01-a brief history of the internet
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Investigating Cyberculture SOCS 316
Cyberspacecybernetics
coined 1948 by U.S. mathematician Norbert Wiener (1894-1964)from Gk. kubernetes "steersman," perhaps based on 1830s Fr.cyberntique "the art of governing." Cyberspacecoined byscience fiction writer William Gibson (best known for"Neuromancer") and used by him in a short story published in1982.
"The future offers very little hope for those who expect that our new mechanical slaves willoffer us a world in which we may rest from thinking. Help us they may, but at the cost ofsupreme demands upon our honesty and our intelligence." [Norbert Weiner, "God andGolem, Inc.," 1964] .
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cyberneticshttp://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=cyberneticshttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cybernetics -
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Investigating Cyberculture SOCS 316
Cultureculture
- 1440, "the tilling of land," from L. cultura, from pp.stem ofcolere "tend, guard, cultivate, till" (seecult). Meaning "the intellectual side of civilization"is from 1805; that of "collective customs and
achievements of a people" is from 1867. Cultureshock first recorded 1940.
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=culturehttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=culthttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=culthttp://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=culturehttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=culture -
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A Brief History of the Internet:
The Precursors I
Computers, so to speak, have been around forthousands of years. So have networks (socialnetworks, that is). Its only recently that theyhave come together so forcefully, altering sociallife as we knew it basically overnight.
From the earliest abacus to thejacquard loom
that led to punch card technology, computersthat became permanently networked emerged inthe 1960s. (click here for interactive abacus)
http://www.webcom.com/calc/CalcChron.htmlhttp://www.abacushome.info/history-of-the-abacus/http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~ped/teachadmin/histsci/htmlform/lect4.htmlhttp://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?category=cmptrhttp://illuminations.nctm.org/ActivityDetail.aspx?ID=8http://illuminations.nctm.org/ActivityDetail.aspx?ID=8http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?category=cmptrhttp://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~ped/teachadmin/histsci/htmlform/lect4.htmlhttp://www.abacushome.info/history-of-the-abacus/http://www.webcom.com/calc/CalcChron.html -
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A Brief History of the Internet:
The Precursors IIComputers were an integral part ofWorld War II. Theiradoption as military technology created the first stepsinto computernetworking, creating the first vestiges ofthe Internet in the late 1960s.
Technology development and the dependence oncomputers in both academic and business institutions inthe 1980s increased public awareness and access tocomputers generally, and the networks grew slowlyuntil
1991, when Tim Berners-Lee introduced HTML, theWorld Wide Web (WWW), and Mosaic (which becameNetscape Navigator). The rest is history.
http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?category=nethttp://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?category=net -
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A Brief History of the Internet:
The Timeline
1958: ARPA, theAdvanced Research ProjectsAgency, is created by the U.S. Defense
Department in response to the 1957 Sputnik
launch.
1962: IPTO, the Information processing TechniquesOffice, a branch of ARPA, creates the
ARPANET under the leadership ofJosephLicklider (MIT), a minor program designed to
stimulate research in interactive computing.
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A Brief History of the Internet1969: The ARPANET utilizes packet switching
technology developed in part by Paul Baranof the RAND Corporation. The first 4nodes in the network link UCLA, UCSB,Stanford, and Univ. of Utah.
1972-4: The network expands to 15 nodes, andstandardization of communication protocolsensuesTCP, ortransmission controlprotocol, is developed and by 1978 the IP(inter-networking protocol) is added by VintCerfof Stanford, creating the networkstandard used today, TCP/IP. In 1974, theUNIX operating system is released by Belllabs, and used widely at universities. Thisbegins the open source movement.
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A Brief History of the Internet
1977-78: U. Chicago students Christensenand Suess create MODEM software,and in 1978 they create the ComputerBulletin Board System (BBS), modeledafter office bulletin boards used for
public messaging.
1981-83: From the first BBS idea sprouted theUSENET, a message system for the
ARPA network, IBMs version,BITNET, used widely on collegecampuses and a private BBS,FIDONET (Tom Jennings), still widelyused today (with 3 million subscribers).
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A Brief History of the Internet
1983-88: MILNET, the military branch of theinternet, splits off from ARPA-INTERNET for
security purposes. In 1984, the National
Science Foundation starts NSFNET, and by
1990 it replaces the obsolete ARPANETusing the same backbone infrastructure.
1990: The Internet goes private, with a number ofInternet Service Providers (ISPs) being
created by business enterprises, most
notablyAOL (America Online).
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A Brief History of the Internet
1991: Working at CERN, a high-energy physics labin Switzerland, Tim Berners-Leecreatesthe World Wide Web, which utilizes- Hypertext Markup Language (html),- Hypertext Transport Protocol (http), and- URLs (Uniform Resource Locators).
1993- : MOSAIC, the first web browser, is createdat the Univ. of Illinois, which later becomesNetscape Navigator. Microsoft enters the
market late in 1995 with theirInternetExplorerbrowser.
1/1 2000: The Y2k bug destroys all computersworldwide. ?
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A Brief History of the Internet:
The CultureCastells points out that the culture of
the Internet has always been libertarian,
prizing freedom over military security and
market control.Even the DoD ARPANET users
originally used their systems forinformal
communication, exchanging messagesabout birthday greetings and using the
network for marijuana procurement.