rage single o$$"/an$ vehi$le "se % not /aing for /ar&ing.W Provi#e se$"re# %i$$le storage in o"r %"il#ing with shower fa$ilities

or near% health $l"% /asses to en$o"rage /eo/le to ri#e to wor& in

goo# weather. GThis is also a great 5wellness6 initiative.HW (" +reen Tags or other 5$ar%on oMsets6 to $over ??L of o"r ann"altravel mileage % $ar) %"s) ferr an# air/lane. GThere are a large n"m8

%er of organiations that $ater to this nee#.HW (" green /ower for the ele$tri$it $ons"m/tion of o"r wor&/la$e

win#8generate# /ower is wi#el availa%le from a large n"m%er of re/8"ta%le organiations ma&e s"re it is 5+reen8e6 $ertie# from the Cen8ter for Reso"r$e Sol"tions. >

W (egin the ;o"rne to s"staina%ilit % e0amining all of o"r o/era8tions) to see how to re#"$e their environmental foot/rint this a$tivit$an involve everone in the organiation even sim/le ste/s li&e elimi8nating waste%as&ets "n#er in#ivi#"al #es&s in favor of /a/er re$$ling

%o0es sen#s a sim/le message) as #oes having the IT #e/artment set allthe /rinter #efa"lt setting to 5#"/le06 so /eo/le will sto/ /rinting onone si#e of the /a/er for internal "se.

W 2n#erta&e a *EED8E( assessment of o"r e0isting %"il#ing o/era8tions *EED for E0isting ("il#ings is a $om/rehensive eval"ation an#

%en$hmar&ing sstem that will hel/ o" 5green6 o"r o/erations an#engage the entire wor&for$e in the eMort.

W (" la/to/s an# Uat8/anel monitors for everone to $"t energ "sefrom 5/l"g loa#s)6 often >?L or more of the total energ "se of ano$e.

W Re8lam/ an# install lighting $ontrols) so o" are "sing onl the moste$ient 0t"res an# lights #on7t o/erate when /eo/le aren7t "sing aroom or o$e.

W Join the 2S +reen ("il#ing Co"n$il as a $or/orate or agen$ mem%eran# %e$ome /art of the sol"tion on$e o" ;oin) everone in the $om8/an or agen$ $an en;o the mem%ershi/ %enets.

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W St"# all of the other as/e$ts of o"r %"siness o/erations an# wor& to$hange ea$h as/e$t) over time) to more s"staina%le o/tions) then en8$o"rage em/loees to ta&e those same /rin$i/les home.

In!o"r ,ome or A/artmentThe most /owerf"l agent of $hange is o"r own /ersonal e0/erien$e.Thin& of what o" $an #o to /romote green %"il#ings an# green o/era8tions where o" live. ,ere are a few e0am/les=

W Start &ee/ing tra$& of o"r gas) ele$tri$it an# water "se) along withthe n"m%er of gallons of gasoline /"r$hase# an# airline miles Uown.

W Tr to $"t #own on energ an# water "se % ?L in the ne0t ear %e0amining all of o"r ha%its an# seeing where o" $an $om%ine tri/s

or $"t #own on o/tional travel.W +o even %eon# ?L re#"$tion= $reate a 5ear of living s"staina%l6that $ommits o" to #ramati$ $hanges in lifestle to meet s"staina%il8it goals if o" have &i#s) enlist their hel/ an# $reativit. It willstrongl s"//lement the e#"$ation the7re t/i$all getting in s$hool.

W If o" $an7t sto/ traveling) %e$a"se of o"r ;o% or famil nee#s) thenstart % /"r$hasing 5$ar%on oMsets6 or +reen Tags for all of o"rmileage) so that o"7re oMsetting their im/a$t with $lean /ower or tree

/lantings somewhere else.W (" a h%ri# $ar or a more f"el8e$ient vehi$le o" $an n# the to/

ten green $ars ea$h ear liste# % the Ameri$an Co"n$il for an Energ8E$ient E$onom. K

W *oo& into state an# fe#eral in$entives for installing solar ele$tri$ an#thermal sstems on o"r home if o"7re a renter) #is$"ss the %enetsof #oing this with o"r lan#lor# or management $om/an.

W Call the lo$al gas or ele$tri$ "tilit $om/an an# as& for a home en8erg a"#it to n# o"t what are the 5low8$ostQno8$ost6 things o" $an

#o to $"t #own on energ $ons"m/tion in some areas) the lo$al water$om/an will oMer te$hni$al assistan$e or free &its for $"tting water$ons"m/tion.

W Install #"al8U"sh toilets to $"t water "se from toilet U"shing % half ormore install other water8$onserving meas"res s"$h as #ri/ irrigation.

W Form a neigh%orhoo# 5s"staina%le living6 gro"/ to engage the $re8ativit of others in n#ing a##itional was to $"t energ an# water"se) re#"$e the "se of /oisons in lan#s$a/e maintenan$e an# enhan$e

lo$al re$$ling eMorts.W Consi#er o"r /"r$hasing /atterns an# their 5"/stream6 im/a$ts) in8$l"#ing waste in /ro#"$tion) trans/ortation $osts Gif ma#e far from

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where o" liveH an# em%e##e# energ of /ro#"$tion) #istri%"tion)"se an# #is/osal.

W For home remo#eling) tr to s"//ort lo$al retail stores that s/e$ialiein s"staina%le /ro#"$ts) s"$h as health /aint an# $ar/et an# re8

$laime# or salvage# %"il#ing materials.

!o"r Town) Cit or State= The Power of *o$al Initiatives

J"st as 5all /oliti$s is lo$al)6 a statement famo"sl attri%"te# to formers/ea&er of the 2S ,o"se of Re/resentatives Ti/ O7Neill) all s"$$essf"l s"s8taina%ilit eMorts have their roots in lo$al a$tion. ith more than statesan# ? $ities Gas of earl >??@H oMering lo$al initiatives to /romote green

%"il#ings) there is am/le /re$e#ent for o" to engage o"r lo$al s$hool

%oar#) $it $o"n$il) $o"ntr %oar# or $ommission an# even state re/resen8tatives in this eMort. Drill #own into ea$h green %"il#ing s"$$ess stor an#o" will n# ;"st a few lo$al /eo/le) some in government) some in %"sinessan# some /lain $itiens) whose energ an# foresight have ma#e the #iMer8en$e. Some of the initiatives alrea# ena$te#) on whi$h o" $an mo#elo"r eMorts) in$l"#e=

W At the lo$al level) se$"re a $ommitment from a s$hool #istri$t) $it or$o"nt to %"il# all f"t"re %"il#ings an# s$hools to at least the *EEDSilver level some $omm"nities have $ommitte# to %"il# *EED +ol#

/ro;e$ts Gthe earliest on re$or# was the Cit of Van$o"ver) (ritish Co8l"m%iaH this ma ta&e some #oing %e$a"se o"7re going to hear theol# familiar refrain 5it $osts too m"$h)6 an# o"7ll have to $onvin$e

/eo/le otherwise % "sing the e0am/les in this %oo& among the NorthAmeri$an $ities ma&ing this $ommitment are Seattle) Sa$ramento)Portlan# GORH) T"$son) San Fran$is$o) Calgar an# -a#ison GIH.

W Some $ities are ta&ing the ne0t ste/ after greening their own o/era8tions) re"iring larger /rivate8se$tor /ro;e$ts to meet *EED $ertie#

or Silver8level $erti$ations within the ne0t few ears. G*arge $itiess"$h as (oston an# ashington) DC) have #one this) an# more $itieswill %e re"iring s"$h a$hievements or in$or/orating *EED re"ire8ments an# Ar$hite$t"re >?K? milestones into the %"il#ing $o#e in thene0t few ears.H

W If o" have a m"ni$i/al ele$tri$ "tilit or /"%li$ "tilit #istri$t) $on8vin$e it to oMer in$entives for energ $onservation an# solar energsstems often the large $ash Uows of a "tilit /ermit it to oMer in$en8

tives that will) over time) allow it to oMset e0/ensive /"r$hases of a##i8tional generating $a/a$it in the f"t"re in Te0as) A"stin Energ) a m"8ni$i/al "tilit) has %een /romoting green homes sin$e the earl ?s

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Designe# % -oore R"%le!"#ell Ar$hite$ts an# $om/lete# in >??) the Santa -oni$a

Cit*i%rar re$eive# *EED +ol# $ertifi$ation. This %"il#ing feat"res a $entral "r%an lo$a8

tion an# wel$omes the /"%li$ with lots of #alighting an# a $entral $o"rtar# with its

own $offee sho/.

an# has one of the most s"$$essf"l green home rating sstems in the$o"ntr .

W Convin$e o"r maor or $it $o"n$il to sign onto the 2S -aors7 Cli8mate Prote$tion Agreement) whi$h $ommits $ities to %e$oming $ar8

%on ne"tral within the ne0t #e$a#e) or sooner) in their own o/era8

tions at the glo%al level) former 2S Presi#ent Clinton7s ClimateChange Initiative is engaging the ? largest $ities in the worl# to %e8$ome $ar%on ne"tral over the ne0t >? to K? ears. GAlrea#) *on#on

has signe# on to this initiative.H In Denver) -aor John ,i$&enloo/erhas %een aggressivel /romoting the +reen/rint Denver /lan fors"staina%le #evelo/ment) an# in Chi$ago) -aor Ri$har# Dale has

vowe# to ma&e Chi$ago the 5greenest $it6 in North Ameri$a % /ro8moting green %"il#ings) green roofs an# street tree /lantings.

W Convin$e o"r $it $o"n$il or $o"ntr $ommissionQ%oar# to oMer in8$entives to /rivate se$tor /ro;e$ts that $ommit to %"il#ing green s"$8$essf"l in$entives in$l"#e faster /ro$essing of %"il#ing /ermits an#

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in$rease# 5#ensit %on"ses6 for high8rise o$es) a/artments an# $on8#omini"m #evelo/ments if o" &now a state legislator) tal& to thema%o"t s/onsoring state initiatives to /romote green %"il#ings an# re8newa%le energ s"$$essf"l initiatives have in$l"#e# /ersonal an#Qor

$or/orate in$ome ta0 $re#its GOregon an# New !or&) along with >Kother statesH /ro/ert ta0 a%atements for *EED Silver or %etter $er8ti$ations GNeva#aH sales ta0 elimination on solar sstems GAriona)Flori#a) +eorgia) I#aho) Iowa) -assa$h"setts) -arlan# an# > otherstatesH an# re%ates for /"r$hase of solar sstems GCalifornia) Ariona)Colora#o an# K? other statesH. @

W ,ave the governor or state legislat"re re"ire the state "tilit $ommis8sion to have all investor8owne# "tilities $olle$t a ta0 on "tilit %ills an#

oMer 5/"%li$ /"r/ose6 f"n#s for investments in $onservation) onsite/ower an# renewa%le energ in >??@ the California P"%li$ 2tilitiesCommission a#o/te# an in$entive /ament sstem in the form of a$ons"mer re%ate) to en$o"rage /eo/le to install /hotovoltai$ sstemson their roofs the goal is 5a million solar roofs6 within ten ears. B

!o"r College or 2niversit

A $ollege or "niversit is often the largest em/loer in a town or $it it hasa h"ge im/a$t on energ "se) $ar%on foot/rint) water "se an# other m"8ni$i/al servi$es. It also serves as an e0am/le to tho"san#s of st"#ents) fa$8"lt an# staM. -a&e s"re that o"r $ollege or "niversit is #oing what it $anto /romote s"staina%le o/erations. A new organiation forme# to /ro8mote $am/"s s"staina%ilit eMorts) the Asso$iation for the A#van$ementof S"staina%ilit in ,igher E#"$ation GAAS,EH) attra$te# more than ?$am/"ses as #"es8/aing mem%ers in >??) its rst ear of o/erations. In

O$to%er >?? AAS,E7s rst national $onferen$e attra$te# more than ??/eo/le. ( earl >??@ #oens of $am/"ses all over the $o"ntr ha# a/8

/ointe# s"staina%ilit #ire$tors or $oor#inators an# ha# %eg"n to im/le8ment s"$$essf"l s"staina%ilit /rograms.

One $am/"s that has ma#e s"staina%ilit a $ore /art of its mission isAriona State 2niversit GAS2H) the $o"ntr7s largest) with more than?)??? enrolle# st"#ents) whi$h $reate#) f"n#e# an# staMe# an O$e ofS"staina%ilit Initiatives in >?? "n#er the enlightene# lea#ershi/ of Pres8i#ent -i$hael Crow. In >??@ AS2 %egan oMering ve #egree /rograms in?

s"staina%ilit st"#ies) the rst in the $o"ntr % a ma;or "niversit.

,ar var# 2niversit has em%ar&e# on a ma;or $am/aign of s"stain8a%ilit initiatives in %"il#ings. The #ire$tor) *eith Shar/) has r"n this /ro8gram sin$e >??. She re/orts that the ann"al ret"rn on investment for ,ar8

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var#7s energ e$ien$ an# green %"il#ing /rograms is a%o"t KL) a%o"ttwi$e that of ,arvar#7s m"lti8%illion8#ollar en#owment. In other wor#s)

to im/rove their rate of ret"rn) ,ar var#7s en#owment managers wo"l# %ewell a#vise# to /"t as m"$h mone as /ossi%le into the $am/"s7s s"stain8

a%ilit initiatives9 The same $o"l# %e sai# for most /rivate "niversities.

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C & A P # ' % +

+reen ("il#ingTerms

In this $ha/ter) we /resent the g"ts of the %oo&) a %rief e0/lanation of ?Bof the most im/ortant Gan# "/8an#8$omingH terms "se# in green %"il#ing#is$"ssions. These terms are t/i$all "se# % ar$hite$ts) engineers) %"il#8ers) #evelo/ers) lo$al o$ials an# %"il#ing managers to #es$ri%e the green

%"il#ing attri%"tes of a s/e$i$ #evelo/ment. O"r intention here is not to/resent a $om/lete #es$ri/tion of ea$h to/i$)%"t to give o" a %rief) te$hni8$all a$$"rate intro#"$tion) so that o"7ll have a %etter "n#erstan#ing ofwhat /eo/le are tal&ing a%o"t when the s"%;e$t of green %"il#ings $omes"/. At the en# of the %oo&) there is a reso"r$e se$tion with a$$ess to f"rtherinformation) so that o" $an investigate ea$h to/i$ as m"$h as o" /lease.

Ar$hite$ts an# engineers often la/se into te$hno8s/ea&) "sing a$ro8nms an# terms that even the intelligent an# well8informe# non8/rofes8sional $an7t "n#erstan#. Stri//e# of ;argon) most green %"il#ing $on$e/tsare "n#erstan#a%le to anone who /ai# attention in high8s$hool /hsi$san# $hemistr $lasses or has ever wor&e# aro"n# their own home. Certain

terms have %een a//ro/riate# from general "se an# have a$"ire# theirown s/e$ialie# meanings) s"$h as 5%"il#ing envelo/e)6 a term "se# to #e8note the e0terior of a %"il#ing) in$l"#ing the t/e an# amo"nt of glaingGglassH an# ins"lation "se#.

I have /ersonall traine# more than K)??? %"il#ing in#"str /rofes8sionals thro"gh these wor&sho/s an# given man #oens of s/ee$hes an#

/resentations over the /ast ve ears. From these) I have garnere# an i#eaof the terminolog an# $on$e/ts that I fo"n# initiall #i$"lt to "n#er8

stan# an# that I7ve seen m a"#ien$es str"ggle with. I7ve also in$l"#e#some terms that are not in general "se %"t are at the lea#ing e#ge of s"s8taina%ilit thin&ing an# /ra$ti$e.

So) let7s get starte#9

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a

Architecture 20)0

Re$ent analses % New -e0i$o ar$hite$t E#war# -aria showe# that%"il#ings are the so"r$e of almost half the glo%al greenho"se gas emis8sions im/li$ate# in wi#es/rea# $limate $hange. The fig"re %elow showsthe growth in s"$h emissions "/ to >???. -aria7s wor& an# that of the Ar8$hite$t"re >?K? organiation shows that 5sta%iliing emissions in this se$8tor an# then reversing them to a$$e/ta%le levels is a &e to &ee/ing glo%alwarming to a//ro0imatel ]C G.B^FH a%ove to#a7s level.6

In >?? Ar$hite$t"re >?K? teame# with the Ameri$an Instit"te of Ar8

$hite$ts to a#o/t a /oli$ that5all new %"il#ings) #evelo/ments an# ma;orrenovations Xsho"l# imme#iatelY %e #esigne# to meet a fossil f"el energ$ons"m/tion /erforman$e stan#ar# of ?L re#"$tion in the >?? re8gional Gor $o"ntrH average for that %"il#ing t/e.6 In the winter of >??@)>

Ar$hite$t"re >?K? s/onsore# a ma;or tea$h8in at $ollege $am/"ses to#ramatie the iss"es involve# to a new generation of st"#ents.

Resi#entialan# $ommer$ial se$tor $ar%on #io0i#e emissions) ?_>???. itho"t

$hanges in /resent /ra$ti$es) emissions wo"l# in$reaseK@L % >?K?.

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a

The gro"/ f"rther targets a re#"$tion in fossil f"el "se in new %"il#8ings to a$hieve re#"$tions Gagainst the >?? average energ "se of $om8mer$ial %"il#ingsH of the following magnit"#e=

W ?L in >??

W @?L in >?W B?L in >?>?W ?L in >?>

A$$or#ing to this /ro/osal) % >?K? all new %"il#ings sho"l# o/erate as$ar%on ne"tral) that is) re"iring no emission of greenho"se gases) either#ire$tl or in#ire$tl) to o/erate. -ost ar$hite$ts wo"l# tell "s that) at littleor no a##itional $ost) most %"il#ings $o"l# #ramati$all lower their en8

erg $ons"m/tion thro"gh /ro/er orientation) %"il#ing sha/e) sele$tionan# /la$ement of glaing an# % in$or/orating nat"ral heating) $ooling)ventilation an# #alighting strategies. A##itional energ nee#e# to ma&e a

%"il#ing wor& $o"l# then %e s"//lie# % renewa%le energ so"r$es an# %%iof"els.

Access to #ransit

One of the great virt"es of the *EED green %"il#ing rating sstem Gan#similar sstemsH is that it en$o"rages /ro;e$ts to em/lo site sele$tion $ri8teria earl in the /ro$ess that go %eon# e$onomi$ iss"es an# instea# #ealwith %roa#er environmental $on$erns. Sin$e a"tomo%ile travel is one ofthe largest "sers of energ in the 2S an# one of the ma;or $ontri%"tors to

"r%an smog formation) it ma&es sense that $ommer$ial /ro;e$ts sho"l# lo8$ate near mass transit) so that wor&ers have the o/tion of "sing it) ratherthan %eing for$e# to #rive. In man $ities) s"$h as Portlan#) Oregon) the$ost of #owntown /ar&ing now e0$ee#s Z? /er month) a strong in$entivenot to #rive a $ar to wor&.

In the *EED sstem) /ro;e$ts are en$o"rage# to lo$ate within a "ar8ter8mile of two or more /"%li$ or $am/"s %"s lines or within a half8mile ofa f"n#e# or /lanne# $omm"ter rail) light8rail or s"%wa station. These are

wal&a%le #istan$es in most $ities Geven in hot or $ol# or in$lementweatherH an# are feasi%le lo$ations in man ol#er s"%"r%s. In newer tran8sit8oriente# #evelo/ments) a$$ess to transit is a &e mar&eting feat"re of

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The Swinerton In$. hea#"arters in San Fran$is$o is a *EED8E(+ol#8$ertifie# %"il#ing that /rovi#es e0$ellent a$$ess to rail) %"s

an# ferr transit servi$es for its em/loees.

o$e %"il#ings. Com/anies are s"//orting transit "se % em/loeesthro"gh s"%si#ie# monthl %"s or rail /asses.

A transit8oriente# #evelo/ment GTODH is a resi#ential or $ommer$ialarea #esigne# to ma0imie a$$ess to /"%li$ trans/ort an# often in$or8

/orates feat"res to en$o"rage transit ri#ershi/. A TOD neigh%orhoo#t/i$all has a $enter with a train) light8rail or %"s station) s"rro"n#e# %relativel high8#ensit #evelo/ment) with /rogressivel lower8#ensit #e8velo/ment s/rea#ing o"twar#s from the $enter. This t/e of arrangement$ontains s/e$i$ feat"res that are #esigne# to en$o"rage /"%li$ trans/ort"se) in$l"#ing mi0e#8"se Gresi#ential) retail) o$eH #evelo/ment that will"se transit at all times of #a) high8"alit /e#estrian $rossings) narrowstreets an# ta/ering of %"il#ing heights as the %e$ome more #istant from

the /"%li$ trans/ort no#e. Another &e feat"re of transit8oriente# #evel8o/ment is the re#"$e# nee# for /ar&ing s/a$es or a##itional /ar&inggarages.

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"icycle Co,,uting

In a##ition to giving a$$ess to /"%li$ trans/ortation) green %"il#ings veroften /rovi#e a$$ommo#ations for %i$$le $omm"ters) sin$e the $ost of#oing so is t/i$all small relative to overall /ro;e$t $osts. In man $itiesthat are %i$$le8oriente#) in$reasing n"m%ers of /eo/le are $omm"ting towor& in this health) frien#l) non8/oll"ting wa. In m former home ofK

Portlan#) %"ses an# light8rail $ars were o"ttte# to hol# %i$$les for thelong tre& home) es/e$iall in #ar&ness Gevening $omm"tes in the winterHan# rain weather. -a#ison) is$onsin) has the most mileage of %i&e trails

for a $it of its sie. Over the /ast K? ears) the $it has instit"te# more thanK? miles of %i&e /aths an# ? miles of on8roa# %i&e lanes. For tri/s "n#erve miles) it7s faster to /e#al than #rive in man $ases.

In a##ition to the o%vio"s %enets of $"tting gasoline "se an# re#"$8ing air /oll"tion from a"tomo%iles) %i$$le $omm"ting $an Gover the longha"lH re#"$e tra$ $ongestion) noise Ge0$e/t for %i$$le ri#ers s$reaming$"rses at inattentive #riversH an# lower infrastr"$t"re investment for

/ar&ing lots. +enerall) %i$$les are "se# for shor ter $omm"ting tri/s)whi$h hel/ $"t emissions from vehi$le start"/. There are $lear health

%enets from %i$$le $omm"ting that are im/ortant in this era of growing$on$ern over the nation7s e/i#emi$ of o%esit.

To en$o"rage %i$$le $omm"ting) the &e for %"il#ing #esigners is to/rovi#e showers Gone shower for ever ten "sersH) $hanging rooms an#safe %i$$le storage. Showers are also a %"il#ing amenit) sin$e the $anserve anone who r"ns or otherwise e0er$ises #"ring a l"n$h %rea& atwor&. The *EED stan#ar# re"ires %i$$le ra$&s or se$"re storage for Lof a %"il#ing7s f"ll8time /ea& o$$"/ants) either onsite or within >?? ar#s

Gs"$h as a $am/"s environmentH. So) if a %"il#ing has ?? /eo/le) %i$$lera$&s or storage lo$&ers for >? /eo/le wo"l# %e re"ire#) along with twoshowers Gthese $an %e "nise0) with lo$&ing #oors on %oth si#esH.

Designing for %i$$le $omm"ting is neither e0/ensive nor #i$"lt) soit sho"l# %e stan#ar# in ever o$e %"il#ing) sho//ing mall) $am/"s

%"il#ing an# other "r%an instit"tional an# $ommer$ial "ses. It is also so8$iall res/onsi%le) sin$e it #oesn7t for$e anone to own a $ar to get to wor&)as long as the are a%le to ri#e. Com%ine# with a $ar8sharing /rogram that

allows /eo/le to rent a $ar % the ho"r for emergen$ies) s"staina%le #esignoMers eas sol"tions to enhan$e a gasoline8free lifestle. GFor resi#ential%"il#ings) the *EED stan#ar# re"ires $overe# %i$$le storage for L of

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%"il#ing o$$"/ants) in lie" of showers an# $hanging fa$ilities that are o%8vio"sl not nee#e#.H

"ig Picture

As o"r #is$"ssion of the Ar$hite$t"re >?K? /rogram shows) there is a %ig/i$t"re of glo%al $limate $hange) s/e$ies loss) rainforest #estr"$tion) soilerosion an# a mria# of other environmental iss"es on the ta%le) as h"man

%eings attem/t to a$$ommo#ate an estimate# . %illion /eo/le on the/lanet % >?? G"/ from a%o"t . %illion to#aH at reasona%le levels ofhealth an# material well8%eing.

The %ig /i$t"re was #ramatie# to man of "s) in % the rst /i$8t"res of the entire Earth from o"ter s/a$e) ta&en #"ring moon or%it %

NASA astrona"ts) showing one /lanet) %l"e an# alive) in a sea of em/ti8ness) %la$& an# hostile to life. The /i$t"re of 5Earthrise)6 ta&en as a $ir$lingl"nar mo#"le emerge# from the #ar& si#e of the moon) was /arti$"larl#ramati$) ins/iring an# life8$hanging for man. e #o have to go it aloneon this /lanet) s$ien$e $tion fantasies of f"t"re s/a$e $oloniation not8withstan#ing. As h"man a$tivit #iminishes the /ro#"$tivit an# #iversitof nat"ral sstems) a /ro$ess well "n#erwa all over the worl#) we in$reas8ingl fa$e the /ros/e$t of $reating a new inha%ita%le Earth in o"r ownimage) witho"t the re"isite &nowle#ge or h"milit.

As an e0am/le of the %ig /i$t"re) $onsi#er the +aia ,/othesis) a s$i8enti$ theor that /ro/oses that the living matter of /lanet Earth f"n$8tions li&e a single organism. It was rst form"late# in the ?s % the in8

#e/en#ent resear$h s$ientist James *ovelo$&) as a $onse"en$e of his wor&for NASA on metho#s of #ete$ting life on -ars. The +aia ,/othesis) now&nown as 5earth sstem s$ien$e)6 has sin$e %een s"//orte# % a n"m%er ofs$ienti$ e0/eriments an# /rovi#e# a n"m%er of "sef"l /re#i$tions.

Another e0am/le of the %ig /i$t"re a##resse# % green %"il#ings) withtheir em/hasis on #ramati$ re#"$tions in energ "se an# glo%al green8ho"se gas emissions) is the shrin&ing of the Ar$ti$ i$e $a/ % >?L sin$e@? an# the visi%le shrin&age of northern hemis/here gla$iers in E"ro/e

an# Ameri$a from glo%al warming. In Portlan#) $ontem/orar /hotos of

the near% -t. ,oo# gla$ier show #ramati$ shrin&age sin$e the rst aerial/hotos ta&en in the >?s an# K?s. -an /eo/le have now seen /hotos

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an# #rawings showing the signi$ant re#"$tion in Ar$ti$ i$e over the /astK? ears. This re#"$tion lea#s to fewer i$e Uoes for /olar %ears) leavingthem with a $hoi$e of ret"rning to lan# for m"$h of the ear or #rowning

%e$a"se of the vast s/a$e %etween i$e Uoes. Some h/othesie that the

melting of Ar$ti$ i$e $o"l# trigger a r"nawa $limate warming %e$a"se som"$h of the s"n7s energ #"ring the s"mmer wo"l# %e a%sor%e# instea# of

%eing reUe$te# %a$& into s/a$e. Fresh water wo"l# stream into the NorthAtlanti$) "/setting the $ir$"lation /attern of the +"lf Stream that $"r8rentl ma&es high latit"#es in E"ro/e s"ita%le for agri$"lt"re an# high8

/o/"lation #ensities.

"iodiesel

(io#iesel is #iesel8e"ivalent) /ro$esse# f"el #erive# from %iologi$also"r$es Gs"$h as vegeta%le oils) even waste $oo&ing oil from resta"rantss"$h as fast8foo# esta%lishmentsH) that $an %e "se# "nmo#ie# in #ieselengines. (io#iesel is %io#egra#a%le an# non8to0i$ an# /ro#"$es signi8$antl fewer emissions than /etrole"m8%ase# #iesel when %"rne#. A re8$ent arti$le re/orte# that $hi$&en fat $o"l# %e "se#) /rom/ting ma;or$hi$&en /ro#"$ers s"$h as Tson Foo#s) Per#"e Farms an# Smithel#Foo#s to set "/ renewa%le energ #ivisions to sell the material mi0e# withso%ean oil. It7s /ossi%le that) sometime soon) the tag line for %io#iesel@

ma $hange from 5smells li&e Fren$h fries6 to 5smells li&e frie# $hi$&en.6One %enet of "sing %io#iesel is sai# to %e lower engine wear. -ost

man"fa$t"rers release lists of the $ars that will r"n on %io#iesel. For e0am8

/le) Vol&swagen #etermine# that #iesel f"el $ontaining "/ to L %io#ieselG( f"elH meets the te$hni$al s/e$i$ations for its vehi$les e"i//e# withTDI engines in the 2nite# States. (io#iesel $an %e #istri%"te# "singB

to#a7s infrastr"$t"re. As a res"lt) its "se an# /ro#"$tion are in$reasingra/i#l. For e0am/le) at the en# of >?? there were K %io#iesel f"elingstations in of the ? states) with So"th Carolina) -isso"ri) North Car8olina an# Te0as having the most o"tlets. Earl in >??@ the Safewa gr

01. green building a to z

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