00001 title page - qualified water efficient landscaper

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page TOC-1 Table of Contents

QUALIFIED WATER-EFFICIENT LANDSCAPER MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

Terms and Conditions of Use ................................................................................................................. II-1

Steps for Adopting the QWEL Program as a WaterSense® Labeled Program ................................. II-1

Testing Protocol ........................................................................................................................................ II-1

Irrigation Audit Requirement ................................................................................................................. II-2

QWEL Certificate Renewal ..................................................................................................................... II-2

CLASS LIST

Class One: Overview and Water Supply .............................................................................................. 1-1

Class Two: Irrigation Systems ............................................................................................................... 2-1

Class Three: Efficient Irrigation ............................................................................................................. 3-1

Class Four: Soils ....................................................................................................................................... 4-1

Class Five: Plants, Plant Maintenance, and IPM ................................................................................. 5-1

Class Six: Water Management ............................................................................................................... 6-1

Class Seven: Water Budgets ................................................................................................................... 7-1

Class Eight: Irrigation Schedules ........................................................................................................... 8-1

Class Nine: Irrigation Controller Programming ................................................................................. 9-1

Class Ten: Irrigation Trouble Shooting................................................................................................. 10-1

Class Eleven: New Technology ............................................................................................................. 11-1

Class Twelve: Putting It All Together ................................................................................................... 12-1

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Landscape Water Conservation Websites and Resources .................................................................. AI-1

QWEL Credits ........................................................................................................................................... AI-6

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page II-1 Introductory Information


INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE

The Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper (QWEL) program provides twenty-one hours of educational materials designed to provide a better understanding of landscape water management for the landscape industry. QWEL is recognized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s WaterSense Program as a qualifying irrigation auditor training. Please honor the QWEL and WaterSense label and preserve the integrity of the QWEL curriculum by not altering the content (exception is that Class 1 should be customized to your local/regional service area). You must complete all steps listed in the following pages prior to offer a QWEL class.

If QWEL curriculum is used for students to gain either a QWEL certificate or to be eligible for recognition as a WaterSense Irrigation Partner, the course content must be taught in its entirety. For more information on QWEL, please contact the Sonoma County Water Agency Water Conservation Program (707-547-1933) or City of Santa Rosa Water Conservation Program (707-543-3988).

QWEL materials and logo are copyright protected and may not be used without the express written consent of the QWEL Board of Directors.

Page II-2 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Introductory Information

Steps for Adopting the Qualified Water Efficient Landscaper Program as a WaterSense® Labeled Program

The Sonoma-Marin Saving Water Partnership’s (SMSWP’s) Qualified Water Efficient Landscaper (QWEL) Program has earned the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s WaterSense label as an irrigation system auditor certification program. QWEL provides more than 21 hours of educational materials designed to equip those who complete the program with a better understanding of landscape water management for the landscape industry. The program has already proved successful in Sonoma and Marin counties, resulting in nearly 500 graduates in its first couple years. To expand upon the success achieved in these counties, SMSWP has expanded the QWEL program throughout California and nationwide in a campaign to improve landscape water management around the country.

If your organization chooses to adopt the QWEL program and is approved to offer it in your region, you will be eligible to promote your QWEL program as a WaterSense labeled professional certification program—a mark of distinction. Likewise, irrigation professionals certified through your approved program will be eligible to become WaterSense irrigation partners. The following summarizes the steps and ongoing requirements you must complete in order to offer the QWEL program in your area. STEP 1 – Submit an Application You may apply in one of two ways: 1) you may write a brief explanation that demonstrates your instructors’ proficiency in all subject areas covered by QWEL and submit this explanation along with your current resume to the address below, or 2) you may complete either the 12 week QWEL training course and pass the QWEL exam OR complete QWEL’s “Train the Trainer” program (a two to three day intensive training). Then, mail evidence of your passing score along with a current resume and the date of the training you completed to the address below. Note, QWEL’s materials may not be used until you receive written final approval from the Board of Directors and EPA’s WaterSense program. The mailing address for your application is:

Sonoma County Water Agency Attn: QWEL Training P.O. Box 11628 Santa Rosa, CA 95406 STEP 2 – Earn Approval You will receive a written denial or conditional approval from SMSWP after you submit an application. If you receive conditional approval you must complete the following steps:

• Revise Class One – “Overview” such that this section addresses the local sources of public water supplies and how water is collected for use. Class One should ensure that your students are knowledgeable about local programs for water conservation, instruct students on how to read a water meter and understand its uses for homeowners and landscapers, and teach students how to perform basic leak detection.

• Submit your revised Class One to QWEL for Board review and approval along with a signed copy of the QWEL Adopting Organization Terms and Conditions statement.

• Following QWEL Board review, SMSWP will issue a final letter of approval (and at this time SMSWP will notify WaterSense of your intention to adopt QWEL).

• To promote your QWEL program as a WaterSense labeled certification program, you must sign a Partnership Agreement with WaterSense as a professional certifying organization. To do this,


complete and submit a Partnership Agreement to WaterSense and include a copy of the final approval letter from SMSWP in lieu of the WaterSense Labeled Program Application Form.

• WaterSense will send you “welcome materials” with a signed copy of the Partnership Agreement, as well as graphic files of the WaterSense label and partner logo. SMSWP will not provide WaterSense program marks to any adopting organization.

Following program approval from SMSWP and partnership approval from WaterSense, your organization must stay up to date on the following “Ongoing Responsibilities” and adhere to the “Terms and Conditions” listed below. STEP 3 – Ongoing Responsibilities

• Teach the QWEL program in its entirety. You may not alter the educational content (aside from Course One) nor alter the QWEL exam.

• Issue certificates with unique ID numbers to program graduates using QWEL’s certificate template.

• Keep your list of QWEL graduates current on the QWEL website (www.qweltraining.com) by submitting updated lists of each graduate’s status to SMSWP after each training is complete and annually to facilitate the renewals process.

• Maintain a database of graduates and track and approve each graduate’s continuing education units (two CEUs per year) as specified in the QWEL training manual.

• Participate in QWEL Board quarterly conference calls. Additional Terms and Conditions

• All professional certifying organization partners, including those that adopt QWEL, must develop a process for tracking continuing education/renewals of professionals certified through their program. The primary contact with the organizations should be available for questions from WaterSense regarding the certification status of professionals certified through their program.

• WaterSense will include in its welcome materials guidance on how to talk about your partnership with WaterSense and how to correctly use the WaterSense program marks. You must adhere to this guidance.

• All QWEL adopting organizations must follow testing protocols outlined in the QWEL training manual. Your organization must administer and grade the exam in accordance with the procedures outlined in the QWEL training manual, including using QWEL’s passing score, who is eligible to administer and score the exam, safekeeping of the exam content, etc.

• As a professional certifying organization partner, your organization will be authorized to use the WaterSense partner logo in conjunction with your organization’s name. Your organization will be authorized to use the WaterSense label in conjunction with your QWEL certification program.

• SMSWP is responsible for ensuring that each adopting organization’s QWEL program continues to meet the requirements of the WaterSense specification for irrigation system auditor certification programs. If SMSWP is no longer comfortable with the integrity of the QWEL program offered by an adopting organization, SMSWP will notify WaterSense.

• Organizations must agree to use updated materials as the QWEL Board makes them available. For more information on QWEL, please contact the Sonoma County Water Agency at (707) 547-1933 or City of Santa Rosa Water Conservation Program at (707) 543-3988. For more information on WaterSense, please contact the WaterSense Helpline at (866) WTR-SENS (987-7367) or [email protected].

http://www.qweltraining.com/

mailto:[email protected]

Page II-4 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Introductory Information

TESTING PROTOCOL

The following list of testing requirements must be strictly adhered to not only to ensure testing integrity but also to remain in compliance with guidelines set forth by the QWEL Board of Directors and the EPA WaterSense Program.

A. The test bank: Each class has a set of 10-20 questions from which 10 questions per class shall be selected so that the final exam will be comprised of 120 questions (10 from each class).

B. Testing is closed book and notes are not allowed, except for the Formulas Sheet (you will find this in the Testing section).

C. No talking is allowed (exception: test questions may be read to individuals that have reading disabilities but students must determine the answer on their own).

D. Tests that are distributed to students must be collected at the end of the test period to maintain testing quality and integrity. Test questions must be kept in a secure location and adhere to the same security protocols employed by North Coast Water Conservation Program, which include a secure lock box.

E. The final exam is to be given following the final class and should be scheduled for three hours.

F. One test proctor per 50 students must be present at all times during the test and grading.

G. Exams must be ADMINISTERED by an independent academic institute, a professional testing organization, professional test administrator, or an irrigation professional certified in the subject matter AND cannot be the instructors that taught any sections of the QWEL training during this session. Good proctors would be previous students (this can count as two hours of CEUs).

H. Exams must be GRADED by an independent academic institute, professional testing organization, professional test administrator, or a certified irrigation professional NOT involved in the training OR proctoring of the practitioner being examined.

I. Passing grade is 75% or better.

IRRIGATION AUDIT REQUIREMENT

Students who want to self study and/or who are already proficient in the QWEL subject areas may elect to “challenge” the class by scheduling a proctored exam with the local agency that teaches QWEL. Students challenging the exam will be subject to the same testing and grading standards as the students who attend the course lectures. In addition to successfully passing the exam, ALL students, including those who challenge the exam, must submit a satisfactory completed irrigation audit to fulfill the requirements of QWEL (students taking the class satisfy this requirement as part of Class 6). For study materials and testing locations, please visit the QWEL website (www.qweltraining.com).

QWEL CERTIFICATE RENEWAL

In order to maintain a current/active status of the QWEL Certificate an applicant must submit a minimum of two hours of continuing education units annually (i.e. any water management related courses, lectures, presentations, etc. given by water agencies, educational institutions, professional associations, etc.). Units must be submitted through the QWEL website (www.qweltraining.com).

http://www.qweltraining.com/


A. First Renewal

1. Is automatic and occurs on December 31st of the year in which a person becomes certified

2. No paperwork or CEU submissions are required

B. Ongoing Renewal

1. After the first automatic renewal all certificates need to be renewed annually on or before December 31st

2. Two hours of continuing education units are required each calendar year

3. There will be a one month grace period given for renewals, so all QWEL certificates that have not submitted their continuing education units by January 31stwill become non-active

4. In order to become current/active the person must retake the QWEL exam

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page 1-1 Class One: Overview and Water Supply


CLASS ONE: OVERVIEW AND WATER SUPPLY

CLASS ONE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this section, students should:

1. Know the various sources of public water supplies and how water is collected for use

2. Be knowledgeable of programs for water conservation

3. Be able to read water meters and understand their uses for homeowners and landscapers

4. Be able to perform basic leak detection

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: KNOW THE VARIOUS SOURCES OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES AND HOW WATER IS COLLECTED FOR USE

1.1 SONOMA COUNTY WATER AGENCY: WHERE YOUR WATER COMES FROM

A. Since the 1950s, one of the Sonoma County Water Agency’s (Agency) water supply roles is to serve as a local sponsor of federal flood control and water supply projects and to operate and maintain a system of pumps, tanks, and pipes to deliver surface water to its customers.

B. The Agency’s water supply includes surface water, groundwater, recycled water, and conserved water. These four sources of water are interrelated; use of one reduces the need for the others.

1. Surface Water a. Russian River Watershed in Sonoma and Mendocino Counties b. Agency's Main Reservoirs

1) Lake Mendocino and Coyote Dam 2) Lake Sonoma and Warm Springs Dam

c. Russian River Diversion Facility includes a rubber dam, intake pipe, infiltration ponds, and Ranney water collectors.

d. Russian River Transmission System Facilities 1) The Agency’s prime water customers (retail water agencies) include the cities of

Santa Rosa, Petaluma, Rohnert Park, Sonoma and Cotati; the North Marin and Valley of the Moon Water Districts and the Town of Windsor.

2) In addition to these retail water agencies, the Agency delivers water to the Forestville and Marin Municipal Water Districts.

3) Collectively, the above agencies are known as the “retail water agencies.”

2 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class One: Overview and Water Supply

Graphic 1-1


2. Groundwater a. The Agency relies on groundwater to supplement its Russian River water supply. b. Some retail water agencies draw on local aquifers as a supplement to their water

supply. 3. Recycled Water

a. Existing and planned recycled water irrigates parks, golf courses, vineyards, and school yards, and is used to produce energy at the Geysers Project.

b. The Agency's and the retail water agencies' recycled water projects reduce demands on groundwater and Russian River watershed water.

4. Water Conservation a. The Agency and the retail water agencies offer many conservation programs

designed to help customers use irrigation water efficiently, especially during the hottest summer months (the peak water demand months) of June, July, and August. See Section 1.3 for a list of available conservation programs.

b. The 2006 Restructured Agreement for Water Supply requires the retail water agencies to be members of the California Urban Water Conservation Council1 (Council), to sign the Council’s Best Management Practices (BMPs) Memorandum of Understanding, to implement the BMPs (or alternative conservation measures that are at least effective), and to file required annual performance reports.

1.2 MARIN MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT: WHERE YOUR WATER COMES FROM.

A. Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD) owns and manages 18,500 acres (34 square miles) of the Mt. Tamalpais Watershed stretching from Mill Valley to Lagunitas

1. Mt. Tamalpais Watershed Facts a. Location: Southern and Central Marin County. b. Elevation: The East Peak of Mt. Tamalpais stands 2,751 ft. above sea level. c. Acres Owned: MMWD owns and manages 18,500 acres (34 square miles) of the Mt.

Tamalpais Watershed, which extends contiguously from Southern Marin in Mill Valley, north to the community of Lagunitas in San Geronimo Valley.

d. Headwaters: 1) Three tributaries on the north slope of Mt. Tamalpais, the East, Middle and West

Forks of Lagunitas Creek, represent the headwaters of the Lagunitas Creek drainage.

2) The distance from the headwaters of Lake Lagunitas to the main stem of Lagunitas Creek at the entrance to Samuel P. Taylor State Park, at Shafter Bridge, is about 12 miles.

3) Four of the five reservoirs constructed on this side of the mountain were built on Lagunitas Creek and contain about 35 percent of MMWD's water supply. When at capacity, these four reservoirs spill from one to another before the surplus water is discharged into the main stem of Lagunitas Creek, at Shafter 9 Bridge, eventually flowing into Tomales Bay and the Pacific Ocean.

1 www.cuwcc.org


4) MMWD owns and manages about 2,750 acres of watershed lands surrounding Nicasio and Soulajule Reservoirs. Additionally, there are 35,000 acres of privately owned land that drains into these two reservoirs.

2. Recycled Water: In 1990 MMWD initiated its recycled water efforts that produce an average of 650 acre feet during the irrigation season.

B. MMWD's water supply includes surface water, recycled water, desalination, and conserved water.

1. Surface Water: a. In order of elevation, starting with the highest to the lowest, the sequence of dams

built on Lagunitas Creek are Lagunitas, Bon Tempe, Alpine, and Kent (Peters' Dam). b. 77 percent of MMWD's water comes directly from rainfall that is stored in these

seven reservoirs with a total storage capacity of 79,566 acre-feet: 1) Lake Lagunitas: Built in 1872, this earth-filled dam has a reservoir capacity of

350 acre-feet and a high water elevation of 783 feet. 2) Phoenix Lake: Built in 1904, this earth-filled dam has a reservoir capacity of 411

acre-feet and a high water elevation of 183 feet. 3) Alpine Lake: Built in 1918, this concrete dam has a reservoir capacity of 8,891

acre-feet and a high water elevation of 646 feet. 4) Bon Tempe Lake: Built in 1948, this earth-filled dam has a reservoir capacity of

4,017 acre-feet and a high water elevation of 718 feet. 5) Kent Lake: Built in 1953, enlarged in 1982, this earth-filled dam has a capacity of

32,895 acre-feet and a high water elevation of 400 feet. 6) Nicasio: Built in 1960, this earth-filled dam has a reservoir capacity of 22,430

acre-feet with a high water elevation of 165 feet. 7) Walker Creek Watershed (Soulajule): Built in 1979, this earth-filled dam has a

reservoir capacity of 10,572 acre-feet with a high elevation of 332 feet c. Russian River Watershed: The remaining 23 percent of MMWD's water is imported

from the Russian River Watershed via a pipeline under an agreement with the Agency.

2. Recycled Water: a. Since 1990, MMWD has intensified its recycled water efforts and currently serves

more than 325 customers with more than 600 acre-feet of recycled water annually. b. Recycled water is used for irrigation, toilet flushing, car washing, cooling towers,

and laundry washing. 3. Desalination: MMWD is exploring desalination as a potential part of an integrated

water supply. a. Provide enough safe and clean potable water to meet future needs. b. Provide MMWD with its only source of water supply that does not rely on rainfall.

4. Water Conservation: MMWD offers many conservation programs designed to help customers use irrigation water efficiently, as irrigation water use accounts for nearly 33 percent of the total water use during the peak summer months. MMWD invites you take advantage of these FREE programs because they will help you manage the water that is being used at your job sites. a. Large Landscape Irrigation Efficiency Consultations b. Weekly Watering Schedules


c. ET Controller Rebates (after July 1, 2010) d. Landscape Plan Review Ordinance e. Residential indoor and outdoor water surveys f. Tier 4 Exemption g. Landscape Seminars and workshops

C. MMWD has:

1. A water efficient standard requirement for new residential homes that includes water efficient fixtures, appliances, irrigation systems, and low water using plant materials for new residential homes and commercial properties.

2. Bay Friendly Landscape Rebate Program 3. Weekly watering schedules have recorded telephone message or weekly email reporting

the number of minutes to water your landscape 4. UC Regents Marin Master Gardener’s Bay Friendly Garden Walk to help MMWD

customers with garden concerns. 5. 10,000 Rain Gardens rainwater harvesting education program.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: BE KNOWLEDGEABLE OF LAWS, STANDARDS AND PROGRAMS FOR WATER CONSERVATION

1.3 WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAMS

A. Laws

1. CALGREEN (California Green Building Standards Code) provisions will reduce water use by 20% and divert 50% of construction waste from landfills. It requires separate water meters for commercial building’s indoor and outdoor water use, moisture-sensing irrigation systems for large landscape projects and field inspectors to ensure compliance.

2. Senate Bill 7x7 (SB7x7) requires the State of California to reduce per capita water use by 20% by the year 2020.

3. Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (AB 1881) requires landscape water efficiency through the required use of water budgets for all commercial, industrial and public agency projects, most new homes and many remodels; up to a 70% ETo adjustment factor; a certification process with professional sign-off; plan checks, fees and inspections.

B. Standards

1. Sustainable Sites is a national voluntary performance based rating system for the design, construction and maintenance of sustainable landscapes and is promoted by the American Society of Landscape Architects.

C. Programs

Check with your local retail water agency for the following landscape water conservation programs that are available to you and your clients. Take advantage of these FREE programs to help manage water use at job sites. Many of the local water agencies have


water conserving demonstration gardens that may inspire you to use low water using plants in your projects.

1. Sonoma County Energy Independence Program (SCEIP) for existing buildings a. SCEIP provides financing for ET controllers, matched precipitation rate sprinkler

heads, high efficiency outdoor irrigation and permanently installed rainwater cisterns, in addition to other energy efficient improvements. This program allows property owners to finance improvements through a voluntary assessment. These assessments will be attached to the property, not the owner, and will be paid back through the property tax system over time, making the program affordable. Improvements must by for existing buildings.

2. Water conservation materials that you can share with your clients a. Water conservation brochures in both English and Spanish b. Online Water-Wise Gardening CD for Sonoma and Marin Counties c. Hose-end nozzles with shutoff devices may be available from some providers

3. Residential checkups also known as Water-Wise House Calls a. This program includes a check for water leaks, device distribution/installation,

sprinkler checkup, recommended irrigation schedule, and instructions for programming the irrigation controller and reading the water meter.

4. Commercial (non-residential) Programs a. Large Landscape Water Audit: This program includes testing the uniformity and

application rate of the sprinklers, a recommended irrigation schedule, and instructions for programming the irrigation controller

b. Water Budget Report: A landscape water budget is the amount of water that the landscape requires without waste. This program includes a water budget report comparing the landscape water budget with the amount of water that the commercial site used on the landscape.

5. Water Waste Prevention Ordinances a. All retail water agencies have adopted water waste prevention ordinances that

prohibit gutter flooding and non-recycling decorative water fountains. 6. Non-residential Irrigation Rebates

a. Rebates that help your client pay for irrigation hardware improvements and/or grass removal and artificial playing surfaces.

7. In addition to the programs listed above, contact the following water agencies to find out about these additional water conservation programs. a. City of Santa Rosa

1) A Water Use Efficiency Calculator to calculate the amount of water that a residential or commercial landscape requires without waste is available through the City of Santa Rosa’s web site. The Water Use Efficiency Calculator will compare the water budget with the water applied to any local site.


2) Turf-Time2 recorded telephone messages (707-543-3466) with weekly watering schedules providing the number of minutes to water your landscape.

3) The Green Exchange Rebate Program is aimed at reducing a site’s water needs through the Cash for Grass (replacing grass with water wise plants and drip irrigation) and the Irrigation Hardware Rebate (improving the irrigation efficiency of the irrigation system by offering rebates on water-efficient irrigation products). Customers wishing to participate in this program must have a Residential Check-up or a Large Landscape Audit prior to making any landscape changes under the program.

4) The Rainwater Harvesting Rebate Program helps conserve water and reduce the amount of storm water runoff. Customers wishing to participate in this program must agree to a pre-and post-installation inspection.

5) The Graywater System Rebate offers water customers $75 per fixture rebate or a sustained reduction rebate of $200 for every 1,000 gallons of sustained reduction in monthly water use.

6) Irrigation with recycled water with reduces demand on ground-water and the watershed.

7) Water-efficient standard requirement for new residential and commercial landscapes.

b. Town of Windsor 1) Water Efficient Landscapes (WEL) Rebate Program offers customers rebates for

the removal of turf grass or for the purchase of lawn sprinkler equipment upgrades that improve the efficiency of existing system. Participation in this program requires a pre-inspection appointment prior to the start of work.

2) Rebate eligible irrigation equipment and hardware includes weather-based ET controllers; central control; pressure regulating equipment; drip irrigation retrofit; sub meters; flow sensors; moisture sensors; check valves; rotating multi-stream nozzles; low precipitation single stream nozzles; rain shut off devices; and other pre-approved equipment.

c. North Marin Water District 1) Water-efficient standard requirement for new residential homes that includes

water-efficient fixtures, appliances, irrigation systems, and low water using plant materials for new residential homes.

2) Conservation Rebate Program that will give cash for graywater, rainwater catchment system installation and rebates to customers who install new wells or connect previously inactive wells which save water in the peak bi-monthly billing period.

3) Cash-For-Grass Rebate Program that will give cash to remove turf grass at residential homes and install water conserving plant material.

2 www.srcity.org/turftime


d. Marin Municipal Water District 1) Water-efficient standard requirement for new residential homes that includes

water-efficient fixtures, appliances, irrigation systems, and low water using plant materials for new residential homes.

2) Weather-based Controller Rebate Program 3) Recorded telephone messages (415-945-1525) with weekly watering schedules

providing the number of minutes to water your landscape e. City of Petaluma

1) Smart Irrigation Controller Rebate Program for commercial, industrial and institutional accounts as well as multi-family residential accounts. Participants must confirm eligibility by setting up a pre-installation verification.

2) Free Water-Wise House Call Program for all residential customers. 3) Mulch Incentive Program – Qualifying homes and business will get free mulch,

cardboard and drip irrigation retrofit kits to be used to sheet mulch turf areas. Delivery of mulch and cardboard is included.

f. City of Cotati 1) Free Outdoor Water Use Surveys includes evaluation of your irrigation system

and controller, soil type and root depth. Surveyors teach the customer how to read their water meter, provide a customized watering schedule and recommend improvements to your irrigation system.

2) Cash For Grass Rebate Program offers residential and commercial customers rebates in return for reducing the amount of lawn area in their landscapes and replacing with low water use landscapes. A pre and post inspection is mandatory.

g. City of Sonoma 1) Cash-For-Grass Rebate Program that will give you cash to remove turf grass at

residential homes and install water conserving plant material. h. Valley of the Moon Water District

1) Cash-For-Grass Rebate Program that will give you cash to remove turf grass at residential homes and install water conserving plant material.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: BE ABLE TO READ WATER METERS AND UNDERSTAND THEIR USES FOR HOMEOWNERS AND LANDSCAPERS

1.4 WATER METERS: AN IMPORTANT CONSERVATION TOOL

A. Assembly Bill 2572 requires the installation and use of water meters by 2025 across California.

B. Meters are read and billed in:

1. 1,000 gallon units, or 2. Hundred Cubic Feet (CCF or HCF)

a. 1 CF of water = 7.48 gallons


b. 100 CF of water = 748 gallons

C. The types of meters used in the following districts are:

1. Meters reading gallons: a. City of Cotati b. City of Rohnert Park c. City of Santa Rosa d. City of Sonoma e. Valley of the Moon Water District

2. Meters reading CF a. Marin Municipal Water District b. North Marin Water District c. City of Petaluma

D. How to read a meter

1. See Graphic 1-2. 2. Face of meter

a. Sweep hand b. Readout c. Low flow indicator

Graphic 1-2 Meter Face

3. Sweep Hand: Measures water flowing through the meter

a. 10 gallons of water for each revolution of the sweep hand (<2" meter) b. 100 gallons of water for each revolution of the sweep hand (>2" meter)

4. Read options for water suppliers a. Traditional meter

http://www.ci.cotati.ca.us/

http://www.ci.rohnert-park.ca.us/

http://www.ci.santa-rosa.ca.us/

http://www.sonomacity.org/

http://www.vomwd.com/

http://www.ci.petaluma.ca.us/


b. Radio read (special lid precautions required) c. Touch read (special lid precautions required)

5. Low Flow Indicator: a. A leak exists if the small triangle on the meter face revolves even though all water

sources are turned off

E. Meter Uses

1. Billing 2. Detect leaks 3. Budget water use 4. Monitor water use for long-term planning 5. Save money

F. Irrigation

1. Outdoor water only: Swimming pools, irrigation, ornamental fountains and ponds 2. Mixed use: Measure combined indoor and outdoor water use

a. Submeters: Placed at the point of connection where the irrigation mainline splits from the domestic service

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4: BE ABLE TO PERFORM BASIC LEAK DETECTION

G. How to Check for Leaks Using Low-flow Indicator

1. Turn off all faucets inside and outside the house. Do not flush toilets and turn off the automatic ice cube maker when performing this task.

2. When the water is turned off, the low flow indicator (see Meter Face illustration) should not move. A circular motion by the indicator suggests a leak.

H. How to Check for Leaks Using the Sweep Hand

1. If the meter does not have a low-flow indicator, use the sweep hand to detect leaks (see Graphic 1-2).

2. Turn off all faucets inside and outside the house. Do not flush toilets and turn off the automatic ice cube maker when performing this task.

3. When the water is turned off, mark the position of the meter sweep hand lightly with a grease pencil.

4. Wait approximately 30 minutes before rechecking the sweep hand. If the sweep hand has moved, a leak is indicated.

5. The register face has a sweep hand as well as odometer type dials. To determine the size of your leak you need to measure how far the sweep hand moves over time. If the sweep hand moves one complete revolution in one minute (<2-inch meter): a. CF meter = 7.48 gpm b. Gallon meter = 10 gpm


I. If the leak is on the service line between the main and the meter or on any of the meter connections, the water provider will repair the leak at no cost to the property owner. If the leak is on the property owner’s side of the meter or inside the house or building, you need to call a plumber or make the repairs yourself.

J. If you are unable to locate the leak, contact the water provider for a Meter Master, a device that will determine how much water is being used and the time of day it is being used.

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page 2-1 Class Two: Irrigation Systems


CLASS TWO: IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

CLASS TWO LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this section the students should:

1. Know how to determine static and dynamic water pressure

2. Understand the effects of elevation change on an irrigation system

3. Be familiar with the basic steps of irrigation system design

4. Be familiar with irrigation system components and functions

5. Understand sensors, application devices, and application rates.

6. Know how to perform a preseason inspection/maintenance checkup

7. Be familiar with how to winterize an irrigation system

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: KNOW HOW TO DETERMINE STATIC AND DYNAMIC WATER PRESSURE

2.1 BASIC HYDRAULICS

A. Static and Dynamic Pressure

1. How to determine both types of pressure a. Static pressure is defined as the pressure of water in a “charged” line and is

determined using a pressure gauge when water is not flowing through the system b. Dynamic pressure is defined as the measurement of pressure in a line as water flows

through the line, and is determined using a pressure gauge when water is flowing. 2. Pressure and flow relationship

a. The bigger the pipe the lower the pressure needed to deliver a quantity (flow) of water.

b. The smaller the pipe the greater the pressure loss due to friction of the pipe and fittings (i.e. ¾-inch sch. 40 PVC will have more pressure loss than a 1½-inch sch. 40 PVC trying to deliver the same flow).

c. Systems should be designed to flow at 5 feet per second or less.

2 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Two: Irrigation Systems

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: UNDERSTAND THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATION CHANGE ON AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

B. Effects of Elevation

1. Also called “head” 2. Pressure increases or decreases by .433 psi per foot of elevation change 3. Many use a rough figure of .5 psi per foot of elevation change

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: BE FAMILIAR WITH THE BASIC STEPS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN

2.2 OVERALL SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION TO PROMOTE CONSERVATION

A. Determine if design is for new system, retrofit, or repair

B. Gather Site Information

1. Determine static and dynamic pressure at a hose bib 2. Research design capacity of the water supply line (maximum gpm x 75%) 3. Determine and note exposure (N, S, E, W) and areas in shade or sun 4. Areas of wind exposure and direction of prevailing wind 5. Estimate slope or gradient (flat, gentle, steep) 6. Areas of reflective heat or light 7. Soil type (sand, loam, clay). To determine soil type, see Class Four. 8. Look for hydrozones: Planting groups with similar cultural and irrigation requirements

such as plant type, microclimate, irrigation method a. Group plantings for proper microclimate and irrigation method b. Design and place irrigation valves by hydrozone c. Valve by hydrozone. DO NOT MIX:

1) Irrigation application methods 2) Sun and shade planting beds 3) North and south planting beds 4) Sloped and level areas 5) Drip irrigation with spray irrigation

d. Determine irrigation water requirement for plants (see Class 3 and Class 5) 1) Low water use plants: Use 5,000 – 10,000 gallons of water per 1,000 sq. ft.

annually 2) Medium water use plants: Use 10,000 – 15,000 gallons of water per 1,000 sq. ft.

annually 3) High water use plants: Turf uses 22,400 gallons of water per 1,000 sq. ft.

annually to maintain a “green” look in Sonoma and Marin Counties


C. Manufacturer Catalogs

1. Use pipe flow charts to determine correct pressure and corresponding flow through a given size pipe

2. Use nozzle charts to determine correct sprinkler nozzle 3. DO NOT MIX nozzle types or brands when repairing an irrigation system

D. Select irrigation application method

1. Overhead a. Multi-stream Rotor: Applies multiple streams of rotating water resulting in low

precipitation rates and high uniformity. b. Rotor: Typically long-range sprinklers with low-to-moderate precipitation rates; this

application method may be affected by wind. c. Spray: Conventional spray sprinklers have higher precipitation rates than rotor type

sprinklers and may cause runoff. d. Stream spray: Irrigation application method that involves fixed streams of water. e. Micro spray: Micro spray should have pressure regulation and filtration to be

effective and efficient in the long term. This application method is very susceptible to damage by foot traffic, animal traffic, and vandalism.

2. Point source a. Bubbler: Higher precipitation rates than conventional drip irrigation; requires

separate valve. b. Drip: Irrigation application method using drip emitters for point source water

distribution. E. Proper valve location

1. Locate valves close to: a. Sidewalks b. Areas to be irrigated

2. DO NOT HIDE valves under plants

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4: BE FAMILIAR WITH IRRIGATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS

2.3 SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS

A. Water meter (monitoring): Allows for measurement of water being used. A meter, combined with a water bill, is an important water conservation tool.

B. Backflow devices: Ensure water quality by preventing contamination of potable (drinking) water supply by preventing back-siphoning of irrigation water into the city system. Local regulations vary as to acceptable backflow standards; check with local officials to determine correct application in your area.


1. Reduced pressure (RP) double check valve. a. The RP double check valve is the most reliable method for backflow prevention. b. Above-ground installation allows checking and monitoring by irrigation

professionals. c. RP double check valves must be inspected annually by a certified backflow

inspector. 2. Double check valves are commonly used for backflow prevention in residential

situations. a. This backflow device is being phased out in many localities. Check to see if it is

approved in your local area. 3. Pressure vacuum breaker (old technology not approved for new construction) 4. Atmospheric breaker valve (ABV) also known as an anti-siphon valve.

a. ABV is often used in conjunction with a "master" valve. b. ABV is often subject to contamination by insects and debris. c. ABV MUST NOT BE used on irrigation lines under constant pressure.

C. Pressure Regulator: Regulates high inlet water pressure to reduce outlet water pressure, improving the performance and longevity of the irrigation system components.

D. Solid State Controllers with LCD displays

1. Monitor function of controller and read-out when programming. 2. Interior mount and exterior mount available 3. Many have non-volatile memory 4. Multiple programs to group irrigation valves by hydrozone 5. Terminal strip connection point for 24 volt valve wires 6. Wiring component 110 volts, and a separate area for connection line voltage wiring; 24-

volt irrigation control wires from valves are connected here. 7. Battery backup and rechargeable or replaceable battery that holds current time/date for

electronic controllers. This battery will not operate the controller during interruptions of power. Non-volatile memory component built into electronic controllers so that program does not get lost during power interruptions.

8. Station module(s) E. Irrigation Wiring

1. Wiring includes 110 volt wiring for the primary side of the controller transformer. These connections are made in a separate area of the controller from the 24 volt secondary wiring.

2. The signal wiring that energizes irrigation valves is 24 volt. The 110 volt electrical supply is transformed down to 24 volts by the controller transformer.

3. The signal wiring goes between the irrigation controller and the irrigation valves, and is often located adjacent to or under the irrigation mainline.

F. PVC Piping

1. Color a. White PVC is used for potable water b. Purple pipe PVC pipe is used for non-potable water


2. Size a. Sch. 80 PVC can be used for mainlines b. Sch. 40 PVC can be used for both mainlines and lateral lines c. Class 200 PVC should not be used due to the thin walls and break potential

G. Valves

1. Mainline isolation valves are used to shut-off (isolate) a section of pressurized irrigation mainline, allowing for repairs to be performed without shutting off water to the entire irrigation system.

2. Manifold isolation (shut-off) valves shut off irrigation water to individual irrigation manifolds, allowing the valves to be repaired without shutting down the entire irrigation system.

3. Electric Irrigation Valves a. Open when a 24 volt electrical signal from the controller energizes an electromagnet

that allows the valve to open. Class 10 will provide more information on how a valve works.

b. Some valves are normally open (rare); most valves are normally closed. c. Valves are either AC or DC latching.

4. Drip irrigation valves must have pressure regulation and filter components installed for proper usage.

5. In-ground valve: a. An electric remote control valve b. Located and installed in an underground valve box. c. Must be connected to a mainline that has a backflow prevention device.

6. Above-ground electric atmospheric breaker valves (anti-siphon) a. Must be installed 12” higher than the highest sprinkler heads or emitters it turns on.

If it isn’t higher, the built-in backflow preventer will not work. b. The use of metal pipe on the inlet side of the anti-siphon valve is required by the

Uniform Plumbing Code in many areas. The Uniform Plumbing Code only allows PVC plastic pipe to be used on pressure lines if the line is at least 18” deep. Therefore, anything less than 18” deep must be metal. 1) A pressurized line is defined as any pipe that is under constant pressure, such as

a mainline. Isolation valves are not considered pressurized lines unless the valves are automatic and closed after each irrigation cycle.

c. PVC pipe should not be left exposed to sunlight for more than a few months. The PVC breaks down when exposed to light and will break. If PVC pipe is above ground: 1) Paint the pipe with several coats of silver paint. Silver paint contains metal

flakes that block the light, or 2) Wrap the pipe with aluminum foil held in place by a layer of black polyethylene

tape, or 3) Build a wood or metal box to go over the pipe to keep out sunlight. This is also a

good way to hide the valves and protect them from vandalism.


H. As-Built Plans

1. Created during the job or any time after irrigation installation and reflect the system layout as it was actually installed.

2. Maintenance contractors use these plans to record and map the irrigation system. 3. The design changes are recorded and highlighted to facilitate future repairs or

modifications to the system.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5: UNDERSTAND SENSORS, APPLICATION DEVICES, AND APPLICATION RATES

I. Sensors for Controllers 1. Rain shut-off devices interrupt 24 volt electrical signal during periods of measurable

precipitation (rain, dew, etc.) 2. Flow sensors

a. Measure the volume of water flowing through the irrigation system piping. b. Interrupt 24 volt electrical signal when flow exceeds maximum flow desired. c. Work in conjunction with a "master" valve that will close, shutting off the water

downstream of the master valve, when the flow rate through the system exceeds the maximum flow entered by the user.

3. A freeze sensor interrupts 24 volt electrical signal during freeze conditions. This can also help prevent damage to irrigation components and helps to prevent slip and fall situations on paved surfaces adjacent to irrigated areas.

J. Sprinkler Spray Heads

1. Pop-up spray sprinklers apply a fan of water over a given area. The spray heads are usually a fixed spray with various spray patterns. The precipitation rate for a typical spray head is 1.5 to 2.0 inches per hour.

2. Sprinkler rotors apply a single stream or multi-stream of water over a given area. The precipitation rate for a typical stream rotor is .25 to .75 inches per hour.

3. Impact sprinkler heads apply a pulsating stream of water over a given area and have varying precipitation rates based on nozzle size.

K. Point Application

1. Bubblers apply water to a single point or points along a pipe. Bubblers may provide a flood or trickle and are useful for deep watering systems.

2. Drip emitters apply water to a single point or points along a pipe. 3. A subsurface (underground) irrigation system is also a useful irrigation device.


LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6: KNOW HOW TO PERFORM A PRESEASON INSPECTION/ MAINTENANCE CHECKUP

2.4 PRESEASON INSPECTION/MAINTENANCE CHECKUP

A. Irrigation Controller Check-up.

1. Check the date and time on the controller and reset if necessary 2. Adjust the runtimes for a spring schedule 3. Replace the battery back-up if necessary 4. Activate the valves

a. If a valve is not operating, diagnose with a volt/Ohm meter (see Class 10). Greater than 50 Ohms usually indicates a short.

B. Flush Irrigation System.

1. Remove the end cap or sprinkler head that is farthest away from valve 2. Turn on the valve for 30 seconds or until the water runs clear 3. Turn off the valve and replace end cap or sprinkler head 4. Clean the individual sprinkler screens

C. System Check-up

1. Activate the valve 2. LOOK, LISTEN, and FEEL. Walk the station and adjust spray patterns and check for

leaks, breaks, and leaky valves. 3. Flag all troubled areas 4. Repeat with all valves 5. Fix all flagged areas

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 7: BE FAMILIAR WITH HOW TO WINTERIZE AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

2.5 WINTERIZE THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM

A. Turn off the water to the irrigation system at the main valve.

B. Open each of the valves to release pressure in the pipes (do not forget to close).

C. Set the automatic Irrigation controller to the “rain” or “off” setting.

D. Drain water out of the irrigation components that might freeze.

E. Install freeze blanket on backflow device.

F. Additional steps may be needed in areas prone to freezing.

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page 3-1 Class Three: Efficient Irrigation


CLASS THREE: EFFICIENT IRRIGATION

CLASS THREE LEARNING OBJECTIVES


1. Have a basic understanding of evapotranspiration

2. Be familiar with CIMIS and the information CIMIS weather stations provide

3. Know why plant types are important and how they relate to evapotranspiration

4. Know how to discover a plant’s water use classification

5. Have a basic understanding of soils and their importance in efficient irrigation

6. Have a basic understanding of the terms distribution uniformity and precipitation rate

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: HAVE A BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

3.1 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET)3

A. Definition: The loss of water to the atmosphere by the combined processes of evaporation (from soil and plant surfaces) and transpiration (from plant tissues).

B. Indicator of how much water lawns, gardens, and trees need for healthy growth and productivity.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: BE FAMILIAR WITH CIMIS AND THE INFORMATION CIMIS WEATHER STATIONS PROVIDE

3.2 CIMIS

A. In California ETo information is readily available through the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS).

1. This is a network of over 120 automated weather stations in the state of California. See Graphic 3-1.

2. CIMIS was developed in 1982 by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) and the University of California at Davis to assist California’s irrigators in managing water resources efficiently.

3 www.cimis.water.ca.gov/cimis/infoEToOverview.jsp

2 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Three: Efficient Irrigation

Graphic 3-1

CIMIS Station

Net ETMonthly Avg 1999-2008

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Inch

es

Graphic 3-2 Historical ETo Curve (Irrigation Curve)

Monthly Average


LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: KNOW WHY PLANT TYPES ARE IMPORTANT AND HOW THEY RELATE TO EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

3.3 KNOW WHY PLANT TYPES ARE IMPORTANT AND HOW THEY RELATE TO EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

A. The plant type is important in determining the water needs of specific plants.

B. Three plant type water use classifications are: Low, Moderate and High.

1. Each of these classifications is based on how much water a specific plant needs in relation to ETo. See Graphic 3-3.

High Water Use – Turf, annuals, birch and willow trees 70-100%

Moderate Water Use – Common ornamentals, fruit trees, roses and perennials 40-60%

Low Water Use – Many California natives, Mediterranean and drought tolerant plants 10-30%

Graphic 3-3 Plant Types and Percent of ETo Required

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4: KNOW HOW TO DISCOVER A PLANT’S WATER USE CLASSIFICATION

3.4 THE WATER USE CLASSIFICATION OF LANDSCAPE SPECIES (WUCOLS)4 DOCUMENT

A. WUCOLS is used to determine a plant’s water use classification.

B. If the plant name is known (botanical or common) then the water use classification can be determined.

Graphic 3-4

Excerpt from WUCOLS Document

4 www.owue.water.ca.gov/docs/wucols00.pdf

4 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Three: Efficient Irrigation

C. Additional resources to help determine a plant’s water use:

1. Water Wise Gardening CD (available from your local water purveyor) 2. Sunset Western Garden Book 3. Local Master Gardeners 4. Nurseries 5. City/Agency brochures

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5: HAVE A BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF SOILS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN EFFICIENT IRRIGATION

3.5 INTRODUCTION TO SOILS

A. Soil type is an important element in the efficient use of irrigation water. The main reason that landscapes are irrigated is to replace the water that has been lost from the soil due to ETo.

B. When irrigation water is applied to the landscape, water is stored around and between the soil’s pores for the plant to use in the immediate future (much like filling up a car’s gas tank before taking a drive).

C. For efficient irrigation, soil texture must be known so that runoff and deep percolation can be avoided.

D. Three primary soil constituents are identified as clay, silt, and sand

1. When mixed, varying soil textures are created a. Clay, clay loam, loam, sandy loam, sand, etc.

2. Each soil type has special watering requirements that should be followed to avoid the inefficient use of irrigation water. More information will be provided on determining soil texture in Class 4.

Sand Loam Clay

Absorbs water fast (high infiltration rate)

Absorbs water well (moderate infiltration rate)

Absorbs water slowly (low infiltration rate)

Drains well Drains well Does not drain well

Does not hold moisture well

Hold a good deal of moisture

Holds a great deal of moisture

Graphic 3-5 Soil Types


LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6: HAVE A BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE TERMS DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY AND PRECIPITATION RATE

3.6 INTRODUCTION TO IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

A. Distribution Uniformity (DU)

1. A measurement of how evenly water is applied to an irrigated area. a. Used to be expressed as a percent, but now if referred to with a decimal instead (i.e.

0.70 DU) 1) A higher DU means less over irrigation to compensate for uniformity. 2) A lower DU means more over irrigation to compensate for poor uniformity.

b. Prior to adjusting runtimes, an irrigation system should be evaluated for potential DU improvements: 1) Clear plant material from blocking spray heads 2) Straighten leaning sprinklers 3) Raise spray heads to grade 4) Make sure spray head nozzles are matched precipitation rate heads 5) Clean nozzles 6) Ensure the system is operating at the designed pressure

B. Precipitation Rate (PR)

1. The rate at which an emission device applies water to the landscape. a. It is important to know the PR of an irrigation valve to allow the irrigation manager

to determine how long to run each valve for the given weekly ETo.

NOTE: The calculation for DU and PR will be covered in-depth in Class 6 along with additional information to determine weekly runtimes for irrigation systems.

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page 4-1 Class Four: Soils


CLASS FOUR: SOILS

CLASS FOUR LEARNING OBJECTIVES


1. Be familiar with different soil properties

2. Know how to recognize or identify different types of soil

3. Understand how water interacts with various soil types

4. Know how to monitor soil moisture

5. Know the role of mulches and soil amendment in irrigation, drainage, and erosion

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: BE FAMILIAR WITH DIFFERENT SOIL PROPERTIES

4.1 SOIL PROPERTIES AND IRRIGATION

A. Proper irrigation provides adequate water for the plants and reduces water waste and plant stress. A properly planned irrigation system depends on considerations about the soil, the plants, and the weather. One also needs to consider other effects of irrigation, such as erosion and drainage.

B. To properly irrigate plants, it is necessary to consider soil properties. Soil properties:

1. Contribute to the rate at which water penetrates into the soil 2. Contribute to the rate at which water is lost by evaporation 3. Contribute to the ability of the soil particles to hold water

C. These considerations are important for irrigation:

1. Soils retain water depending on texture and content of organic matter. 2. Plants thrive because of the Available Water in the soil, which is water in the soil that

can be absorbed by plant roots. 3. After abundant water is applied to the soil, most pores are filled with water and reach

the Saturation Point. 4. In a saturated soil, some water is pulled down further by gravity. This is the

Gravitational Water. Water clinging to soil particles resists the force of gravity. 5. After the Gravitational Water infiltrates deep into the soil, water stored in the soil pores

is the Field Capacity. 6. When the water from the soil is depleted to a certain point, the water content of the soil

is considered to be at the Wilting Point. Plant stress is noticeable at this point and irrigation needs to be applied prior to the Permanent Wilting Point (plant death).

2 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Four: Soils

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: KNOW HOW TO RECOGNIZE OR IDENTIFY DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL

4.2 SOIL TEXTURE, STRUCTURE, AND SEDIMENTATION TEST

A. Texture: This property depends on the proportions of sand, silt and clay in the soil. These constituents are considered minerals and they vary in size, chemical properties, and physical properties.

1. Sand: The largest particles are mostly weathered quartz. Size varies between 2.0 and 0.05 mm in diameter.

2. Silt: Larger than clay and smaller than sand; size varies between 0.05 and 0.002 mm in diameter.

3. Clay: The smallest soil mineral constituent, size is less than 0.002 mm in diameter. B. Based on the percent of sand, silt, or clay in a soil, the soil is placed in a certain textural

class, as shown in Graphic 4-1. There are various textural classes:

1. Clay 2. Silty Clay 3. Silty clay loam 4. Silt Loam

5. Silt 6. Loam 7. Sandy loam 8. Loamy sand

9. Sand 10. Sandy clay loam 11. Clay loam 12. Sandy clay

Graphic 4-1

Soil Triangle


C. Soil Textural Classes

1. There are some generalizations that can be made regarding the properties of the several textural classes: a. Soils dominated by sand are considered light and water infiltrates rapidly. b. Soils dominated by clay are considered heavy and water infiltrates slower than in

sandy or light soils. c. Soils with roughly equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay are considered “loams” and

the rate at which water infiltrates is between the rates in sandy or heavy soils. D. Structure is determined by the way in which soil particles are arranged into clumps or

“peds.” The four types of soil structure are: spheroidal, platy, prismlike, and blocklike.

E. Organic matter is a major factor in most temperate zone soils. Organic matter contributes to soil structure. Other factors such as compaction also effect structure. Organic substances derived from decay of organic matter interact with soil particles and aggregate them and determine some of their properties.

F. Preliminary Determination of Soil Texture

1. Proper determination of soil texture requires specialized equipment to separate the various soil constituents. However, it is possible to perform preliminary evaluations of soil texture that are helpful to plan irrigation.

2. Determining soil texture by “feel” using the hand: a. Remove gravel and plant debris from soil b. Wet a½-inch ball of soil to medium moisture c. Work the soil between the fingers until is uniformly moist and dry lumps are wetted d. Note the degree of grittiness or stickiness:

1) Grittiness indicates sand 2) Stickiness indicates clay

e. If the sample can be molded into a ball and breaks at the slightest pressure, the soil is sandy.

f. If the soil can be shaped as a ribbon, this indicates various amounts of silt and clay. 3. Sedimentation tests: This method depends on the property of soil particles to sediment

when placed in water that contains an agent (detergent) that separates the particles. There are several variations of this method but all follow these general steps: a. Place approximately ½ cup of soil in a quart jar that has a vertical strip of masking

tape b. Add 3 ½ cups of water and five tablespoons of a 6 percent detergent solution. c. Cap the jar and shake for 2-3 minutes and then place on a stable surface. d. Allow the various amounts of soils particles to settle to the bottom of the jar. e. After one minute mark the level of sand, after two hours mark the level of silt, and

after two days mark the level of clay. f. See Graphic 4-2.


Graphic 4-2

This photograph shows how sand particles rapidly sediment after they are suspended in water that contains a detergent. Upper edge of white band indicates the end of the layers that contain sands. Two different types of soil are shown.

4. Accurate determination of soil texture and structure should be performed by a

professional soil laboratory.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: UNDERSTAND HOW WATER INTERACTS WITH VARIOUS SOIL TYPES

4.3 INFILTRATION, DRAINAGE, AND EROSION

A. Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil pore spaces. Infiltration can be measured using a device called a double ring infiltrometer. As the water moves deep into the soil profile, the water percolates. The speed at which water penetrates into the soil depends on the texture, structure, and organic matter content and the amount of water applied over a certain period of time. Soils that have large amounts of sand or light soils have high infiltration rates; soils that have high clay content have low infiltration rates. It is important to keep in mind these general considerations:

1. As water infiltrates into the soil, the capacity of the soil to accept more water diminishes. 2. Water in soil occurs in various forms. One of the most important types of water is the

type occurring in small pores, known as capillary water. Capillary water is the water that is readily available for plant root uptake.


B. Drainage and Erosion

1. Erosion is the removal of soil layers caused by rain or irrigation. 2. Erosion is caused by water drops hitting soil not covered by vegetation or mulch. 3. Erosion is serious in soils that have strong slopes or are not covered by vegetation or

mulch. 4. Ways to reduce erosion:

a. Cover soils with vegetation or mulch. b. Avoid runoff water during irrigation. c. Do not apply more water than can infiltrate into the soil.

C. Techniques to plan irrigation:

1. The precipitation rate of the irrigation system should be designed with the soils infiltration rate in mind.

2. To reduce runoff and erosion, high-precipitate rate systems should be scheduled to cycle and soak. This means to apply 15 minutes of irrigation the system should be set with three start times that are one hour apart (5 minutes on, then 1 hour off, then 5 minutes on, then 1 hour off, then 5 minutes on). This will help keep the soil at its peak infiltration rate.

3. Aerate the soil to increase infiltration rate.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4: KNOW HOW TO MONITOR SOIL MOISTURE

4.4 TOOLS TO MONITOR SOIL MOISTURE

A. Soil probes can be used to take soil samples to determine the depth at which water has infiltrated. The visual examination of the depth at which water has infiltrated is a useful element to assess the quality of irrigation.

B. Irrometers can be used to determine water availability in the soil. These devices measure the strength by which water is retained in the soil and is one more useful element when planning irrigation. See Graphic 4-3.


Graphic 4-3

Soil probe on the bottom; irrometer is shown on top.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5: KNOW THE ROLE OF MULCHES AND SOIL AMENDMENT IN IRRIGATION, DRAINAGE, AND EROSION

4.5 SOIL MULCHES AMENDMENTS

A. Various materials and amendments can be added to the soil to modify structure, fertility, and water retention capabilities. Here are some examples:

1. Organic matter such as compost or mulches 2. Manures 3. Green plant material from legumes or grasses (also called cover crops) 4. Gypsum 5. Limes 6. Natural or artificial polymers


B. Purposes of Soil Amendments

1. To modify physical properties of the soil (such as soil structure or the way soil particles aggregate). The size of soil aggregates determine the size of soil pores. In turn, soil pores determine the speed at which water infiltrates or percolates into the soil, is lost by evaporation, or is taken by plants.

2. To modify biological properties such as microbial life. Microbes produce natural polymers, or “gums” that can increase the water retention capabilities of soils.

3. To increase air circulation into and out of the soil benefit microbial life and root health of plants.

C. Considerations when adding soil amendments:

1. Soil texture: Light soils, or soils with high concentration of sand, can benefit by adding compost and organic matter to increase the water retention capability.

2. Soil chemical properties: Soils with high sodium content can benefit from application of gypsum. Perform complete soil chemical analysis before gypsum or limes are added.

3. Composition of the amendment: Wood chips absorb little water and decompose very slowly; manures may have salts that are detrimental to the soil.

D. Mulch is a generic term that refers to materials placed on top of the soil. Mulch can be organic (such as wood chips) or inorganic (such as pebbles).

1. Benefits of mulch and compost: a. Prevents soil surface from drying out, thereby preventing formation of crusts that

reduce water infiltration. b. Prevents weed growth (mulch). c. Absorbs water that is released to the soil or can be used directly by plant roots. d. Good quality compost is a good source of nutrients and beneficial microbes.

2. Options for applying mulch: a. Apply mulch directly on the soil surface after undesirable vegetation is removed. b. Place a layer of permeable material (landscape fabric) then place mulch on top.

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page 5-1 Class Five: Plants, Plant Maintenance, and IPM


CLASS FIVE: PLANTS, PLANT MAINTENANCE, AND IPM

CLASS FIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES


1. Understand the water needs of plants in the landscape

2. Understand hydrozones and the selection of plants based on various uses and factors

3. Understand plant maintenance in relation to water use

4. Be familiar with the principles of integrated pest management (IPM)

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: UNDERSTAND THE WATER NEEDS OF PLANTS IN THE LANDSCAPE

5.1 DETERMINING WATER NEEDS OF PLANTS

A. Landscape coefficient and crop coefficient

1. Density, plant maturity, stress, microclimates, and type of plants on a site will determine how much water should optimally be applied. Monoculture crops are easier to monitor because they are only one type of plant, the same age, and are usually grown usually on level land. Landscape irrigation can be difficult to determine due to plant types, sizes, ages, and heights. a. Stress

1) Over or under irrigating is a major cause of plant failure. Plants from a Mediterranean climate often get disease with too much water. Water this plant types deeply every 3 to 4 weeks in dry season rather than frequent shallow watering.

2) Drowning is a major cause of plant failure (roots need to breathe). Plants drown in poorly drained soil or from being planted too deeply.

3) Heat and cold stress plants. Hydrated plants are more able to withstand such stresses.

b. Microclimates 1) A site can have several microclimates such as wind, sun/shade, elevation, and

face of slope (north, south, east, or west). 2) Irrigate with the same type of sprinkler heads within each microclimate

c. Density-spacing of plants 1) The more plants there are in a finite space, the more water the area will need.

Resist the impulse to over-plant to save water. 2. The above factors will influence the amount of water each area needs by adjusting the

crop/species coefficient up or down to reflect actual site conditions.

2 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Five: Plants, Plant Maintenance, and IPM

a. Klandscape = Kspecies x Kdensity x Kmicroclimate.

Graphic 5-1 Adjustment Factors

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Kspecies Low

Water Use Plants

Moderate Water Use Plants

High Water Use Plants

Kdensity Low density plantings

Average High density plantings

Kmicroclimate Cool, shaded, no wind, northern exposure, etc.

Average Windy, reflective heat, parking lots, etc.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: UNDERSTAND HYDROZONES AND THE SELECTION OF PLANTS BASED ON VARIOUS USES AND FACTORS

5.2 PLANT SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS

A. Hydrozone

1. Group plants with the same water and microclimate needs within a valve area. The valve will have one type of emission device such as drip, microspray, impact, pop-up, or sprays.

2. Do not mix devices within the same valve. B. Climatic factors (sun, wind, topography, soil)

1. Select plants that will thrive in the existing microclimate. Changing the site to fit the plant can be expensive and may ultimately be unsuccessful.

C. Mature plant size, growth rate, and management characteristics

1. Plant the plant that will achieve the right size and not something that grows too fast or much larger than the desired size, which will need excessive pruning, water, and resources.

2. Do not plant directly in front of sprinklers, as this will lead to poor uniformity and overwatering.

D. Plant function (shade, wind block, screen)

1. Consider the desired function of the plant, such as screening undesirable views, privacy, windbreak, or shade. Deciduous trees provide summer shade and allow light and warmth in winter.

E. Identifying characteristics of plants in each water use group (low, moderate, high)

1. Mediterranean plants have adaptations such as hard leathery leaves, small leaves, deep taproots, and fibrous roots.


2. Waxy or hairy leaves, and grey foliage, are water conserving features for plants. 3. Succulents have fleshy stems and leaves that can absorb and conserve water. 4. Higher water use plants have large soft leaves, large flowers, and shallow fleshy roots.

If you wish to have lush water thirsty plants, put them in your high use/visibility areas where they can be enjoyed and limit the size of the area.

F. Local water supplier regulations on plant type selection

1. Limited turf areas 2. Design review of new landscapes 3. Native plants requirement 4. Water budget limitations 5. Percent of ETo restrictions

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: UNDERSTAND PLANT MAINTENANCE IN RELATION TO WATER USE

5.3 PLANT MAINTENANCE

A. Pruning

1. For established landscapes: Less water = Less growth = Less pruning required = Saving your client’s money

2. Prune to provide structure; air to the center of plant for health; height; for flowers; design intent; and, if top-heavy at installation, the plant may need pruning so it can survive on less water.

3. How to prune a. Use sharp appropriate tools, wear gloves and safety glasses. b. Remove any dead, diseased, or broken limbs. c. Remove branches that grow towards center of plants and downward. d. Remove branches that go straight up and suckers. e. Remove crossing branches. f. Prune for a beautiful shape. Healthy plants have lightness and air on the inside.

Dense dark plants harbor pests and disease. B. Plant Nutrient Needs

1. Analysis method a. Soil testing b. Tissue sampling c. Soil probe

4 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Five: Plants, Plant Maintenance, and IPM

2. Assessing nutrient needs and signs of deficiencies a. The leaves are the best indicator of nutrient needs and deficiencies:

1) Note yellowing of leaves or veins. Sometimes a plant is given extra water because it is yellow when it needs a nutrient instead. Sometimes the extra water will leach the nutrients and the problem will worsen.

2) Margins that are off color 3. Supplementing nutrient requirements

a. Types of fertilizer: 1) Slow release 2) Organic and nonorganic 3) Liquid and granular

b. When and how much to fertilize (avoiding runoff) 1) Slow release granular avoids runoff. Typically, water granular fertilizer in after

application. 2) Many plants require nutrients for good blooms. Organic products such as bone

meal and alfalfa pellets can be used to fertilize for blooms 3) Liquid fertilize in summer to supplement water system, if marginal, and feed

and water both. 4. Alternative fertilization methods

a. Mulch layer will slowly release nutrients. b. Leaving fallen leaves on the ground to break down can fertilize plant. c. Work mychorriza and organic matter into dead soil. d. Use plants with nitrogen fixing capabilities. e. Add fertilizer through the irrigation system during an irrigation cycle (fertigation)

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4: BE FAMILIAR WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)

5.4 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)

A. Definition

1. Coordinated use of pest and environmental information with available pest control methods to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means and with the least hazard to people, property, and the environment.

2. The IPM concept is a healthy environment in balance. Although occasional outbreaks of pests or disease may occur, the environment may be able to right itself through a little passage of time. a. Caterpillars will only be feeding a short time and the damage is minor. b. Changing something culturally (such as reducing watering frequency could prevent

fungus on lavender instead of spraying fungicide). c. Pesticide use should be the last resort in most cases. Insects such as aphids and scale

can be controlled with other insects such as lacewings and lady beetle, although it may take several weeks to work.


B. Reasons for IPM

1. Economic and social issues for limiting the use of pesticides 2. Concern about pesticide residues entering the ecosystem

C. Steps to implement an IPM program

1. Identify pest problem 2. Determine options 3. Act 4. Evaluate results 5. Modify program

D. Resources

1. IPM document by US EPA “What is Integrated Pest Management?”

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page 6-1 Class Six: Water Management


CLASS SIX: WATER MANAGEMENT

CLASS SIX LEARNING OBJECTIVES


1. Determine precipitation rates and use performance charts for various nozzles

2. Understand distribution uniformity

3. Perform and interpret a catch can test

4. Be familiar with the irrigation runtime multiplier formula

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: DETERMINE PRECIPITATION RATES AND USE PERFORMANCE CHARTS FOR VARIOUS NOZZLES

6.1 PRECIPITATION RATE: WHAT IT MEANS AND WHY IT IS IMPORTANT

A. Precipitation Rate: How fast, in inches per hour, irrigation emission devices apply water.

1. Matched Precipitation Rates (MPR): Sprinkler heads on the same station are outputting the same rate of water for the area being watered. a. If a variety of nozzles from the same manufacturer are being used, some full (360°),

some half ( 180°), and some quarter ( 90°) at 30 psi, the nozzle outputs should be as follows: full (360°) 1.58 in/hr, half (180°) 1.58 in/hr, quarter (90°) 1.58 in/hr. If the outputs are different you do not have matched precipitation. (The MPRs shown are only examples; the actual MPRs will vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. One manufacturer’s full or 360° will have an MPR of 1.58 in/hr and another manufacturer’s full or 360° may have an MPR of 1.55 in/hr.) See Graphic 6-1.

Unmatched Precipitation Rates Matched Precipitation Rates

Graphic 6-1

Sample of Unmatched and Matched Precipitation Rate Spray heads

1.830.92Quarter Circle

1.831.85Half Circle

1.833.70Full Circle

Precip Rate (inches/hour)

Flow (gallons/minute)

Arc (spray pattern)

1.830.92Quarter Circle

1.831.85Half Circle

1.833.70Full Circle

Precip Rate (inches/hour)

Flow (gallons/minute)

Arc (spray pattern)

2 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Six: Water Management

B. Determining Precipitation Rates

1. Methods for determining precipitation rates: a. Use the published data from sprinkler performance charts. Most manufacturers

have this data available in their product catalogs. b. Flow rate formula c. Complete a field test called a catch can test

2. How to read the chart in Graphic 6-2: a. The far left column shows the nozzle type. Is the nozzle a full, half, quarter or special

shape? b. The next column shows the different PSIs for the nozzle. (Typically, 30 PSI is the

most efficient way to run your sprinklers; however, each manufacturer is different) c. The next column shows the radius that the sprinkler will throw the water at a

specific PSI. d. The next column shows the Flow-GPM, which is how much water is going through

each particular spray head. e. The next column shows the precipitation rate for a design that has square spacing. f. The last column shows precipitation rates for triangular spacing.

3. Understanding how to read the chart is very important when designing or maintaining an irrigation system. The chart provides the numbers needed to determine how many sprinkler heads can be put on one station, as well as determining how much time to program on the controller for proper irrigation.

C. Example of reading the chart in Graphic 6-2

1. This chart is for a 15ft. nozzle. Look at far left column of the chart (charts are based on dynamic/ operating pressure at the nozzle) and go to where it says 15F (or full circle) then find 30 PSI you will find that the head will throw 15 feet.

2. Following along the same line you will see that the sprinkler is using 3.70 GPM. The next 2 columns of data depend on if you are using a square or triangular spacing to set up the irrigation system. Either way it will tell you what the precipitation rate (how fast it applies water to the landscape) in inches per hour for that sprinkler.


Graphic 6-2

Chart from Rain Bird Catalog

D. Using the Precipitation Rate Formula

1. Total Area Method: This calculation is best suited for determining the average precipitation rate for a system, or a portion of a system, that uses sprinklers with differing arcs, flow rates, and spacings. This calculation is also useful for determining the Pr of drip valves.

2. The formula for the Total Area Method is: a. Pr = 96.25 x Total GPM

Total Area b. Where:

1) Pr is precipitation rate in inches per hour. 2) 96.25 is a constant that converts gallons per minute to inches per hour, which is

derived from 60 min/hr divided by 7.48 gallons per cu.ft. multiplied by 12 inches per foot.

3) Total GPM is the cumulative flow from sprinklers in the specified area, in gallons per minute, from sprinkler charts or flow test using the water meter.

4) Total Area is the area irrigated, in square feet. For drip valves use the wetted area.


3. Example a. An area, with a total footage of 1,000 square feet, is being watered using a total of 10

gallons per minute. Using this method, the precipitation rate can be determined as follows:

Pr = 96.25 x Total GPM Total Area

= 96.25 x 10 1000

= .96 in./hr.

E. To calculate the Pr of the tested sprinklers, total the measurements from each can and then divide by the total number of cans to determine the average can depth. Multiply the average by 60/test duration to determine the precipitation rate in inches per hour.

1. Pr= sum of water collected in all cans x 60 total number of cans test duration

a. Example: 5" x 60 = 1.5 inches per hour 20 cans 10

F. Knowing how to calculate the Pr of an irrigation station is important; if how much water to apply and how fast the system applies water are known, then the irrigation runtimes can be calculated.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: UNDERSTAND DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY

6.2 DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY

A. There are three variables needed to determine how much water to apply. The first two items have already been covered: ET and Plant Type. The remaining item is Distribution Uniformity of the irrigation system.

B. Distribution Uniformity (DU) of the irrigation valve(s).

1. DU is a measurement of how evenly water is applied to an irrigated area and is expressed as a decimal with a higher value indicating a more uniform system. a. Good Fair Poor .70-.90 .50-.70 <. 50

b. The DU calculations can only be performed after the results of the catch can test have been collected. The calculation looks at the area receiving the least amount of water and compares that volume of water to the average volume of water applied by the emission devices. 1) Formula = Avg. Can Volume of the Low Quarter

Avg. of All Cans


2) Example: DU = .16 = .64 .25

Graphic 6-3

Catch-Can Test

2. The catch can test is important when determining the irrigation schedule and should also be used to identify problem areas in the irrigation system. Just as important as the DU, is the ability to identify and fix the areas that are causing the low uniformity. In addition to the tips to improve uniformity in Class 2, another contributor to poor uniformity is improper sprinkler head spacing. When checking for uniformity, the spray from one sprinkler should reach the head of the sprinkler(s) adjacent to it. Through this overlapping pattern, sprinklers will apply the water evenly as shown in Graphic 6-4.

Graphic 6-4

Sprinkler Head Spacing


LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: PERFORM AND INTERPRET A CATCH CAN TEST

6.3 CATCH CAN TESTS AND INTERPRETATION

A. A catch-can test is used to establish the irrigation system's current performance. Catch-can tests assess distribution uniformity and quantify precipitation rates. These tests should be conducted under typical operating conditions.

B. Below are directions for completing a basic catch-can test. This is a simplified test and is useful for homeowners or contractors who do not have professional auditing equipment. QWEL graduates should perform the more sophisticated audit as taught during class and as shown at the end of this chapter.

1. Materials: a. Paper and a pencil to record observations and measurements b. Ten to twenty clean, straight-sided containers of the same diameter and height (tuna

or cat food cans work well) c. Ruler d. Stop watch or timer e. Measuring wheel f. Soil probe

2. The test is conducted in three simple steps: a. Step One: Setup

1) Run the irrigation system, place flags by each sprinkler, and make adjustments (straighten leaning sprinklers, remove plant material that obstructs spray patterns, unclog nozzles, and adjust spray nozzles to avoid watering non-target areas).

2) Turn the system off and place the containers on the lawn within the area chosen. 3) Set the containers in a grid pattern, placing a container 2 to 3 feet from a

sprinkler and then half way between sprinkler heads See Graphic 6-5.


Graphic 6-5 Catch-can Placement

(Excerpt from Certified Landscape Irrigation Auditor Workbook)5

b. Step Two: Initial Test 1) Remove flags and run the valve for 10 minutes or until at least ¼ inch of water is

in the driest cans. c. Step Three: Data Collection

1) Use a straight ruler to measure the height of water in each container in inches. 2) After measurements are collected, rewrite and arrange the measurements from

the lowest to highest volume. d. Sample results (inches):

.13 .15 .16 .17 .19

.20 .21 .21 .23 .24

.25 .26 .27 .29 .30

.30 .33 .34 .37 .40

Total number of cans = 20 Sum of cans = 5 inches Test duration = 10 minutes Average of cans = .25 inch Number of cans in the low quarter = 5 Average of cans in the low quarter = .16 inch

5 "Certified Landscape Irrigation Auditor," Irrigation Association, 2001.


LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4: BE FAMILIAR WITH THE IRRIGATION RUNTIME MULTIPLYIER FORMULA

A. The runtime multiplier adjusts irrigation runtimes based on the inefficiencies of the irrigation system. The lower the RTM the better the irrigation system and vice versa.

1. Run Time Multiplier6 = 1 ( .4 + (.6 x DUlq))

6 Based on Irrigation Association methodology

2 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Seven: Water Budgets


CLASS SEVEN: WATER BUDGETS

CLASS SEVEN LEARNING OBJECTIVES


1. Know what a water budget is and how to determine it

2. Evapotranspiration refresher

3. Develop a water budget for a landscape site

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: KNOW WHAT A WATER BUDGET IS AND HOW TO DETERMINE IT

7.1 WATER BUDGET

A. A water budget is an estimate of how much water is needed to maintain a healthy landscape and is based on three things:

1. Climate (ETo) 2. Size of landscape area 3. Plant type (landscape coefficient)

7.2 WATER BUDGET CALCULATION

A. Why calculate a water budget?

1. To manage current water use 2. To determine potential water savings

a. ETo x landscape area x landscape coefficient = water budget (cubic feet) 12

1) Water budget (cubic feet) x 7.48 = water budget (gallons)

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION REFRESHER

7.3 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET)7

A. Definition: The loss of water to the atmosphere by the combined processes of evaporation (from soil and plant surfaces) and transpiration (from plant tissues).

7 www.cimis.water.ca.gov/cimis/IntoEToOverview.jsp

B. Indicator of how much water lawns, gardens, and trees need for healthy growth and productivity.

C. In California, ET information is readily available through the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS).8

1. CIMIS is a network of over 120 automated weather stations in the state of California. See Graphic 7-1.

2. CIMIS was developed in 1982 by the California Department of Water Resource (DWR) and the University of California at Davis to assist California’s irrigators in managing their water resources efficiently

Graphic 7-1

CIMIS Station

7.4 MEASURE LANDSCAPE AREA

A. To determine the area, use the following techniques:

1. Pace (walking) 2. Wheel 3. Tape Measure

B. Determining the area of various shapes

1. Square or rectangle: width x length 2. Circle: 3.14 x radius2 3. Triangle: ½ x base x height

8 www.cimis.water.ca.gov/cimis/IntoEToOverview.jsp

4 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Seven: Water Budgets

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: DEVELOP A WATER BUDGET FOR A LANDSCAPE SITE

Graphic 7-2 Water Budget Form

Time Frames

ET (inches)

÷12 ET (feet)

x KL x Irrigated Area (ft2)

= Water budget in cubic feet

Water budget in gallons (cf x 7.48)

Week: ÷12 x x =

Month: ÷12 x x =

Year: ÷12 x x =

Graphic 7-3 Sample Cool Season Turf Water Budget

Time Frames

ET (inches)

+12 ET (feet)

x KL x Irrigated Area (ft2)

= Water budget in cubic feet

Water budget in gallons (cf x 7.48)

Week: 2 ÷12 .167 x .8 x 2,500 = 334 2,498

Month: 6.5 ÷12 .542 x .8 x 2,500 = 1,084 8,108

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page 8-1 Class Eight: Irrigation Scheduling


CLASS EIGHT: IRRIGATION SCHEDULING

CLASS EIGHT LEARNING OBJECTIVES


1. Know how much water to apply to a landscape

2. Know when to irrigate

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: KNOW HOW MUCH WATER TO APPLY TO A LANDSCAPE

8.1 IRRIGATION SCHEDULING

A. Irrigation scheduling is developing a plan for operating the irrigation with specific information on:

1. Frequency of irrigation (days on) 2. How long to irrigate each zone (station runtime) 3. When to run the irrigation system (cycle start time)

2 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Eight: Irrigation Scheduling

B. Soil water terms

1. Deep percolation 2. Field capacity 3. Plant available water (working storage) 4. Permanent wilting point 5. See Graphic 8-2.

Graphic 8-2 Soil Profile


C. See Graphic 8-3 for steps in creating an irrigation schedule.

Graphic 8-3 Steps in Creating an Irrigation Schedule

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: KNOW WHEN TO IRRIGATE

8.2 WHEN TO IRRIGATE

A. Plant Water Requirement (PWR)

1. Formula: ETo x KL

B. Irrigation Water Requirement (IWR)

1. Formula: PWR x RTM

C. Irrigation Runtime (IRT)

1. Formula: IWR x 60 PR

D. Daily Runtime (DRT)

1. Formula: IRT Number of irrigation days per week

4 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Eight: Irrigation Scheduling

2. Graphic 8-4 shows watering days per week Weekly ETo 0 – .5 inch .6 – 1 inch 1.1 – 1.5 inches 1.6 – 2 inches Turf 1 -2 2 – 3 3 – 4 5+ Shrubs Every other

week 1 1 – 2 1 – 3

Trees Ø Every other month

Monthly Monthly

Graphic 8-4 Watering Days per Week

E. Cycles per Day (CPD)

1. Formula: DRT Time to run off

F. Runtime

1. Formula: DRT CPD


G. Sample Irrigation Schedule

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page 9-1 Class Nine: Irrigation Controller Programming


CLASS NINE: IRRIGATION CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING

CLASS NINE LEARNING OBJECTIVES


1. Describe how a controller works and its various functions

2. Be able to use various types of controllers

3. Programming a controller

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: DESCRIBE HOW A CONTROLLER WORKS AND ITS VARIOUS FUNCTIONS

9.1 CONTROLLER FUNCTIONS

A. Efficiently manage irrigation water

B. Automate the operation of an installed irrigation system to help reduce the amount of actual time spent operating an irrigation system and reduce water runoff.

C. Allow reliable operation of an irrigation system when manual operation would be inconvenient, i.e. before sunrise, after sunset, weekends.

9.2 CONTROLLER FEATURES

A. Relating controller features to the influencing factors (minimum controller requirements # of programs, start times, etc.)

1. Program a. The ability to program individual irrigation zones of similar interval needs (days per

week) together into a combined grouping for simplified operation (i.e. program A, B, C, etc.) is the most unique contribution a dedicated irrigation controller adds to the installed irrigation system.

b. ET-based controllers and “two wire” digital systems typically allow full programming control of each individual station/zone (not limited by number of programs).

c. Common groupings are based on: 1) Similar water requirements: Turf, shrubs, perennials, etc. 2) Variations in infiltration rates and time to run-off: Soil-type, slope, drainage,

container plantings, etc. 3) Microclimate: Sun, shade, exposure to wind, sheltered spaces, etc. 4) Special considerations: Well water-use optimization, convenience to

clients/garden maintenance, etc. 2. Runtime: Amount of time a valve is scheduled to operate per start time.

2 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Nine: Irrigation Controller Programming

3. Start times: Soil infiltration rates and time to run-off a. Single vs. multiple start times for proper interval scheduling b. The heavier the soil, such as clay, the more start times are required in order to reduce

runtimes and runoff 1) For example: If the daily routine is 15 minutes, break time down to 5-minute

runtimes with three start times. 4. Days on/off

a. Traditional days–of-the-week vs. day-interval scheduling b. 7-day vs. alternate day-cycle schedules: 12-day, monthly, etc.

5. Scheduling Matrices: Using graphical day-runtime matrices to prevent unintentional scheduling overlaps resulting in exceeding designed flow capacity of the irrigation system is very important on sites with multiple controllers.

6. Water Budgeting: Use of the water budgeting feature is a simplified way to adjust an existing irrigation schedule. The water budget is a compromise between spending additional time to adjust the schedule station-by-station and not making adjustments due to a lack of available time. Runtimes for valves can be adjusted up or down using one button.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: BE ABLE TO USE VARIOUS TYPES OF CONTROLLERS

9.3 TYPES OF CONTROLLERS

A. Stand alone: Provides the standard controller functions to automatically operate electric control valves

B. Weather based: In addition to standard irrigation controller functions, weather–based controllers also gather weather data and calculate appropriate irrigation schedules. This additional functionality further reduces the amount of time spent on properly operating an irrigation system.

C. Central controllers: Controllers with this functionality can be accessed remotely via a dedicated phone line or the Internet. This allows operation/access to all the programming and monitoring capabilities of the controller from a central office or even from a mobile PDA or laptop computer. For example, irrigation schedules can be updated for changing weather conditions between on-site visits.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: PROGRAMMING A CONTROLLER

9.4 HANDS ON PROGRAMMING OF RAIN DIAL PLUS CONTROLLER

A. LCD Screen: Shows the value of the selected information

B. Switches

1. Function Switch a. "Run" for automatic operation

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page 9-3 Class Nine: Irrigation Controller Programming

b. "Off" to cancel and suspend all current and scheduled watering c. "Set Program" to enter programming mode

2. "Program Selector" to select program A, B, C when in programming mode 3. "Master Dial" function switch must be in "Set Program" position to review or change

program data). Only one program at a time can be viewed or changed as selected with Program Selector switch. a. Time: Set the correct time of day b. Date: Set correct Date c. Station select: Program station run time d. Start time: program up to three independent start times per program e. Schedule program interval: Program days on/off

1) Specific days of the week 2) ODD-EVEN days 3) Skip Days Interval: 1-15

4. Supply controllers for QWEL program participants to enter a sample schedule a. Have participants bring schedules developed from previous course sections for use

in this hands-on section. 1) Runtimes, days per week, start times, water budgeting, program erase, etc.

C. See Graphic 9-1

Graphic 9-1

Rain Dial Controller

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page 10-1 Class Ten: Irrigation Troubleshooting


CLASS TEN: IRRIGATION TROUBLESHOOTING

CLASS TEN LEARNING OBJECTIVES


1. Learn how an irrigation valve works

2. Learn how to identify and troubleshoot irrigation valve and controller problems

3. Learn how to use a Volt/Ohm meter

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: LEARN HOW AN IRRIGATION VALVE WORKS

10.1 VALVE ANATOMY

A. See Graphic 10-1

Graphic 10-1

Valve Anatomy

B. Hydraulic Principle of Valve Operation

1. The pressure on the top and bottom of the diaphragm is virtually equal. Therefore, pressure is relieved from on top of the diaphragm (through the internal or external bleed ports) allowing the diaphragm to rise and water to pass through the valve.

2 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Ten: Irrigation Troubleshooting

2. Example of why the valve stays closed: If the static line pressure is 50 psi and the top of the diaphragm has an area of 4 square inches and the bottom is 3 square inches, the force on the top would be 200 lbs (4*50) and the force on the bottom would be 150 lbs (3*50).

3. See Graphic 10-2

Graphic 10-2

Hydraulic Principle of Valve Operation

C. Electrical Principle of Valve Operations

1. A steady 24 volt AC signal is sent to the valve from the controller. This electricity activates the solenoid which in turn creates a magnet that pulls the plunger up, opening the internal port and relieving the pressure from the top side of the diaphragm. This release of pressure allows the diaphragm to rise and water to pass through the valve. When the signal to the solenoid stops, the magnet no longer exists and the plunger drops. This blocks the internal port causing the pressure to build on the top of the diaphragm, resulting in its closure.

D. Mechanical Principle of Valve Operations

1. Due to the combination of electrical and hydraulic forces, the diaphragm moves up and down allowing water to start and stop flowing through the valve.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: LEARN HOW TO IDENTIFY AND TROUBLESHOOT IRRIGATION VALVE AND CONTROLLER PROBLEMS

10.2 IDENTIFYING VALVE PROBLEMS

A. Hydraulic issues: The flow of water has been impaired

B. Mechanical issues: Something is physically stopping the valve from functioning properly

C. Electrical issues: Continuity has been compromised


10.3 TROUBLESHOOTING VALVE PROBLEMS

A. Valve is stuck open

1. Indicators a. Sprinklers/emitters are running b. Water is slowly flowing from the lowest head (weeping valve)

2. Causes and Solutions:

Possible Causes Solutions

Valve flow control is not properly tuned

1. Manually or electrically activate the valve.

2. Fully open the flow control valve (counterclockwise)

3. Slowly close the flow control valve ¼ turn at a time until the spray patterns dip/reduce.

4. Back off ¼ turn. 5. Do not use the flow control valve to

reduce pressure…this is why we have pressure reducing valves!

Incorrect controller setting (valve is receiving constant voltage)

Check controller and adjust start times as needed

Worn or damaged diaphragm Replace diaphragm

Debris in valve Open valve and clean / remove debris so the ports are clear and diaphragm seat is clean

Loose solenoid / bleed screw Tighten solenoid and/or bleed screw so pressure can build on top of the diaphragm

Damaged valve seat Replace seat and/or valve so diaphragm can create a leak proof seal

Plunger is missing Over time the plunger may deteriorate…if this happens you must replace it otherwise nothing is in place to close the internal port when the solenoid deactivates.

Insufficient force on the top of the diaphragm

Is the result of one of the above conditions


B. Valve won’t open

1. Causes and Solutions:

Possible Causes Solutions

Flow control is down Tune the valve. If the flow control is too tight, the diaphragm cannot rise and the valve will not open

Bad solenoid Replace solenoid

Plugged ports Open valve and clean; remove debris so the ports are clear

Broken field wire Use Volt/Ohm meter to determine if there is a continuity issue (see Learning Objective 3). Replace broken wires.

Bad connection Reconnect and seal connection with water proof connectors

Controller problem Check controller programming for correct time and water schedule then use the Volt/Ohm meter to determine if the controller is sending a 24V signal. Depending on issue, may need to replace fuse, transformer, or controller.

C. Steps for troubleshooting

1. Start at the controller a. Is controller plugged in? b. Check program - Start time / run time / days on c. Check fuses d. Sensors (check sensor jumpers) e. Verify power – Use volt/Ohm meter (see Learning Objective 3) f. Check terminals g. Look for bugs, frogs, snails, and lizards in the controller panel

2. Check the valve to determine if issue is electrical or hydraulic/mechanical a. Open the internal bleed screw

1) If valve opens then problem is electrical: Solenoid, wiring (bad connection, broken field wire, etc.), and/or controller issue

b. Open the external bleed screw (close the internal bleed) 1) If the valve does not open then problem is hydraulic/mechanical: No water to

the valve; flow control turned down and not allowing the diaphragm to rise, and or rigid/old diaphragm

3. Check connections at terminals and in field 4. Look for bent cables/wires


LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: LEARN HOW TO USE A VOLT/OHM METER

10.4 USING A VOLT/OHM METER

A. Volt: Electrical potential between two points

1. When using the Volt meter you will be checking the actual voltage between two points 2. If the volt is too high or too low it can cause the electrical components to short or burn.

B. Ohm: Unit of electrical resistance

1. The Ohm meter checks the resistance in the wires (same principle as friction loss). 2. If the resistance is too great (up to infinity), the signal will be lost before reaching its

destination. For example, if there is too much friction loss in a pipe or a broken pipe, the water will never reach its destination.

C. Solenoid ohm chart

Ohm Reading Meaning Action

0 - 6 Shortened solenoid Replace

6 - 15 Slow burn; draws excessive amps Replace

15 - 50 Good solenoid None

50+ Broken internal wire Replace

Infinity Break in wire or bad connection Replace

D. See Graphics 10-3, 10-4, 10-5, and 10-6

Graphic 10-3

Testing Power at the Terminal


Graphic 10-4

Power at the Terminal

Graphic 10-5

Testing Power at the Transformer


Graphic 10-6

Testing Continuity

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page 11-1 Class Eleven: New Technology


CLASS ELEVEN: NEW TECHNOLOGY

CLASS ELEVEN LEARNING OBJECTIVES


1. Understand the concept of emission devices and “smart” controllers

2. Describe various types of new emission devices, valves, and spray bodies

3. Describe how rain and flow sensors work

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF EMISSION DEVICES AND “SMART CONTROLLERS”

11.1 DISCUSSION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

A. Smart Controllers

1. Weather-based and/or “smart” controllers, have the ability to adjust the irrigation program automatically based on weather- or sensor-related inputs.

2. Accuracy of the technology depends heavily upon the programming method (base schedule), the source of the weather data, the frequency of adjustment, and long-term maintainability of the equipment.

3. Use of “scheduling engines” or “scheduling advisor technology” increase accuracy of programming. Technologies include: a. Historic ET curve adjustment b. Historic ET curve with sensor input c. Single source sensor

1) Temperature 2) Soil Moisture

d. Full Weather Station e. Remote Weather/ET sources

4. Only SWAT-approved controllers, as defined by the Irrigation Association (www.irrigation.org) are recommended for installation.

2 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Eleven: New Technology

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: DESCRIBE VARIOUS TYPES OF NEW EMISION DEVICES, VALVES, AND SPRAY BODIES

11.2 EFFICIENT EMISSION DEVICES AND SPRAY BODIES

A. Matched Precipitation Rate Nozzles

1. MPR nozzles have closely matched precipitation rates for all radii and patterns of nozzles. Most manufacturers have some MPR nozzles. Watch smaller radii (5 feet and less) and special patterns for high precipitation rates.

B. Variable Arc Nozzles

1. Variable arc nozzles (VAN) allow fine adjustment of spray nozzle pattern to match curving or unusual landscape areas. Benefits of VAN nozzles include reduction in overspray and better coverage. Potential issues include higher flow and precipitation rates (as much as 33 percent higher than fixed spray nozzles), non-matched precipitation rates through arc and radii and potential for loss of arc adjustment. Use with caution and only when nozzles match the precipitation rates of other nozzles on the same valve.

C. Multi-stream Rotating Spray Head Nozzles

1. Rotary nozzles fit standard spray heads but have a rotating stream spray pattern like gear rotor sprinklers. Benefits of the technology are lower precipitation rates, higher coefficients of uniformity, matched precipitation rates, and lower flow requirements per head compared to similar fixed spray nozzles. Additional benefits include variable arc adjustment and extended range of radii (8’ – 30’).

D. Pressure Regulating Spray Bodies and Screens

1. Pressure regulating spray bodies and screens help reduce misting and overspray caused by operating pressures higher than manufacturer’s recommendations. A potential issue is long-term maintainability (i.e. potential to replace lost nozzles/screens with non-pressure regulating products).

E. Built-in Check Valves

1. Spray bodies may be purchased with check valves built in to help eliminate head drainage. Extreme elevation changes may require additional in-line check valves.

F. Built-in Pressure Regulating Irrigation Valves

1. In addition to pressure regulating spray bodies and in-line valves, it is possible to install electric irrigation valves that have built-in pressure regulators so that pressure can be controlled by each irrigation circuit zone.

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page 11-3 Class Eleven: New Technology

G. Rotor: Non-Strippable Drive

1. Non-strippable drive technology prevents damage to the drive motor of a gear-rotor sprinkler if the nozzle turret is manually turned or ratcheted against the normal direction of rotation (installation damage or vandalism). Non-rotating sprinklers flood the area in which the head is pointing and leave the rest of the area dry.

H. Rotor: Automatically Resetting Arc Adjustment

1. Rotors with automatically resetting arc adjustments can be knocked out of adjustment during installation or through vandalism but will return to the original setting as the sprinkler continues to rotate. Most effective if combined with non-strippable drive technology.

I. Subsurface Drip

1. While drip has been around for many years, there is a newer version that can be buried and can also be used beneath lawns for very uniform and efficient application while eliminating overspray and evaporation when compared to overhead irrigation.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: DESCRIBE HOW RAIN AND FLOW SENSORS WORK

11.3 USING SENSORS TO INCREASE EFFICIENCIES

A. Rain sensors

1. Rain Sensors interrupt a controller’s normal irrigation cycle when rainfall occurs, using the controller’s circuitry (sensor port) or by interrupting the field common wire. Obvious benefit is conservation of irrigation water when rainfall is sufficient to maintain plant health. Secondary benefit is reduction in runoff potential due to irrigation of saturated soil. Most rain sensors are available in a wired or wireless option. a. Tipping/accumulating rain sensors measure accumulated rainfall and can be used

with some controllers to calculate reduction in irrigation requirement (central control and weather based controllers).

b. Reservoir-type rain shutoffs use a collector reservoir to catch rain. When the volume of rain water reaches a set level in the reservoir, system shutoff is triggered.

c. Hydroscopic disc rain sensors use material inside the sensor that absorbs water and swells at a constant rate until a micro-switch is triggered and irrigation cycle is inhibited. While these don’t measure actual rainfall, the “trigger point” is usually adjustable in 1/8” increments.

B. Flow Sensors

1. Flow sensors monitor the volume of water flowing through the main line of the irrigation system. Volume can be represented as a pulse signal only or can be converted to gallons per minute flow. Benefit of flow sensor is identification of, and system shutdown for, missing or defective sprinklers, lateral line leaks and breaks and catastrophic mainline breaks. Additional benefits include calculation and tracking of water use on a site. Effectiveness of flow sensors is limited by the control product receiving the information. A master valve is usually required. Products and reaction to flow information includes:

4 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Eleven: New Technology

a. Overflow threshold shut down: Monitors simple flow information (usually pulse per minute) and shuts down controller and/or master valve if a high flow threshold is exceeded. Universal to any irrigation controller.

b. Flow monitoring by zone plus high flow for entire system: Learns flow information by zone and can effect shut down of individual zone or whole controller for over or underflow conditions. Stand-alone controller or central control.

c. Flow monitoring by zone: High flow for system and flow tracking and reporting by station and system overall. Typically central control systems.

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page 12-1 Class Twelve: Putting It All Together


CLASS TWELVE: PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

CLASS TWELVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES


1. Know why a water budget and audit are both important water conservation tools

2. Know how to speak with your customer and explain the limited nature of water resources

3. Know how an efficient irrigation system can save the customer money

4. Be able to describe characteristics of model contracts that reward people for saving water

5. Know how to determine when to make improvements

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: KNOW WHY A WATER BUDGET AND AUDIT ARE BOTH IMPORTANT WATER CONSERVATION TOOLS

12.1 EXISTING SITES

A. Calculate water budget and possible savings

B. Audit sites to determine the best ways to save water

Graphic 12-1

2007 Irrigation Account Water Use Analyzer

2 Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Class Twelve: Putting It All Together

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: KNOW HOW TO SPEAK WITH YOUR CUSTOMER AND EXPLAIN THE LIMITED NATURE OF WATER RESOURCES

12.2 HOW TO TALK TO YOUR CUSTOMER

A. Relay the importance of system efficiency by show and telling customers the estimated money that can be saved by upgrading the system

1. Develop a model with data showing a percentage of annual water costs that could be saved by implementing system upgrades (improving distribution uniformity), weather-based controller technology, installing sensors, improved programming schedules, and other means). a. The water consumption of any irrigation system is directly proportional to the

irrigation efficiency of the site and water manager. b. Improving DU in conjunction with using a controller that irrigates based on weather

and plant type can result in annual water savings from 20 to 50 percent. B. Research possible irrigation rebates in your local water retailer service area.

1. Excellent opportunity to save money and provide a win/win/win relationship with the customer, the contractor, and the water retailer a. Many water retailers currently offer rebate and incentive programs that are not

utilized. 1) Cash for grass 2) Irrigation upgrades

b. Take advantage of upgrading the customer’s system with financial support from the water retailer.

c. Water retailers have conservation experts available at no cost to qualifying customers to provide an unbiased evaluation of the condition of existing irrigation system.

C. Landscapers and contractors

1. Be prepared, and, prepare customers to recognize potential problems and learn how to conserve and manage water more efficiently by analyzing water requirements of the existing landscape.

2. Educate customers about how to have an impact on their water use by addressing irrigation inefficiencies and plant water requirements.

D. Water resources

1. Summer time demand causes a 200-300 percent increase in water use, causing stress on existing infrastructure.

2. The cost of water will continue to increase in the future. a. As new supplies are developed to meet demand, rates may increase.

1) Major cost contributors to maintaining and increasing supply include increasing operation and maintenance (O & M) costs; capital improvement projects; and the development of additional water supply, such as desalination and recycled water systems.


2) As water retailers look for ways to improve overburdened infrastructure, the cost of these improvements will be passed on to the customer.

b. Higher tiered pricing structures may be implemented throughout California. E. Water waste is prohibited

1. Water waste is defined as overspray, runoff, or property side leaks. Water retailers may impose fines or use other measures when water waste is identified. a. Customers using excessive amounts of water could face additional fines. b. Some water retailers may turn off water service. c. Landscape water budgets may be mandated. Meeting a landscape water budget may

require irrigation upgrades to improve efficiency. 2. The community benefits from preventing water waste before it becomes a crisis.

Wasting water could reflect poorly on the customer, draw scrutiny from the water retailer, and may result in service termination (shut off).

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: KNOW HOW AN EFFICIENT IRRIGATION SYSTEM CAN SAVE THE CUSTOMER MONEY

12.3 HELPING CUSTOMERS DECIDE TO MAKE IMPROVEMENTS

A. Creating a professional trust with your clients

1. Be responsible and do what you say you’re going to do, when you say you will do it. a. It’s your responsibility to evaluate the overall condition of the landscape and

irrigation system. b. Be proactive and provide that information to your customer. c. Consider bringing in a third-party consultant, such as a water retailer conservation

specialist 2. Interview the customer to identify where mutual needs can be satisfied through water

management. a. Are they concerned about their water costs? b. Would they consider landscape changes (turf removal) in an effort to reduce water

consumption? c. Are they interested in participating in water retailer rebates and incentives? d. Are they interested in installing a weather based controller? e. What is the cost of water in relationship to the cost of landscape maintenance?

1) Typically cost of water for most commercial landscapes is 25 to 40 percent of landscape maintenance price. This is a good barometer for reasonable usage amounts.


B. How to sell the idea of water management to the customer

1. Problem + Solution = Result a. Identify areas that need improvement, such as system inefficiencies, controller

scheduling, high water use plant palette b. Provide recommendations for the customer’s consideration c. Show potential water savings and return on investment as a result of implementing

the recommendations 2. Identify a problem and what a solution will mean for the client, and then work on a

solution. a. Analyze the site b. Educate the customer about findings c. Provide recommendations in order of importance d. Create a solution incorporating the customer’s budget and aesthetics

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4: BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE CHARACTERISTICS OF MODEL CONTRACTS THAT REWARD PEOPLE FOR SAVING WATER

12.4 MODEL CONTRACTS

A. How to create contracts that reward landscapers/contractors for water savings.

1. Incorporate the customer’s water bill into the contract. a. If landscaper/contractor achieves agreed upon percentage of water savings, the

landscaper/contractor will receive the incentives mutually agreed upon in the contract

2. Structure multi-year maintenance contract in conjunction with the phasing of water conservation upgrades to eliminate renewal process or potential loss of maintenance contract.

3. Incorporate language that allows you to use results in marketing/advertising, such as testimonials from the customer. High water savings achieved are an excellent marketing tool for gaining exposure for your company and will differentiate you in the market place.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5: KNOW HOW TO DETERMINE WHEN TO MAKE IMPROVEMENTS

12.5 MAKING IMPROVEMENTS

A. How to decide which repairs and improvements to make first:

1. Fix property side water leaks (e.g., leaks or breaks in the main line, leaky hose bibs, leaky valves, etc.)

2. Install system improvements to conserve water (e.g., pressure regulators)


3. Fix lateral sprinkler lines with faulty or missing nozzles, leaky sprinkler heads, broken drip lines, underground sprinkler lateral piping leaks. a. Changing inefficient lawn sprinklers heads to more efficient heads with more

uniform coverage. b. Correcting nozzle size of existing spray and rotor sprinklers with poor uniformity

and efficiency to provide better uniformity and efficiency. c. Converting spray systems to drip or bubbler. d. Correcting spacing of existing spray and rotor sprinklers to improve efficiency.

4. Upgrading or changing existing irrigation controller to smart controller. 5. The importance of choosing the best components for long-term cost-effectiveness and

ease of maintenance means not only making sure you choose durable components, but also means evaluating the plant materials watering preference; some plants don’t do well on drip and perform better on bubblers, or micro-spray, and vice-versa.

B. Short-term cost effective improvements are the easiest sale.

1. Determining cost effectiveness involves comparing various costs: a. the cost of improvements with the saving in water costs over the long-haul b. the cost of water c. the cost of irrigation system maintenance d. the cost of irrigation system modifications required as the landscape grows e. the cost of plant changes over time as the landscape fills in

2. Here is an example of how two differing systems can compare over 5-years: a. The existing system has a large lawn area with fairly uneven spacing and about a 40

percent distribution uniformity, doesn’t have a pressure regulator on the main line or any lateral line, has most shrub systems on spray, and has the clock programmed to come on for either 10, 15 or 25 minutes either every day or every other day, depending on a quick site evaluation by the maintenance personnel during their weekly visit.

b. The improvements include installing a new irrigation sub-meter, a high-flow shut-off valve, a new ET-based controller, a new pressure regulator, replacing eight existing valves to valves with in-valve adjustable regulating solenoids, changing and slightly relocating 2 dozen lawn heads, changing from pop-up impact-type heads to more efficient rotator-type with more proper spacing, and converting two shrub spray systems to drip systems.

Existing

System Costs Improved

System Costs Investment: Irrigation System Improvements Cost $ 0 $8,300 Cost of Water $7,400 $4,400 Irrigation System Maintenance $ 500 $ 780 Required Modifications $ 450 $ 0 Cost of Plant Changes $ 300 $ 400 $8,650 $5,580


c. Basic payback calculation = Cost of investment Annual savings

1) Cost of investment = $8,300 2) Annual savings =

-

+ -

=

$3,000 water savings $ 280 increased maintenance $ 450 no additional modifications needed $ 100 increase in plant replacement due to new planting $3,070

Basic payback = 8,300 = 2.7 years 3,070

C. Reminding customers of everyone’s responsibility for water conservation, knowing that not

only is it the right thing to do, but by so doing they help to keep the future costs of water delivery down for all, can also help convince some customers to make improvements.

D. Getting the optimum long-term water savings starts with a landscaping design that is planned around water usage and actual irrigation system performance.

Qualified Water-Efficient Landscaper Manual Page AI-1 Additional Information


ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

1.1 LANDSCAPE WATER CONSERVATION WEBSITES AND RESOURCES

A. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) WaterSense Program

1. www.epa.gov/watersense

2. The EPA WaterSense program goals are to use water resources more efficiently to preserve them for future generations and reduce water and wastewater infrastructure costs by reducing unnecessary water consumption. Through the WaterSense Program, EPA will provide reliable information on high-performance, water–efficient products and practices; raise awareness about the importance of water efficiency; ensure water-efficient product performance; help consumers differentiate among products and programs designed to use less water; promote innovation in product development; and support state and local water efficiency efforts.

3. Since January 1, 2008, the QWEL training has been a recognized EPA WaterSense Irrigation Auditor Course program.

B. California State Law

1. This bill, Ley AB 2717 (2004) http://ucrturf.ucr.edu/Links/ab2717.pdf which passed into law, requires the California Urban Water Conservation Council to convene a stakeholder workgroup composed of public and private agencies and associations to evaluate and recommend proposals for improving the efficiency of water use in new and existing urban irrigated landscapes.

2. Water Conservation in Landscaping Act of 1990 (AB 325): This legislation instructed the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) to develop a model water efficient landscape ordinance (see below).

3. Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance: Developed by DWR as per the Water Conservation in Landscaping Act of 1990. Cities and counties could adopt the Model Ordinance, adopt their own ordinances, or issue findings that no ordinance was necessary. If no action was taken, the Model Ordinance automatically went into effect.

4. California Water Code: a. www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html

b. The complete Water Code is available on the California State Legislature website. c. Urban Water Management Planning

1) The part of the California Water Code that requires urban water suppliers in California to develop water management plans (includes the Urban Water Management Planning Act). http://ucrturf.ucr.edu/Links/UWMPAct.htm

2) These plans must address 14 demand management measures (DMMs) (Division 6, Chapters 1-4 of the Water Code).

http://www.epa.gov/watersense

http://ucrturf.ucr.edu/Links/ab2717.pdf

http://www.cuwcc.org/home.html

http://ucrturf.ucr.edu/Links/ab325.htm

http://wwwdwr.water.ca.gov/

http://www.owue.water.ca.gov/docs/WaterOrdIndex.cfm



http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/calawquery?codesection=wat

http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html

http://ucrturf.ucr.edu/Links/UWMPAct.htm


C. DWR

1. www.water.ca.gov 2. DWR's mission is to "manage the water resources of California in cooperation with other

agencies, to benefit the State's people, and to protect, restore, and enhance the natural and human environments."

3. California Irrigation Management and Information System (CIMIS) a. http://wwwcimis.water.ca.gov/cimis/welcome.jsp b. CIMIS helps agricultural growers and turf managers administering parks, golf

courses, and other landscapes to develop water budgets for determining when to irrigate and how much water to apply.

c. CIMIS Reference Evapotranspiration 1) Color map of the 18 ETo zones in California and a table of monthly (and annual)

average reference evapotranspiration by ETo zone (inches/month). 4. Office of Water Use Efficiency (OWUE)

a. www.owue.water.ca.gov

b. OWUE provides support for the stewardship of California's water resources and energy efficient use of water. OWUE is responsible for water use efficiency planning and coordination, and services include technical and financial assistance, information collection and dissemination, resources evaluation, and implementation.

5. Water Use Classification of Landscape Species (WUCOLS) http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/filelibrary/1726/15359.pdf

a. The WUCOLS guide provides irrigation water needs evaluations for over 1,900 species used in California landscapes. The guide was developed to provide guidance in the selection and maintenance of plants based on irrigation water needs.

6. Landscape Water Use Program a. The roles of the program are to collect and maintain data related to landscape

acreage and water use; promote water budget irrigation scheduling for landscapes; develop GIS products for the web to help promote landscape water use efficiency; coordinate with CUWCC to support BMP 5; and develop water efficient landscape projects in cooperation with local, state, and federal agencies.

D. California Urban Water Conservation Council (CUWCC) http://www.cuwcc.org/

1. Memorandum of Understanding Regarding Urban Water Conservation in California a. The formal basis for the CUWCC. The MOU contains 14 Best Management Practices

(BMPs) including several that involve landscape irrigation conservation. 2. CUWCC Publications

a. A searchable database of publications available through the CUWCC such as BMP 5: "A Guide to Implementing Large Landscape Conservation Programs."

3. H2O House – Water Saver Home

http://www.water.ca.gov/

http://wwwcimis.water.ca.gov/cimis/welcome.jsp

http://www.owue.water.ca.gov/

http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/filelibrary/1726/15359.pdf

http://www.cuwcc.org/

http://www.cuwcc.org/memorandum.lasso


a. www.h20use.org

b. A user-friendly guide to water conservation measures in the home. E. Other California Government and Related Agencies

1. California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) a. www.swrcb.ca.gov

b. SWRCB's mission is to preserve, enhance, and restore the quality of California's

water resources and ensure the proper allocation and efficient use of water resources for the benefit of present and future generations.

2. Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCB) a. www.swrcb.ca.gov

b. Together with the SWRCB, the RWQCBs have primary responsibility for managing

water quality in California. Under SWRCB oversight, each of the nine RWQCBs is responsible for enforcing state laws and regulations in its region.

3. California Urban Water Agencies (CUWA) a. www.cuwa.org

b. CUWA is a non-profit corporation formed in 1990 with a mission to provide a forum

for combining the expertise and resources of its member agencies to study and promote the need for a reliable, high quality water supply for the State's current and future urban water needs.

4. Association of California Water Agencies (ACWA) a. www.acwa.com

b. ACWA is a coalition of nearly 450 public water agencies collectively responsible for

90 percent of the water delivered to cities, farms, and businesses in California. ACWA's primary mission is to promote the development, management, and reasonable beneficial use of water in an environmentally balanced manner.

F. Other Regional or National Associations/Organizations

1. American Society of Irrigation Consultants (ASIC) a. www.asic.org

b. ASIC, founded in 1970, is an organization of professionals within the irrigation

industry. ASIC provides a forum wherein irrigation design professionals can meet to exchange information and advance skills and techniques in irrigation design, installation, and product application.

2. American Water Works Association (AWWA) a. www.awwa.org

http://www.h20use.org/

http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/

http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/

http://www.cuwa.org/

http://www.acwa.com/

http://www.asic.org/

http://www.awwa.org/


b. AWWA is an international nonprofit scientific and educational society dedicated to the improvement of drinking water quality and supply.

3. The Irrigation Association a. www.irrigation.org

b. The mission of The Irrigation Association, a non-profit, North American

organization, is to improve the products and practices used to manage water resources and to help shape the worldwide business environment of the irrigation industry. The Irrigation Association's interest in water resources encompasses the application conservation, drainage, improvement, and recovery of water for economic and environmental enhancement in agriculture, turf grass, landscape, and forestry.

G. Water-Related Information at Universities

1. Center for Irrigation Technology (CIT) http://cit.cati.csufresno.edu/

a. CIT is an independent testing laboratory, applied research facility, and educational

resource center based at Cal State Fresno dedicated to advancing water management practices and irrigation technology.

2. Irrigation Training and Research Center (ITRC) a. www.itrc.org

b. ITRC was established in 1989 at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo and is housed in the

BioResource and Agricultural Engineering Department. The first commitment of ITRC is to enhance the strong irrigation teaching program at Cal Poly through outside activities in training and research.

3. Cooperative Extension, Environmental Sciences Department a. www.envisci.ucr.edu

b. UC Cooperative Extension Program (UCCE) in the Environmental Sciences

Department, UC Riverside. 4. PesticideWise

a. www.pw.ucr.edu

b. PesticideWise searches through a comprehensive EPA database and presents critical information on a pesticide's properties and water quality risks.

5. UC Websites a. UC Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program

1) www.ipm.ucdavis.edu

http://www.irrigation.org/

http://cit.cati.csufresno.edu/

http://www.itrc.org/

http://www.envisci.ucr.edu/

http://www.pw.ucr.edu/

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/


2) The IPM website has a wide variety of information including how to manage pests, pesticide education information, extensive pesticide databases, and information about UC IPM funded research projects.

b. California Master Gardeners Network 1) www.camastergardeners.ucdavis.edu

2) Master Gardeners are trained volunteers with the UCCE program. They extend

the ability of local UCCE offices to provide practical scientific horticulture and gardening information to the citizens of California.

c. Master Gardeners 1) www.mastergardeners.org

2) The objectives of the Master Gardeners volunteer organization are to support the

educational activities of UCCE and to cooperate for scientific and educational purposes, promoting horticultural education and service to the community and provide continuing horticulture enrichment for members.

H. Professional Societies, Associations, and Organizations in California

1. California Association of Nurseries and Garden Centers (CANGC) a. www.cangc.org

b. CANGC is a professional organization dedicated to the promotion and advancement

of the nursery industry for its members and the public it serves. 2. California Landscape Contractors Association (CLCA)

a. www.clca.org

b. CLCA is a non-profit trade organization of state licensed landscape and landscape-related limited specialty contractors; CLCA serves the interests of its members, promotes professionalism, and advances awareness of the landscape industry.

3. California Ornamental Research Federation (CORF) http://groups.ucanr.org/CORF/

a. The mission of CORF is to identify the research and educational needs of the

California floriculture industry and to meet those needs by offering educational programs conducted in partnership with growers, floriculture associations, the allied trade industry and research/educators.

4. Pesticide Applicators Professional Association (PAPA) a. www.papaseminars.com

b. PAPA is a California non-profit, public benefit corporation dedicated to providing

continuing education and implementing safe and effective pest control techniques. 5. Green Associations Water Conservation Council

a. www.wateractionguide.com

http://www.camastergardeners.ucdavis.edu/

http://www.mastergardeners.org/

http://www.cangc.org/

http://www.clca.org/

http://groups.ucanr.org/CORF/

http://www.papaseminars.com/

http://www.wateractionguide.com/


b. Coalition of the Associated Landscape Contractors of America, American Nursery and Landscape Association, The Irrigation Association, and Turfgrass Producers International.

I. North Coast Water Conservation Group

1. Sonoma County Water Agency: www.scwa.ca.gov 2. City of Santa Rosa: www.srcity.org/wc 3. City of Rohnert Park: www.rpcity.org 4. City of Sonoma: www.sonomacity.org 5. City of Cotati: www.ci.cotati.ca.us 6. City of Petaluma: www.cityofpetaluma.net/wrcd 7. Valley of the Moon Water District: www.vomwd.com 8. North Marin Water District: www.nmwd.com 9. Town of Windsor: www.townofwindsor.com 10. Marin Municipal Water District: www.marinwater.org 11. Forestville Water District: www.sonomacountywater.org

J. Water Conservation – Other

1. Larkfield District: www.calamwater.com 2. City of Sebastopol: www.ci.sebastopol.ca.us 3. City of Healdsburg: www.ci.healdsburg.ca.us 4. City of Ukiah: www.cityofukiah.com 5. City of Willits: www.willitscity.com

http://www.scwa.ca.gov/

http://www.srcity.org/wc

http://www.rpcity.org/

http://www.sonomacity.org/

http://www.ci.cotati.ca.us/

http://www.cityofpetaluma.net/wrcd

http://www.vomwd.com/

http://www.nmwd.com/

http://www.townofwindsor.com/

http://www.marinwater.org/

http://www.sonomacountywater.org/

http://www.calamwater.com/

http://www.ci.sebastopol.ca.us/

http://www.ci.healdsburg.ca.us/

http://www.cityofukiah.com/

http://www.willitscity.com/


1.2 QWEL CREDITS

Class One: Overview and Water Supply Charlene Burgi, Water Conservation Specialist III, Marin Municipal Water District Dan Kahane, Water Conservation Specialist, Sonoma County Water Agency

Class Two: Irrigation Systems Daniel Muelrath, Water Resources Sustainability Manager, City of Santa Rosa

Class Three: Efficient Irrigation Jay Tripathi, Gardenworks, Inc. Peter Estournes, Gardenworks, Inc.

Class Four: Soils Dr. Fernando Agudelo-Silva Quin Ellis, Instructors, College of Marin

Class Five: Plants, Plant Maintenance, and IPM Kimberly Bertotti, Buckeye Nursery Quin Ellis, College of Marin

Class Six: Water Management Daniel Muelrath, Water Resources Sustainability Manager, City of Santa Rosa

Class Seven: Water Budgets Daniel Muelrath, Water Resources Sustainability Manager, City of Santa Rosa

Class Eight: Irrigation Schedules Daniel Muelrath, Water Resources Sustainability Manager, City of Santa Rosa

Class Nine: Irrigation Controller Programming Daniel Muelrath, Water Resources Sustainability Manager, City of Santa Rosa

Class Ten: Irrigation Troubleshooting Dave Penry, Pacific Landscapes Dave Iribarne, City of Petaluma Daniel Muelrath, Water Resources Sustainability Manager, City of Santa Rosa

Class Eleven: New Technology Michael Smith, The Toro Company - Irritrol Debra Lane, Cagwin and Dorward Dave Kaplow, Bertotti Landscaping Inc.

Class Twelve: Putting It All Together Michael Smith, The Toro Company - Irritrol Debra Lane, Cagwin and Dorward Dave Kaplow, Bertotti Landscaping Inc.

Copy Editor Christine Teaford, Technical Writing Specialist, Sonoma County Water Agency

Technical Editor Daniel Muelrath, Water Resources Sustainability Manager, City of Santa Rosa

Project Manager Ali Davidson, Water Conservation Specialist, Sonoma County Water Agency

00001 title page - qualified water efficient landscaper

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