0 primary energy factors for electricity in buildings edith molenbroek, eva stricker, thomas...

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Primary energy factors for electricity in buildings

Edith Molenbroek, Eva Stricker, Thomas Boermans

September 22nd, 2011

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Introduction - 1

In assessing energy performance of buildings according to European regulations:

No unified approach in determination PEFs (different calculation methodologies, different electricity mixes)

Evolving share of renewable energy

=> changing PEFs influence gas vs. electricity in heating

=> increased need for flexibility in electricity supply

Goal: assess effect of changing PEFs on building practices in European countries

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Introduction - 1

1. EPBD and Primary Energy Factors

2. National PEFs for electricity

3. Developments electricity mix until 2050

4. Implications for technologies in building sector

5. Conclusions and recommendations

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EPBD Art 3: ‘Primary energy factors used for the determination of the primary energy use may be based on national or regional yearly average values and may take into account relevant European standards’EPBD Annex I: ‘The energy performance of a building shall be expressed in a transparent manner and shall include an energy performance indicator and a numeric indicator of primary energy use, based on primary energy factors per energy carrier, which may be based on national or regional annual weighted averages or a specific value for on-site production. The methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings should take into account European standards and shall be consistent with relevant Union legislation, including Directive 2009/28/EC’

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CEN standard EN 15603 ’Energy performance of buildings. Overall energy use and definition of energy ratings’

Non-renewable primary energy factor (RE=0)Total primary energy factor (RE= 1)

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ConversionConversion

losses

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losses

GenerationUpstream

losses


losses

DistributionDownstream

losses

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PEFs including losses:

‘Informative’ PEFs in Annex E of CEN 15606:2008

(Gas: 1.36)

Electricity generation type Primary Energy Factor—non

renewable

Primary energy

factor—total

Hydroelectric power 0.5 1.5

Nuclear energy 2.8 2.8

Coal plant 4.05 4.05

Electricity mix UCPTE 3.14 3.31

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Up to each country to decide RE = 0 or 1 Factor nuclear Upstream / downstream losses taken into account?

How?

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Per energy carrier, exported energy can be subtracted from energy demandPEFs for export and demand need not be the same

)()( exp,,exp,,,, iPiidelPidelP fEfEE

Where

PE = The primary energy demand

idelE , = final energy demand of energy carrier i

idelPf ,, = primary energy factor for demand energy carrier i

iEexp, = exported final energy of energy carrier i

iPf exp,, = primary energy factor for export energy carrier i

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3000kWh X 2.6PEF

Net demand:

3000 kWh

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2000kWh X 2.6PEF

1000kWh X 2.6PEF

Net demand:

2000 kWh

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0kWh X 2.6PEF

3000kWh X 2.6PEF

1000 kWhX 2.0 PEF

Net demand:

0 kWh

Net export:

1000 kWh

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2000kWh X 2.6PEF

1000kWh X 2.6PEF

Net demand:

2000 kWh

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2. National Primary Energy Factors (PEFs)

Method:Contact persons per countryRetreiving relevant documentsInformation not documentedCountries: ES, FR, PL, DE, NL, UK, SE

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France Ger-many

NL Poland Spain Sweden UK

PEF 2.58 2.6 2.56 3 2.6 2 2.92

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France Ger-many


%RE 12.8% 10.3% 4.2% 2.7% 22.3% 50.2% 4.7%

PEF 2.58 2.6 2.56 3 2.6 2 2.92

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France Ger-many


%RE 12.8% 10.3% 4.2% 2.7% 22.3% 50.2% 4.7%

PEF 2.58 2.6 2.56 3 2.6 2 2.92

PEF (RE=0)

2.63 2.54 2.30 3.23 1.78 1.60 2.43

PEF (RE=1)

2.77 2.65 2.35 3.26 2.01 2.14 2.48

Nuclear: 2.8, av. hthermal, no upstream and downstream losses

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France Ger-many


%RE 12.8% 10.3% 4.2% 2.7% 22.3% 50.2% 4.7%

PEF 2.58 2.6 2.56 3 2.6 2 2.92

PEF (RE=0)

2.63 2.54 2.30 3.23 1.78 1.60 2.43

PEF (RE=1)

2.77 2.65 2.35 3.26 2.01 2.14 2.48

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PEFs generation technologies Spain: Nuclear 3,03 PV, wind, hydro 1 CSP 4,56

Does not add up to 2,6

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France Ger-many


%RE 12.8% 10.3% 4.2% 2.7% 22.3% 50.2% 4.7%

PEF 2.58 2.6 2.56 3 2.6 2 2.92

PEF (RE=0)

2.63 2.54 2.30 3.23 1.78 1.60 2.43

PEF (RE=1)

2.77 2.65 2.35 3.26 2.01 2.14 2.48

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France Ger-many


%RE 12.8% 10.3% 4.2% 2.7% 22.3% 50.2% 4.7%

PEF 2.58 2.6 2.56 3 2.6 2 2.92

PEF (RE=0)

2.63 2.54 2.30 3.23 1.78 1.60 2.43

PEF (RE=1)

2.77 2.65 2.35 3.26 2.01 2.14 2.48

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Delivered electricity: All countries: factor for RE and nuclear unclear NL, FR, SE: political arguments rather than algorithm

only

Produced electricity (≤ electricity demand): Can subtract RE with same PEF as delivered

electricity

Exported electricity: 0 or lower PEF (NL)

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Three scenario’s:

1. 2020: National Renewable Energy Action Plans

2050: EREC/Greenpeace energy [r]evolution scenarios 2010 => corridor of possibilities:

2. A relatively conservative reference scenario based on the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2009

3. The energy [r]evolution scenario with the aim of drastically reducing the world’s CO2 emissions and thus exploiting renewables to a very high level

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Netherlands - 2009

thermalnuclearrenewables

20202050 REF 2050 [r]evolution

Poland - 2009


2020 2050 REF 2050 [r]evolution

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UK - 2009



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France - 2009



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Spain - 2009



Germany - 2009



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Sweden - 2009



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3. Developments electricity mix until 2050 – RE= 1

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

France Germany Netherlands Poland Spain Sweden UnitedKingdom

bld performancecalc 2009 RE=1calc 2020 RE=1calc 2050 RE=1 REFcalc 2050 RE=1 [r]evolution

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3. Developments electricity mix until 2050 – RE= 0

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

France Germany Netherlands Poland Spain Sweden UnitedKingdom

bld performancecalc 2009 RE=0calc 2020 RE=0calc 2050 RE=0 REFcalc 2050 RE=0 [r]evolution

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Relevant observations national PEFs delivered electricity: Most PEFs hover around 2,6 Sweden: 2 Spain: very conservative PEF Poland: optimistic PEF Most countries take RE>0

2020: Gradual change in PEFs to ~ 2

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Relevant observations produced electricity: countries investigated have chosen not to differentiate

in the PEF for delivered and produced electricity Electric heating (heat pump) allows more RE to have

effect on calculated energy performance

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PEF delivered electricity:Lower PEF => stimulus for fuel shift fossil => electric in heatingLower PEF => lower drive for efficient equipment (ventilation, lighting, air conditioning)If Spain would start using lower PEF, likely to have implications for electric vs. fuel based heating

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PEF produced electricity:

If coupling between PEFdelivered and PEFproduced retained: Lower PEF => less incentive for RE

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Flexible electricity mix – demand side measures:Heat pumps (in winter)Air conditioning + ice storage (in summer)Electric heating in passive homesCooling applications in services sectorMicro and mini-CHP (+ heat storage)Electric and plug-in hybrid cars

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Outlooks PEFs

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Outlooks PEFsLower PEFs can favour electrificationLower PEFs should not lead to lower stimulus for efficiencyLower PEFs can imply lower stimulus for local RE

Zero Energy Buildings:Separate calculation of demand and supply => first demand minimised, then decisions on supply (locally produced / grid)Taking into account appliances in calculation => more reward RE

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5. Recommendations

1.

For countries that use PEFs that deviate substantially from those calculated based on their national electricity mix, more work should be done to find out the details of the decision-making process behind the PEFs previously used and those to be used in the future (Spain, Sweden).

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5. Recommendations

2.

PEFs are used as a political factor, with sometimes unclear calculation methods. As a minimum, the calculation method to produce a PEF should be documented, especially for renewable electricity systems.

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5. Recommendations

3.

Considering the rapid evolution of the electricity system, PEFs need regular revision, e.g. every 3 to 5 years.

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5. Recommendations

4.

Calculation methods for zero energy buildings can provide new ways of calculating energy performance for buildings that do not have negative effects of lower PEFs.

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5. Recommendations

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In move toward zero energy buildings, there is a case for taking appliances into account in the electricity demand. => greater reward for renewable electricity on-site

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to Ronald Voskens Eco-Creations (ES) Marynka Szweykowska-Muradin and Henryk Gaj

(PO) Primum Polska Wolfram Trinius Büro Trinius (SE) Jean Robert Millet CSTB (FR)

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