003b mitosis
TRANSCRIPT
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Rod shaped structure
Made of a single DNA molecule and
proteins called histones
Histones maintain shape of chromosomes
Aids in tight packing of DNA Seen during cell division
Coiled and compact
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DNA and Chromosomes
double-stranded
DNA molecule
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c t r r
l s
c r s s
centromere
homologous
chromosomes
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DNA
Replication
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Chromosome consists of two
identical halves
Each half is a chromatidFormed when DNA makes a copy of itself
before cell division
Each new cell will receive one chromatid
from each chromosome
Chromatids are held together by a
centromere
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sist r c r t i s
r lic t i
sister chromatids
DNA replication
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23pairs
Sexchromosomes
autosomes
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Interphase- 75% of cell life cycle
G1: rapid growth
S: DNA replicates; centriolesreplicate.
G2
: cell prepares for cell division;microtubular structures form.
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Cell Division
Mitosis: cell divides its nuclearcomponents (chromosomes).
Cytokinesis: cell divides its
cytoplasmic components.
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Prophase
MetaphaseAnaphase
Telophase
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centrioles
chromatin
plasma
membrane
nucleolusnuclear
envelope
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Chromosomes shorten and become
visible (early prophase)Chromosomes made up of2 identical
chromatin threads called chromatids
Centrioles migrate toward opposite polepulled by kinetochore
Nuclear envelope disintegrates (late
prophase).
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centromere
chromosome
aster
centrioles
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asterpolar fiber
chromosomal
fiber
fragmenting
nuclearenvelope
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centrioles
nucleus
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Chromosomes lined up in the
middle
Mitotic spindle complete.
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metaphase plate
spindle
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polar fiberschromosomal
fibers
sister chromatids
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Chromosome at Metaphase
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Sister chromatids (= identical strands ofDNA) split from each other to form dividedidentical chromosomes.
Kinetochore fibers shorten and pull dividedidentical chromosomes to opposite sides of
the dividing cell.Polar microtubules slide past each other,
lengthening and pushing the cell apart
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daughter
chromosomes
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Divided chromosomes reach opposite
sides of cell and begin to disperse as
chromatin.
Nuclear envelopes reforms around
separated collections of chromosomes to
form two nuclei.Cytokinesis- completion of cell division
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Spindle apparatus disintegrates.Cytokinesis usually begins near the
end of telophase.
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Separation of cytoplasmiccomponents to yield two daughter
cells
Microfilaments form a contractingring that pinches the plasma
membrane inward between theforming daughter cells
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cleavage furrow
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RNA
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Contrasting RNA with DNA
Single-stranded
Ribose
Bases
Adenine
UracilGuanine
Cytosine
Double-stranded
DeoxyriboseBases
AdenineThymineGuanineCytosine
RNA DNA
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mRNA- copies DNA and directs
protein synthesis
rRNA- joins with ribosomal
proteins to make ribosomes
tRNA- transfers amino acids toribosomes to make protein
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1. Transcription-occurs in nucleus mRNA copies DNA nucleotide
sequence
2. Translation
nucleotide sequence in mRNA is
uncoded
mRNA binds to rRNA tRNA brings appropriate amino acid to
mRNA
Polypeptide is manufactured
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DNA
SenseStrand
mRNA
Transcript
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enzyme
mRNA
Transcription
begins here
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mRNA
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anticodon
codon
tRNA
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Ribosome
Amino Acid
tRNA
mRNA Codon Anticodon
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Initiator codon
Anticodon
AA
Binding sites
Ribosome
mRNA
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Stop codon
AA
1
AAAA
T A G
A U C
2
AA
Complete protein
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Rapid and uncontrollable
development and production of cells.
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1. Inheritance may increase risk2. Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor
genes mutate or become damaged by
carcinogens
3. Known carcinogens:
Viruses and bacteria
Environmental chemicals
Tobacco Radiation
Dietary factors
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Conversion begins with a mutation(a change in DNA) by:
1. Chemical
2. Physical
3. Biological Conversion
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Development and Progression
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Begins when a chemical substance
stimulates growth of a mutated cell
Those chemical substances
influence a 2nd stage of
carcinogens called promoters.
Promoters stimulate cell to divide
uncontrollably Metastasis- cancer traveling to
other sites; like a forest fire
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ozone
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Screens out 99% of harmful UV light Ozone produced by lightening
1% in ozone will result in a 2% in
skin cancerHoles in ozone:
Dupont- CFCs: hairspray, refrigerators,
air conditioning
Which country has the highest rate of
skin cancer?
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1. Avoid sun between 10am to 4pm.
2. Wear sunscreen w/ SPF 40+.
3. Wear appropriate clothing.
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Genetic testing
Biopsy
Blood test
X-rays, PET, MRI
V
isual & tactile observation
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Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Homeopathy
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Know family history Get regular medical screenings
Learn self-exam techniques
Avoid direct sunlight
Watch your diet and weight
Dont smoke
Drink alcohol in moderation (alcohol
decrease heart disease, but increasesrisk of certain cancers)
Become educated
INQUIRY
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INQUIRY
1. What do CFCs do?
2. What is a proto-oncogene?3. Name 3 carcinogens.
4. What are the ABCDs of skin cancer?
5. What is the function of ozone?6. Who is Henrietta Lacks?
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INQUIRY
1. Which cells in the body are diploid and which
are haploid?2. During which stage does DNA replication
occur?
3. Which stage of mitosis is seen in this picture?
4. At which stage is the cell binuclear?
5. In which phase do chromosomes line up in the
center of the cell?
6. Where does the kinetochore attach?