0 ('+...e m b argoed p ress c op y: d o n o t r e l e a s e u n til 4-19-07 11:00 am . ... c...

Embargoed Press Copy: DO NOT RELEASE until 4-19-07 11:00 am.

!

!!!"#$%&#!'())*!+,-,!./0$!123$(2*!4,5,.,!607809!:307;*!+,-,*!4,5,.,!<2;3&!=008>7?8 #!A4(&230 2!.7#2B<(7;!#,!1?%%#7*!53,-,!!A:32D#7!'#? 3;$BE09!F%$09!-29!<0G/?9$D?!E0$%&9!(2%#7?)0!+0&)#!5070G&9$D?!!4298?)#!'0D#*!+,-,*!570J#);!-?7#);07*!5(>%?)!109?;07!.>? 2?%!'079*!1,.,*!.(8?;!40078?92;07!!K%%#9!4&729*!1,:,!127D!:2%%?9 *!53,-,*!-?7#);07*!,F-M:!

Collaborative Public Audit for Cuyahoga County (2006 General Election)


1

!

!

!.,! .2)D 70(98!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! //!.,! F>J#);?0#$!298!"?/?;2;?09$!0)!;3#!.(8?;!! ! ! ! ! ! /1!4,! 1#;3080%0 &!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! /2!-,! #?98?9 $!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! /3!K,! 409)%($?09$!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! /4!#,! E#)0//#982;?09$!)07!44.FK!.);?09$!! ! ! ! ! ! 1/!!

!

.,! .2)D 70(98!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 15!

.,! F>J#);?0#$!298!"?/?;2;?09$!0)!;3#!.(8?;!! ! ! ! ! ! 15!4,! 1#;3080%0 &!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 16!-,! #?98?9 $!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 17!K,! 409)%($?09$!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 18!#,! E#)0//#982;?09$!)07!44.FK!.);?09!! ! ! ! ! ! 2/!!

!

.,! 6K1:!K%#);?09$!E#$(%;$9!(2>(%2;?09!#?%#$!298!E#:07;$! ! ! ! 22!

.,! E#%?2>?%?;&!298!.))(72)&!0)!;3#!-2;2!)70/!;3#!6K1:!40/:(;#7! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!25!4,! '278[27#!298!:0);[27#!-#$? 9!M/:#8?/#9;$!;0!.(8?;?9 !!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!26!-,! :#)(7?;&9!"0 ?9 !298!-2;2!:&$;#/$!?9!;3#!44.FK!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!23!K,! E#)0//#982;?09$!)07!44.FK!.);?09!! ! ! ! ! !! 23!

5\!


Analysis of Date from DRE Long Form Reports 2

!.$!?$!;7(#!0)!/29&!?9?;?2%!2(8?;$*![3#;3#7!0)!2!)07]:70)?;!)0/:29&!07!:(>%?)!2 #9)&*!;3?$!.(8?;!E#:07;!7#%2;#$!>0;3!^ 008!9#[$?!298!^>28!9#[$,?! !=3?%#!$0/#!7#28#7$!/2&!#/:32$?G#!;3#!>28!9#[$*![#!>#%?#0#!;3#!00#727)3?9 !/#$$2 #!$30(%8!>#!;32;!;3#!4(&230 2!.0278!0)!K%#);?09`$!2(;307?G2;?09!)07!;3#! ,00#/>#7! 1\\3! #%#);?09! 2(8?;! ?$! ?;$#%)! )7()?2%! 008! 9#[$! 2>0(;! ;3#! 2 #9)&`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`$!280:;?09!0)!2!:72);?)#!0)!)(%%!8?$)%0$(7#!2>0(;!A/B!?;$!#))07;$!;0!?8#9;?)&!$())#$$#$!298!:70>%#/$!)(%%&!298! ?/:27;?2%%&*! 298! 2%$0! A1B! ?;$! :%29! ;0! )077#);! ;3#! :70>%#/$*! ?$! ! ;0[278! 7#>(?%8?9 ! ;3#!:(>%?)`$!7#$:#);!298!;7($;!?9!7#:07;#8!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$,!!!!!!!570:0$2%$!;0!2(8?;!#%#);?09$!/2&!72?$#!?9;#792%!0>J#);?09$!>#)2($#!:70>%#/$!/2&!>#!8?$)00#7#8!;32;!0;3#7[?$#!/? 3;!7#/2?9!3?88#9,!!.(;!;3#!2>$#9)#!0)!#%#);?09!2(8?;$![07D$!;0!>0;3!;3#!2 #9)&`$!298!;3#! :(>%?)`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

DRAFT – NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION 3

!.9!?98#:#98#9;!2(8?;!0)!;3#!!"#$$%&%'(!)0(9;!0)!;3#!,00#/>#7!1\\3!#%#);?09!?9!4(&230 2!40(9;&![2$!(98#7;2D#9!)0%%2>072;?0#%&!;370( 3!7#:7#$#9;2;?0#$/!>&!>0;3!/2J07!:0%?;?)2%!:27;?#$!298!2!9(/>#7!0)!#%#);?09! 7#)07/!07 29?G2;?09$,! ! !4%#0#%298!:;2;#!D9?0#7$?;&`$!4#9;#7! )07!K%#);?09! M9;# 7?;&! 298! ;3#!,07;3#79!F3?0!-2;2!M9)07/2;?09!:#70?)#!)0078?92;#8!;3#!2(8?;!:70)#$$!298!;#)39?)2%!$#70?)#$*!298!2%$0!$(::%?#8!/#;3080%0 ?)2%! (?829)#!298!$;2;?$;?)2%!292%&$?$,!!!!!(3#!7#:7#$#9;2;?0#$!0)!;3#!07 29?G2;?09$*!298!;3#!00%(9;##7$!2$$?$;?9 *!)098();#8!;[0!)0%%2>072;?0#!2(8?;$,! !(3#&!27#!8#$)7?>#8!3#7#!2%09 ![?;3!$0/#!;#7/?90%0 &!;32;![?%%!>#!($#)(%! ?9!(98#7$;298?9 !;3#!2(8?;!7#$(%;$,!!♦!!!.!72980/!$2/:%#!0)!#%#);?09!7#:07;$!)70/!-EK!;0()3!$)7##9!00;?9 !/2)3?9#$![2$!)0/:27#8!)07!)09$?$;#9)&![?;3!;3#!7#:07;!0)!:7#)?9);!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$!)70/!;3#!6K1:!;2>(%2;?09!)0/:(;#7,!

!• (3#!-EK!00;?9 !/2)3?9#!:708()#$!2!^"09 !E#:07;?!2);#7!;3#!#%#);?09!32$!)%0$#8![?;3!00;#!

)0(9;$!)07!#2)3!72)#E?$$(#!?9!#2)3!:7#)?9);,!• (3#! )#9;72%! >2%%0;! ;2>(%2;?09! $&$;#/! $0);[27#! ?$! 92/#8! 6K1:,! ! (3#! 6K1:! ;2>(%2;?09!

7#:07;$!:700?8#!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$,!• (3#!:FF4!E#:07;! ?$! ;3#!)0/:7#3#9$?0#!:;2;#/#9;!0)!F0;#$!42$;! 7#:07;! )70/!;3#!6K1:!

$#70#7,!!M;!$30[$!;3#!;0;2%!00;#$!)2$;!)07!#2)3!)298?82;#!298!?$$(#!>&!:7#)?9);,!!♦! ! .! 3298! )0(9;! 0)! 2! 72980/! $2/:%#! 0)! 2>$#9;##! 07! ^#27%&! 00;?9 ?! >2%%0;$! [2$! )0/:27#8! )07!)09$?$;#9)&!2 2?9$;!2!6K1:!7#:07;!0)!#%#);709?)2%%&!;2>(%2;#8!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$,!

!• K27%&E2>$#9;##! >2%%0;$! 27#! 0:;?)2%! $)29! :2:#7! >2%%0;$! [?;3! 00;#7! $#%#);?09$!/27D#8! 09! ;3#!

>2%%0;!>&!;3#!00;#7,!• (3#$#!>2%%0;$!27#!7#28!>&!29!0:;?)2%!$)29!7#28#7!298![?;3!;3#!00;?9 !?9)07/2;?09!;729$/?;;#8!

?9;0!;3#!6K1:!$&$;#/,!!(3?$! 2(8?;! 8?8! 90;! #02%(2;#9! ! ?9;#792%! )09;70%$! 0)! ;3#! 44.FKG! $#)(7?;&! :70)#8(7#$! 07! )32?9! 0)!)($;08&! )07! ;3#!"09 !E#:07;$G!07! ;3#!)09$?$;#9)&!0)! ?98?0?8(2%%&! )2$;!-EK!>2%%0;$![?;3! ;3#! ;0;2%$!7#)078#8!09!;3#!-EK!(9?;`$!"09 !E#:07;,!!.88?;?092%!2(8?;!:70)#8(7#$![0(%8!>#!9##8#8!;0!#02%(2;#!;3#$#!27#2$!298![#7#!>#&098!;3#!$)0:#!0)!;3?$!2(8?;,1!!#07!2!)0/:%#;#!#B:%292;?09!0)!2%%!;3#!)?98?9 $*!:%#2$#!7#28!;3?$!#9;?7#!7#:07;,!!!

(3#7#! ?$! 2! 3? 3! :70>2>?%?;&! ;32;! ;3#! -EK! "09 ! E#:07;! A:7#)?9);B! 7#$(%;$!/2;)3!;3#!6K1:!:708()#8!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$!:(>%?$3#8!09!,00#/>#7!4*!1\\3,!!!

1 For the list of individuals and their credentials who participated in the Audit Committee, see the cover page. For further background on the authorization of the audit, see Appendix 1. 2 The impediments posed by Ohio state law to more complete auditing are discussed at II. B and III. B.


! =#! 7#)0//#98! ;32;! 2! 72980/*! ?98#:#98#9;! 2(8?;! 0)! ;3#! #%#);?09!7#$(%;$!>#!:#7)07/#8!>#)07#!44.FK!)#7;?)?#$!;3#!#%#);?09,!!A:##!(0:!(?#7!E#)0//#982;?09!H/!)*(#+B,!!!

! KB:#);?9 ! 2! )0/:%#;#! $#;! 0)! -EK! "09 ! E#:07;$! [?;3! 2%%! 82;2! )%#27%&!7#)078#8!)07!2%%!:7#)?9);$!)(77#9;%&!?$!90;!7#2%?$;?),!!!!

!.$!:27;!0)! ;3#!:%299#8!$#)(7?;&!7#0?#[*!;3#!44.FK!$30(%8!2$$#$$!;3#!0?2>?%?;&!0)! ($?9 !"09 !E#:07;$! 2$!:27;!0)! ;3#?7! 00#72%%! $#)(7?;&!:%29*! 298! $30(%8! ;2D#! ?9;0!2))0(9;!?9!$#%#);?9 !00;?9 !$&$;#/$!;3#!2>?%?;&!;0!2)3?#0#!)(%%!0#7?)?)2;?09!0)!;3#!2))(72)&!0)!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$,!!

! ! .! 9(/>#7! 0)! -EK$! 328! >##9! 0#9807]/27D#8! [?;3! 909](9?C(#! $#7?2%!9(/>#7$G! $#0#72%! :2?7$! 0)! -EK$! [#7#! ?8#9;?)?#8! [?;3?9! ;3#! $2/:%#! 2$! 320?9 ! $#7?2%! 9(/>#7$!8(:%?)2;#8!?9!0;3#7!-EK$!0[9#8!>&!44.FK,!!!

! E#$0%0#! ;3#! 909](9?C(#! -EK! $#7?2%! 9(/>#7! :70>%#/! >&! ;2D?9 ! 2!9(/>#7!0)!2);?09$![?;3!-?#>0%8!298!?9;#792%!;72)D?9 !0)!$#7?2%!9(/>#7$,!!!

!!

K%#);?09!7#$(%;!82;2!?9!;3#!6K1:!7#:07;!)077#$:098#8!)%0$#%&!;0!;3#!7#$(%;$!0>;2?9#8!>&!;3#!2(8?;!3298!)0(9;!0)!;3#!0:;?)2%!$)29!>2%%0;$,!! (3#! $07;?9 ! :70)#$$! )07! #27%&! 2>$#9;##! 0:;?)2%! $)29! >2%%0;$! ?9;0! :7#)?9);!>2;)3#$!:7?07!;0!$)299?9 ![2$!9#?;3#7!)0/:%#;#!907!2))(72;#,!

!'298!$07;?9 !?9;0!:7#)?9);$!298!>2;)3#$!$30(%8!>#!7#:%2)#8!>&!2!/07#!2(;0/2;#8!$&$;#/![?;3!2::70:7?2;#!C(2%?;&!)09;70%!/#2$(7#$,!!!

(3#7#![2$!2!0#7&!%0[!)7#C(#9)&!0)!8?$)7#:29)?#$!;32;!2::#27$!;0!>#!)2($#8!>&!2!$)299#7!/?$7#28?9 !0)!$0/#!0)!;3#!0:;?)2%!$)29!>2%%0;$,!

!.9!2(8?;!$?/?%27!;0!;3?$*!)0/:27?9 !#%#);709?)2%%&!7#)078#8!0:;?)2%!$)29!7#$(%;$!;0!;30$#!0>;2?9#8!>&!3298])0(9;#8!#B2/?92;?09!0)!;3#!0:;?)2%!$)29!>2%%0;$*!$30(%8!>#!:#7)07/#8!2);#7!#0#7&!#%#);?09!298!>#)07#!)#7;?)?)2;?09!

0/#!>2%%0;$![#7#!2::27#9;%&!$)299#8!)07! ;3#! ;2>(%2;?09!2;!09#!:0?9;!>(;![#7#!90;!?9)%(8#8!?9!;3#!6K1:!#%#);?09$!7#$(%;$!07!09!;3#!:FF4*!:70>2>%&!>#)2($#!;3#!>2%%0;!328!>##9!8#%#;#8!>#)2($#!0)!)%2[#8!82;2!298!;3#9![2$!90;!7#$)299#8,!

!-#%#;?09!0)!>2%%0;!>2;)3#$!/($;!320#! 7#2;#7!C(2%?;&!)09;70%!;0!#9$(7#!7#]$)299?9 !0)!;3#!8#)D,!

!


:0/#>2%%0;!>2;)3#$![#7#!$)299#8!;[?)#!:708()?9 !2!80(>%#])0(9;!0)!;30$#!>2%%0;$!298!;3#?7!00;#$,!

!(3#!#%#);709?)!?8#9;?)?)2;?09!0)!29!0:;?)2%!$)29!>2%%0;!>2;)3!$30(%8!>#!(9?C(#!298!)09$;29;G!298! 7#2;#7!C(2%?;&!)09;70%!/#2$(7#$!9##8!;0!>#!?9;708()#8!;0!#9$(7#!2%%!>2%%0;!>2;)3#$!27#!)0(9;#8!09%&!09)#,!!

!(3#!#%#);709?)!?8#9;?)?)2;?09!0)!2!>2%%0;!>2;)3!/2&!)329 #![?;3?9!;3#!$)299?9 !:70)#$$! 298! >#;[##9! $)299?9 ! #0#9;$*! 7#8()?9 ! ;3#! 2>?%?;&! ;0! 2))(72;#%&! ;72)D! ;32;! ;3#! >2%%0;!>2;)3!32$!>##9!)0(9;#8*!298!)0(9;#8!09%&!09)#,!

!! ! .!/#)329?$/! $30(%8! >#! 8#0#%0:#8! ;0! 7#)078! 298! ;72)D! >2;)3#$! 0)!>2%%0;$![?;3!2::70:7?2;#!C(2%?;&!)09;70%!/#2$(7#$,!

!!(3#!44.FK`$!%2)D!0)!)0/:%?29)#![?;3!?;$!0[9!#%#);709?)!298!:3&$?)2%!$#)(7?;&!:0%?)&!?$!(92))#:;2>%#,!!! .9! ?98#:#98#9;! 2$$#$$/#9;! 0)! ;3#! $#)(7?;&! :0%?)&`$! 28#C(2)&! 298! ?;$!?/:%#/#9;2;?09![?;3?9!;3#!44.FK!$30(%8!0))(7,!

! ! ! :0/#! ?98?)2;07$! 0)! ,#--%)(*! 82;2>2$#! )077(:;?09! [#7#! ?8#9;?)?#8! ?9! 29! ?9?;?2%!82;2>2$#!?9;# 7?;&!#02%(2;?09,!!!

!9!!!(3#!44.FK!$30(%8!?9?;?2;#!29!?98#:#98#9;!#02%(2;?09!0)!;3#!6K1:!

;2>(%2;?09!82;2>2$#!>&!2!C(2%?)?#8!)09$(%;29;! ;0!2$)#7;2?9![3#;3#7!82;2>2$#!)077(:;?09!0))(77#8! ?9!;3#!,00#/>#7!1\\3!#%#);?09*!298! ?0#9!1?)70$0);![279?9 $*!;0!0>;2?9!7#)0//#982;?09$!09!30[!;0!>#$;!200?8!82;2>2$#!)077(:;?09!?9!)(;(7#!;2>(%2;?09$,!

!

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

• K%#);?09!)0$;$!)07!1\\3!$(>$;29;?2%%&!#B)##8#8!;3#!>(8 #;!2%%0)2;#8G!!!!• M;!?$!(9)%#27!?)!-EK!#%#);709?)!00;?9 !)29!$(::07;!;3#!;(790(;!?9!2!57#$?8#9;?2%!#%#);?09G!!• 44.FK!$;2))!/($;!>#!3?7#8!298!;72?9#8!;0!$(::07;!>0;3!$&$;#/$*!298!320#!90;!7#2)3#8!3? 3!

:#7)07/29)#! $;298278$! ?9! /292 ?9 ! #?;3#7! $&$;#/G! >&! )0)($?9 ! 09! 09#! $&$;#/! 3? 3#7!:#7)07/29)#!$;298278$!)29!%?D#%&!>#!/#;!/07#!C(?)D%&,!!

• (3#! -EK! 8#0?)#$! :7#$#9;! )09$?8#72>%&! 7#2;#7! 3(78%#$! ;0! )0$;]#))#);?0#! 298! )0/:%#;#!2(8?;?9 !;329!80!:2:#7!0:;?)2%!$)29!>2%%0;$,!

!Some indicators of possible database corruption were identified in an initial database review but were not investigated despite the Monitor’s repeated urging. In an independent evaluation of the GEMS database conducted by a qualified consultant the task should be to ascertain whether database corruption occurred in the November 2006 election, and if so, its scope and impact on the tabulated and reported results. Secondly, the consultant should make recommendations on how to avoid tabulation database corruption to the maximum extent feasible and what steps should be taken to protect election data as tabulations are occurring.


Glossary of Terms Used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`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


9!!2!;&:#!0)!#%#);709?)!00;?9 !/2)3?9#![3#7#!;3#!/2)3?9#!#%#);709?)2%%&!7#)078$!00;#7$`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`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`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`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`$! 7#0?#[! 2! F0;#7! F#7?)?#8! 52:#7! .(8?;! (72?%,! ! (3#! FF5.(! ?$! ;3#! :7?9;0(;! 0)! #2)3! 00;#7`$!$#%#);?09$,!!.);#7!?;!:7?9;$*!;3#!00;#7!/($;!:($3!2!>(;;09!2))?7/?9 !;32;!;3?$!?$!;3#!FF5.(!)077#);%&!:7#$#9;#8!;3#!00;#7`$!)30?)#$!?9!078#7!)07!;3#!>2%%0;!;0!>#!0))?)?2%%&!)2$;!298!)0(9;#8,!!(3#!FF5.(!?$!;3#!0))?)?2%!%# 2%!>2%%0;!0)!00;#7$![30!00;#!09!-EK!(9?;$!?9!F3?0,!


!.)3?#0?9 ! 2))(72)&! ?9! 7#:07;#8! #%#);?09! 7#$(%;$! ?$! 2! :7?/27&! 0>J#);?0#! )07! 29&! C(2%?;&! #%#);?09!28/?9?$;72;?09,!!6?0#9!;3#!729 #!0)!7#)#9;!?9)07/2;?09!7#:07;#8!92;?092%%&!2>0(;!:0$$?>%#!:70>%#/$![?;3!#]00;?9 !;#)390%0 ?#$*!298!2%$0!$0/#!0)!;3#!:70>%#/$!;3#!4(&230 2!40(9;&!.0278!0)!K%#);?09!A44.FKB!#B:#7?#9)#8!?9!:7?07!#%#);?09$*!%0)2%!#%#);?09!7#)07/!07 29?G2;?09$!298!;3#!/2J07!:0%?;?)2%!:27;?#$!$0( 3;!;0!320#!;3#!)0(9;&`$!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$!?98#:#98#9;%&!0#7?)?#8!2$!2))(72;#!7#)%#);?09$!0)!;3#!>2%%0;$!)2$;!?9!;3#!,00#/>#7!1\\3!#%#);?09,!!M9!#27%&!)2%%*!;3#!)3?#)!?9?;?2%!:(>%?)!)09)#79$!)0)($#8!09!;3#!-EK!;0()3$)7##9!00;?9 !8#0?)#$![3?)3![#7#!;0!>#!($#8!2;!:0%%?9 !:%2)#$!09!#%#);?09!82&,!!!!!

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`!7#C(#$;$*!;3#!2(8?;![2$!;0!)0)($! 09! ;3#! -?#>0%8! -EK! ;0()3$)7##9! 00;?9 ! /2)3?9#$! ;32;! 27#! :7?/27?%&! ($#8! ?9! 4(&230 2!40(9;&!)07!K%#);?09!-2&!00;?9 !2;!;3#!:0%%?9 !%0)2;?09$,!!"2;#7*!>&!:0%?;?)2%!:27;&!7#C(#$;*!;3#!2(8?;![2$!#B:298#8!;0!#9)0/:2$$!;3#!0:;?)2%!$)299?9 !0:#72;?09$,!!!!

(3#!40%%2>072;?0#!.(8?;!:27;?)?:29;$!>#%?#0#!;3#!:(>%?)!8##:%&!8#$?7#$!?98#:#98#9;!0#7?)?)2;?09!;32;!;3#!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$!;32;!;3#!#]00;?9 !;#)390%0 &!32$! #9#72;#8!27#!2))(72;#,!!=#!288?;?092%%&!$( #$;!;32;!>0;3!;3#!#%#);?09!28/?9?$;72;?0#!$;2))!298!;3#!:(>%?)!2;!%27 #!9##8!;0!D90[![3#;3#7!;3#!00;?9 !/2)3?9#$`! :70 72//?9 !/2?9;2?9#8! ?;$! ?9;# 7?;&! 2);#7! ;3#!/2)3?9#$!:2$$#8! ;3#!:7#]#%#);?09! ;#$;?9 !298![#7#! 8#:%0&#8! ;0! ;3#! :0%%?9 ! %0)2;?09$! )07!K%#);?09!-2&,! !E#%?2>%#! ?9)07/2;?09! 09! ;3#$#! 298!0;3#7! C(#$;?09$! 27#! )7()?2%! $0! ;32;! $0(98! 8#)?$?09$! )29! >#! /28#! 2$! ;0! ;3#! 00;?9 ! 298! 82;2>2$#!;#)390%0 ?#$![#!($#8!298!$0!;32;!29&!)077#);?09$!?9!28/?9?$;72;?0#!07!0;3#7!$&$;#/$!;32;!27#!9##8#8!)29!>#!?8#9;?)?#8,!!!

=#!>#%?#0#!;32;!&#;!290;3#7!7#2$09! %#8!;0!>7028!$(::07;!)07!#%#);?09!2(8?;?9 ! ?9!0(7!)0(9;&,! !F(7!%0)2%! 298! $;2;#[?8#! #%#);?09! 7#)07/! 07 29?G2;?09$! A298! :#732:$! 2%$0! ;3#! )0(9;&! :0%?;?)2%! :27;?#$B!$(::07;#8!;3#!?9?;?2;?09!0)!#%#);?09!2(8?;?9 !;0!?9)7#2$#!?9)#9;?0#$!)07!;3#!28/?9?$;72;?0#!$;2))!#))07;!;0! 7#2)3! 3? 3#7! $;298278$! 0)! ;2>(%2;?09! 298! 7#:07;?9 ! 2))(72)&*! 298! ;0! 8#;#7! ;3#! :70$:#);! 0)!

3 The Center for Election Integrity of Cleveland State University per a proposal and testimony prepared by its Director, Candice Hoke. 4 After numerous requests for a representative or liaison who would serve as a non-voting member of the Audit committee, the CCBOE Director declined to authorize a representative.


;2/:#7?9 ,! ! !(3#! ;30( 3;![2$! ;32;!44.FK!/292 #7$![0(%8!8#$?7#! ;3#! ?98#:#98#9;!2(8?;!^7#:07;!)278?!;0!>#!2!:0$?;?0#!7#:07;!7# 278?9 !;3#!2))(72)&!298!/292 #/#9;!0)!;3#!#%#);?09,!

(3#! .7#9929! 4#9;#7`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`$! 2);?09,! ! :;?%%! 0;3#7! ?/:#8?/#9;$! #B?$;! >#)2($#! 0)!:;2;#! $;2;(;07&! %2[! >(;! ;3?$! 2(8?;! /2&! 2$$?$;! ?9! ?8#9;?)&?9 ! ;3#! %# ?$%2;?0#! 2);?09! ;32;! [0(%8! >#![27729;#8,!!!!!!=3?%#!;3#!2(8?;$!;32;![#7#!)098();#8!27#!%?/?;#8!72;3#7!;329!)0/:7#3#9$?0#!298!)09)%($?0#!09!;3#!C(#$;?09$!0)!2))(72;#!;2>(%2;?09!0)!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$!?9!,00#/>#7`$!#%#);?09*!;3#!?9)07/2;?09!2)C(?7#8!$30(%8!>#!($#)(%!)07!2)3?#0?9 !;3#!0;3#7!#%#);?09!:#7)07/29)#!298!2(8?;?9 ! 02%$!?8#9;?)?#8!2>00#,!!!!

!(3#! 40%%2>072;?0#! .(8?;! 40//?;;##! )0//#98$! ;3#! 4(&230 2! .0278! 0)! K%#);?09! )07! ;2D?9 ! ;3?$!F3?0!%#28#7$3?:!70%#!?9!?9?;?2;?9 !#%#);?09!2(8?;?9 !298!;3($!)7#2;?9 !29!?98#:#98#9;!/#)329?$/!)07!0#7?)&?9 !;3#!2990(9)#8!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$,!=#![0(%8!2%$0!%?D#!;0!;329D!;3#!00#7!)07;&!00%(9;##7$!;32;! 20#!;3#?7!;?/#!00#7!9(/#70($!82&$!;0!3#%:!)098();!;3?$!2(8?;,!!=?;30(;!;3?$!3( #!00%(9;##7!#))07;*!;3?$!2(8?;![0(%8!90;!320#!>##9!:0$$?>%#,!!!!!

5 Lawrence D. Norden, Statement to the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on House Administration, Subcommittee on Elections, March 20, 2007 at 2; Candice Hoke, Statement to the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on House Administration, Subcommittee on Elections, March 20, 2007 at 2 (this testimony to the Subcommittee on Elections that held hearings on Federal Election Auditing can be found at http://www.verifiedvotingfoundation.org/article.php?id=6445).


! ! !

!F9!K%#);?09!-2&$*!/0$;!4(&230 2!40(9;&!00;#7$!90[!)2$;!;3#?7!>2%%0;$!09!29!#%#);709?)!00;?9 !8#0?)#! )2%%#8! 2! ^-EK! ;0()3$)7##9,?! ! (3?$! 8#0?)#! 2%%0[$! 00;#7$! ;0! 7#28! ;3#?7! >2%%0;! 09! ;3#!)0/:(;#7!$)7##9!298!:($3!>(;;09$!09!;3#!$)7##9!;0!7# ?$;#7!;3#?7!00;?9 !)30?)#$,!!.;!;3#!#98!0)!)300$?9 !;3#?7!00;?9 !)30?)#$*!;3#!-EK!:708()#$!2!$(//27&!:2 #!09!$)7##9!;0!2%%0[!;3#!00;#7!;0!)3#)D!;0!$##![3#;3#7!;3#!/2)3?9#!32$!7#)078#8!;3#!?98?0?8(2%`$!00;#$!)077#);%&,!!(3#!00;#7!)29!)300$#! ;0! 7#;(79! ;0! #27%?#7! :2 #$! 298! )329 #! 2! 00;#,! ! A(#)39?)2%%&*! 2!-EK! 00;?9 ! 8#0?)#! ?$! 2!^8?7#);!7#)078?9 !#%#);709?)?!00;?9 !/2)3?9#!;32;!/2?9;2?9$!29!?9;#792%!)0/:(;#7!)3?:!/#/07&!0)!>2%%0;$!)2$;!2$![#%%!2$!7#)078$!;3#!$2/#!82;2!09!2!7#/002>%#!/#/07&!)278,B!!4(&230 2!40(9;&!0[9$!2::70B?/2;#%&!3*\\\!-?#>0%8!-EK!00;?9 !8#0?)#$,3!!!F3?0!$;2;(;07&!%2[!7#C(?7#$!;32;!2%%!-EK!(9?;$!:708()#!2!^00;#7!0#7?)?#8!:2:#7!2(8?;!;72?%?!07!FF5.(,!!=3#9!2!)?;?G#9!($#$!2!-EK!;0()3$)7##9!;0!00;#*!;3#!(9?;!:7?9;$!)07!;3#!00;#7`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`$!"09 !E#:07;!7#)%#);$!;3#!?9;#792%! -EK! (9?;`$! )0/:(;#7! $07;?9 ! 0)! 2%%! >2%%0;$! 298! 7#$(%;$! 00;#8! 09! ;32;! -EK! (9?;*!:700?8?9 ! 7#$(%;$! >&! :7#)?9);! )07! #0#7&! 72)#! 298! ?$$(# ;32;! ?$! :7#$#9;! 09! ;3#! >2%%0;$! ;32;![#7#!00;#8! ?9! ;32;! %0)2;?09,! ! (3#! "09 ! E#:07;! 80#$! 90;! 7#:708()#! ;3#! ?98?0?8(2%! 00;#7`$! >2%%0;!)30?)#$G!;3#$#!7#)078$!27#!$#2%#8!09!#%#);?09!9? 3;!298!90;!0:#9#8!(9%#$$!9##8#8!)07!2!7#)0(9;,!!!!

!M9!00;?9 !%0)2;?09$!;32;!27#!2$$? 9#8!/29&!:7#)?9);$*!;3#!"09 !E#:07;$!)29!#B;#98![#%%!00#7!1\!)##;! $?9)#! ;3#! 7#$(%;$! 0)! #2)3! :7#)?9);! /($;! >#! $#:272;#%&! $;2;#8! 09! ;3#! "09 ! E#:07;,! ! #07!?9$;29)#*! 2! 00;?9 ! %0)2;?09! [?;3! #? 3;! :7#)?9);$! >(;! [?;3! 0?7;(2%%&! ?8#9;?)2%! >2%%0;$! )07! #2)3!:7#)?9);![?%%!:708()#!"09 !E#:07;$!;32;![?%%!$;2;#!;3#!7#$(%;$!)07!D,:,!:#92;#*!)07!600#7907*!)07!

6 Cuyahoga County uses the Diebold AccuVote TSX with VVPAT printer.


.;;079#&!6#9#72%*!#;),*!#? 3;!$#:272;#!;?/#$!;0!7#)%#);!#2)3!:7#)?9);`$!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$,!!(3#!2(8?;!00%(9;##7$! 328! ;0! #B2/?9#! )%0$#%&! ;3#! "09 !E#:07;! )07! #0#7&!-EK! (9?;! ?9! 2! %0)2;?09! A[3?)3!)0(%8!9(/>#7!2$!/29&!2$!5\!(9?;$B! ;0! %0)2;#! 298!7#)078! ;3#! 7#$(%;$! )07! ;3#!:27;?)(%27!:7#)?9);!;32;![2$!72980/%&!$#%#);#8!)07!;3#!2(8?;,!

!!!(3#!0>J#);?0#!0)!;3#!-EK]6K1:!:07;?09!0)!;3#!2(8?;![2$!;0!8#;#7/?9#![3#;3#7!;3#!00;#$!)2$;!?9!;3#!:7#)?9);$!2$!7#:7#$#9;#8!?9!;3#!"09 !E#:07;$!27#!2))(72;#%&!7#)078#8!?9!;3#!44.FK`$!6K1:!A)#9;72%!)0/:(;#7!#%#);?09!;2>(%2;?09B!7#$(%;$!7#:07;!)07!;3#!!"#$$%&%'(3 &#!"45!0)!;3#! #%#);?09! A/#29?9 ! ;3#! #%#);?09! 7#$(%;$! ;32;! [#7#! #9#72;#8! 09! ,00#/>#7! 4*! 1\\7! 90;!?9)%(8?9 !:700?$?092%!00;#$!07!2>$#9;##!00;#$B,!!!(3?$!2(8?;![0(%8!;3($!)3#)D!;0!$##![3#;3#7!;3#!-EK! /#/07&! )278$`! 7#)078?9 ! 0)! 00;#$! ;32;! [#7#! ;729$)#77#8! A^(:%028#8?B! ?9;0! ;3#! 6K1:!)0/:(;#7!/2;)3#8!;3#!"09 !E#:07;!7#$(%;$! ;32;![#7#!:7?9;#8!2;! ;3#!:7#)?9);!09!#%#);?09!9? 3;!>#)07#!;3#!/#/07&!)278$![#7#!:(%%#8!0(;!298!$#9;!;0!;3#!44.FK!0))?)#$4,!!!!

!D9#B:%2?9#8!8?$)7#:29)?#$!)0(%8!/#299!

!• (3#!00;?9 !82;2!09!;3#!-EK!/#/07&!)278$!>#)2/#!)077(:;#8*! %0$;!07!2%;#7#8!2;!$0/#!

:0?9;! 2);#7! ;3#!"09 !E#:07;$![#7#!:7?9;#8! )70/! ;3#!/#/07&! )278$! 2;! ;3#!:0%%$! ;0! ;3#!:0?9;!2;![3?)3!;3#!6K1:!(90))?)?2%!7#:07;![2$!:7?9;#8*!07!

!• (3#!6K1:!82;2>2$#!%0$;E)2?%#8!;0!7#)#?0#!82;2!)70/!;3#!-EK!/#/07&!)278$,!

!(3#!2(8?;!292%&$?$!)09$?$;$!0)!;[0!:27;$9!

!!A/B!.!)0/:27?$09!0)!:7#)?9);]%#0#%!)0(9;$!>#;[##9!6K1:]:708()#8!82;2!:700?8#8!>&! ;3#!44.FK!A?9!^)$0!)07/2;?B![?;3!"09 !E#:07;!82;2!)0%%#);#8!>&!00%(9;##7$!)70/!2!$2/:%#!0)!:7#)?9);$G!298*!!

7 Unofficial results count most but not all ballots. The unofficial results are typically announced late Tuesday night or early Wednesday. In Cuyahoga County, the unofficial count excludes, for instance, provisional ballots, some late arriving absentee ballots, and optical scan ballots cast at the polling places by curbside voters. 8 It may appear at first blush that the DRE memory cards’ arrival in the CCBOE offices for “uploading” is an easy task to achieve. Actually, the process has numerous junctures where an error can lead to an inability to produce complete and prompt election results. A few of the steps are:

• Poll-workers must understand the sequencing of closing steps so that they eject the memory cards at the correct time

• All DRE units must be checked to ensure that all memory cards have been collected • All memory cards of a location (which in our county can number high as 40) must be counted and

packed into the appropriate bag and sealed. • The driver/transportation for memory cards must arrive on time and transport the cards quickly to

the CCBOE offices As we have observed locally, the opportunity for mistakes and potential threats to the integrity of the memory cards inhere in the DRE voting system.


A1B!.9! 292%&$?$!0)! ;3#! ^2(8?;2>?%?;&?! A2>?%?;&! ;0!>#!($#8! )07! 29! #))#);?0#! 2(8?;B! 0)! ;3#!"09 !E#:07;$*![3?)3!)09)#79$! ;3#?7! ?%%# ?>?%?;&!07!(9202?%2>?%?;&! A#, ,*!8(#! ;0!:2:#7! ;#27$*!:7?9;?9 !J2/$*!07!2>$#9)#!)70/!;3#!2::70:7?2;#!#90#%0:#$B,!!!

!! ! (3?$!-EK]6K1:! 2(8?;! [2$! %?/?;#8! >#)2($#! 0)! A/B!F3?0! #%#);?09! %2[! 298! A1B!7#$0(7)#$,!!=3#9![#!0>;2?9#8!2(;307?G2;?09!)07!;3#!-EK!2(8?;*![#!:7#$#9;#8!29!2/>?;?0($!:%29!)07!)098();?9 !?;!7? 3;!2);#7!K%#);?09!-2&!>(;!>#)07#!;3#!)#7;?)?#8!)0(9;!0))(77#8,!!(3?$!;?/?9 ![2$!8#$? 9#8!$0!;32;! ?)!29&!8?$)7#:29)?#$![#7#!)0(98*!;3#&!)0(%8!>#!?90#$;? 2;#8!298!)077#);#8!>#)07#!;3#!%# 2%!)#7;?)?#8!)0(9;!0))(77#8,8!!

!4098();?9 ! ;3?$! 2(8?;! >#)07#! ;3#! )#7;?)?)2;?09! /#29;! ;32;! ;3#! FF5.($! 0)! ?98?0?8(2%! 00;#7$`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`! ?98?0?8(2%! >2%%0;$! ;0! 8#;#7/?9#! [3#;3#7! ;3#! "09 ! E#:07;$!2))(72;#%&!7#:07;#8!;3#$#!00;#$,!!F(7!7#2$09$!?9)%(8#89!!

!• =#!D9#[! ;32;![#! )0(%8!90;! :708()#! ;3#! 9(/>#7! 0)! 00%(9;##7$! 9#)#$$27&! )07! $()3! 29!

2(8?;!?9!/?8]%2;#!-#)#/>#7G!!• =#!>#%?#0#8!;32;![#!328!2!$? 9?)?)29;!2(8?;?9 !:70J#);!2%7#28&!298!;3?$![2$!$())?)?#9;!2$!2!

)?7$;!$;#:!?9!%0)2%!#%#);?09!2(8?;?9 G!!!• =#!#B:%?)?;%&!$;2;#8!2;!;3#!;?/#!;3#!2(8?;![2$!:70:0$#8!;32;!?;![2$!90;!;3#!>7028#$;*!/0$;!

0:;?/2%! #%#);?09! 2(8?;! ;32;! )0(%8! >#! 7(9*! >(;![#! >#%?#0#8! ?;! ;0! >#! 2! $;709 ! ?9?;?2%! $;#:!;0[278!?98#:#98#9;!0#7?)?)2;?09!0)!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$G!!!

• #?92%%&*! ?0#9! ;32;! ;3#!44.FK!.0278!328!:%299#8! ;0! ?9?;?2;#! 2!:70)#$$?092%! 2(8?;*! 29&!2(8?;?9 !>#&098!0(7!40%%2>072;?0#!5(>%?)!.(8?;!#))07;!)0(%8!>#! %#);! ;0! ;3#!:70)#$$?092%!2(8?;07$,!!!

!!F(7! -EK! 2(8?;! 2%$0! )2990;! )3#)D! ;3#! 2))(72)&! 0)! ;3#! 6K1:! 7#$(%;$! 2$! )0/:27#8! [?;3!?98?0?8(2%!-EK!(9?;!"09 !E#:07;$,!!(3#!%0[#$;!%#0#%!0)!6K1:!;2>(%2;?09!7#$(%;$!202?%2>%#!;0!($![2$! ;3#! 7#$(%;$! )07! ;3#!:7#)?9);$!A!90;! )07! ?98?0?8(2%!-EK!(9?;$,! !(3($![#! )0(%8!90;! 2(8?;! 2!$#%#);?09!0)!-EK!(9?;$`!7#:07;$!2 2?9$;!;3#!6K1:!7#:07;#8!7#$(%;$!>(;!)0(%8!09%&!2(8?;!80[9!;0!;3#!:7#)?9);!%#0#%,!!(3?$!%?/?;2;?09![2$!;3($!2!)(9);?09!0)!;3#!$0);[27#!8#$? 9!A2$!7#:7#$#9;#8!;0!($!>&!44.FK!.2%%0;!/292 #7$B!72;3#7!;329!0(7!2(8?;?9 !:0%?)&!)30?)#,/\!

9 Many unanticipated impediments and delays occurred which, with new management and logistical planning at the CCBOE, should not occur in future audits. 10 Further investigation of whether the GEMS software product has the ability to produce election data by DRE unit should occur; this question was beyond the scope of this audit.


!E2;3#7!;329!2(8?;!/\\!K!0)!;3#!:7#)?9);$*!2(8?;!/#;3080%0 &!298!$;2;?$;?)2%!$)?#9)#!320#!$30[9!;32;!2(8?;?9 !2!72980/!$#%#);?09!0)!:7#)?9);$!)29!:7#8?);![32;!;3#!#7707!72;#$![0(%8!>#! ?)!2%%! ;3#!:7#)?9);$![#7#!2(8?;#8,! !(3#!9(/>#7!0)!:7#)?9);$! ;0!>#!2(8?;#8! ;0!2)3?#0#!2!88K!)09)?8#9)#!%#0#%!?9!;3#!:7#8?);?0#!)2:2)?;&!0)!;3#!$2/:%#![?%%!8?))#7!2))078?9 !;0!;3#!)%0$#9#$$!0)!;3#!7#$(%;$,!!4%0$#7!#%#);?09$!7#C(?7#!2(8?;?9 !2!3? 3#7!:#7)#9;2 #!0)!:7#)?9);$,//!!!!(3#! 40%%2>072;?0#! .(8?;! :27;?)?:29;$! /#;! :7?07! ;0! ;3#! #%#);?09! ;0! :%29! ;3#! 2(8?;! ;2$D$! 298!:70)#8(7#$,!!=?;3?9!54!30(7$!2);#7!;3#!(90))?)?2%!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$!7#:07;?9 *!;3#!.(8?;!40//?;;##!/#;!;0!$#%#);!;3#!72)#$!;0!>#!2(8?;?9 ,!!(3#!40//?;;##`$!$#%#);?09!:70)#$$!7#$(%;#8!?9!;3#!)30?)#!;0!2(8?;!;3#!)0%%0[?9 !;37##!72)#$!?9!;3#!-EK]6K1:!2(8?;9/1!!

• F3?0!.(8?;07!6#9#72%!72)#!>#;[##9!.27>272!:&D#$!298!127&!(2&%07!• 4(&230 2!40(9;&!J(8?)?2%!72)#!>#;[##9!'0%%?#!62%%2 3#7!298!+#))!'2$;?9 $!!• F3?0!:(:7#/#!40(7;!)09;#$;!>#;[##9!(#77#9)#!F`-099#%%!298!=?%%?2/!F`,#?%%!!

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`$!(90))?)?2%!7#$(%;$,!!(3?$!$;2;?$;?)2%!292%&$?$! 8#;#7/?9#8! ;3#! 9##8! )07! 2! 72980/! $2/:%#! 0)! /21! :7#)?9);$! ;0! :708()#! 2! 88! :#7)#9;!)09)?8#9)#!%#0#%,!A:##!.::#98?B!/!)07!)0/:%#;#!8#$)7?:;?09!0)!;3#!$2/:%?9 !/#;3080%0 &,B!!-7,!127D!:2%%?9 ! 298!3?$!,F-M:! ;#2/! #9#72;#8! 2! 72980/! $#%#);?09!0)! /21!:7#)?9);$,! ! !(3#!$#%#);#8!:7#)?9);$![#7#!90;!D90[9!;0!29&09#! ?9!;3#!44.FK!07! ?9!;3#!4.4!:7?07!;0!;3#!2(8?;!;#2/`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

!• ;0;2%! 00;#$! 7#)078#8! )07! #2)3! )298?82;#! ?9! ;3#! $#%#);#8! :7#)?9);! ?9! #2)3! 0)! ;3#! ;37##!

#%#);072%!)09;#$;$G!!! 11 Norden testimony to Elections Subcommittee, see note 3 above, 12 The CAC selected county or statewide races, with each political party selecting a race and the civic groups selecting the third race. 13 We recommend that public viewing of the random selection of precincts occur, or that the process be videotaped with the original tape provided as a public record per the Brennan Center report.


• ;0;2%!>2%%0;$!)2$;!)07!;3#!$#%#);#8!:7#)?9);G!• -EK!$#7?2%!9(/>#7G!• 2(8?;! /2;#7?2%$! ?9;# 7?;&! ?9)07/2;?09! )09)#79?9 ! [3#;3#7! ;3#! "09 ! E#:07;! [2$! ;079*!

?9)0/:%#;#*!07!7#)%#);#8!:7?9;?9 !:70>%#/$G!• [3#;3#7!;3#!7#:07;![2$!$? 9#8!2;! ;3#!>0;;0/*!2$!7#C(?7#8!>&!F3?0! %2[*!>&!2;! %#2$;!)0(7!

:#7$09$!A:0%%[07D#7$BG!298!• ?8#9;?)?)2;?09!0)!;3#!2(8?;!;#2/!7#)078?9 !;3#!82;2,!!

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`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`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`$! 00;#7$! 328! )2$;! >2%%0;$! 09! ;32;!/2)3?9#,! ! !D970%%?9 ! 298! 7#]70%%?9 ! ;3#! 92770[! 298!7#%2;?0#%&! )72 ?%#!"09 !E#:07;$! A[3?)3! )0(%8! #2$?%&! $;7#;)3!00#7! 1\! )##;! %09 B![2$! 2! 0#7&! ;?/#])09$(/?9 !298!;#8?0($!:70)#$$,/6!!:#%#);#8!:7#)?9);$!;32;![#7#!%0)2;#8!?9!2!:0%%?9 !:%2)#!320?9 !)#[!-EK!(9?;$![#7#!/()3!C(?)D#7!;0!2(8?;!$?9)#!)#[#7!"09 !E#:07;$!328!;0!>#!292%&G#8,!!!!

!

14 Midway through the night, the CCBOE staff ceased resealing the envelopes because of time pressures and chose to rely on the storage bins being sealed. 15 By chance, the largest polling location in Cuyahoga County, Brook Park -- having 40 DRE units – was in our random sample. So we had to analyze all 40 Long Reports in order to record the one selected precinct’s data.


#07!#2)3!:7#)?9);!292%&G#8*!;3#!00%(9;##7$!;00D!29!2(8?;!82;2!)07/!298!7#)078#8!2;!;3#!;0:!;3#?7!92/#$*!;3#!;?/#!;3#&!$;27;#8*!298!;3#!;?/#!;3#&!)?9?$3#8,!!#07!#2)3!"09 !E#:07;*!;3#&!7#)078#8!;3#!-EK!$#7?2%!9(/>#7!:7?9;#8!2;!;3#!;0:!0)!;3#!"09 !E#:07;*!;3#!;0;2%!9(/>#7!0)!>2%%0;$!)2$;!)70/! ;32;!:7#)?9);*! 298! ;3#!9(/>#7!0)!00;#$! 7#)078#8! )07! #2)3!)298?82;#! ?9! ;3#! ;37##!2(8?;#8!72)#$,!!(3#&!2%$0!90;#8!298!7#)078#8!?9)07/2;?09!298!)3272);#7?$;?)$!2>0(;!;3#!7#:07;!A#, ,!?)!?;![2$! ;079! 298! 30[!/29&! :0%%! [07D#7$! $? 9#8! 2;! ;3#! >0;;0/B,! (3#! 92/#! 0)! ;3#! :0%%?9 ! :%2)#!$;2;#8!09!;3#!"09 !E#:07;![2$!2%[2&$!0#7?)?#8,!!.&![07D?9 !?9!:2?7$*!#2)3!82;2!$;#:![2$!80(>%#])3#)D#8!>&!2;!%#2$;!09#!:#7$09,!!F9#!:#7$09!7#28!;3#!7#$(%;$!0))!;3#!"09 !E#:07;$![3?%#!;3#!0;3#7!7#)078#8!;3#!82;2,!!5#7?08?)2%%&*!;3#&![#7#!;3#9!7#C(?7#8!;0!)09)?7/!#2)3!0;3#7`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`$! :70)#$$?092%! $;2))! 2%$0! )2%)(%2;#8! ;3#! )7#C(#9)&!0)!8?$)7#:29)?#$! ;32;!0))(77#8!2$![#%%!2$!2%%!"09 !E#:07;!/2;#7?2%$!:70>%#/$!A#, ,*!;079*!?9)0/:%#;#*!07!(9$? 9#8B,!!

! ./09 ! ;3#! /21! :7#)?9);$! )07![3?)3![#!7#)078#8!"09 !E#:07;$!82;2*!86!:7#)?9);$`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

!./09 ! ;3#! 7#/2?9?9 ! 27! :7#)?9);$! A$##! .::#98?B! 3! ^.%%! D9/2;)3#8! 57#)?9);$?B*! )07! $0/#!:7#)?9);$! ;3#!82;2!)0%%#);?09![2$!327/#8!0[?9 !;0!;079!07! ?%%# ?>%#!"09 !E#:07;$! ;32;!2))#);#8!09%&!2!:07;?09!0)!;3#!;37##!72)#$!;0!>#!2(8?;#8,!!=3#7#0#7![#!328!2!)0/:%#;#!$#;!0)!7#$(%;$!)07!2!)30$#9!72)#*![#!)0/:27#8!;30$#!72)#$!#0#9!?)!09#!07!>0;3!0)!;3#!0;3#7!72)#$`!82;2!)0(%8!90;!>#!292%&G#8!>#)2($#!;3#!"09 !E#:07;![2$!;079!07!C(?;!:7?9;?9 !?9!:7#)?$#%&!;3#!%0)2;?09![3#7#!;32;!9##8#8!82;2![2$!%0)2;#8,!!!!=#!)0(98!;32;!"09 !E#:07;$!)70/!$?B!/07#!:7#)?9);$!328!$())?)?#9;!82;2!;32;!2;!%#2$;!$0/#!0)!;3#!;37##!72)#$![#7#!2(8?;2>%#,!!#07!#2)3!72)#!;32;!)0(%8!>#!2(8?;#8*!;3#!"09 !E#:07;!82;2!/2;)3#8!;3#!6K1:!)0/:(;#7!82;2!#B2);%&,!!!!!


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`!00;#$!)07!)0/:27?$09![?;3!6K1:*!;3#!6K1:!;0;2%$!/2;)3#8!;3#!"09 !E#:07;$!:#7)#);%&,!!!!!M9!290;3#7!)2$#!0)!8(:%?)2;#!"09 !E#:07;$*![#!)0(98!2!:2?7!0)!7#:07;$!)70/!-EK!(9?;$!320?9 !;3#!$2/#!-EK!$#7?2%!9(/>#7*!>(;!;3#$#!-EK$![#7#!2$$? 9#8!;0!8?))#7#9;!:0%%?9 !%0)2;?09$,!!!!=3#9! 2$D#8! 2>0(;! ;3#$#! 8(:%?)2;#! $#7?2%! 9(/>#7$*! 2! 7#:7#$#9;2;?0#! 0)! ;3#!44.FK! $;2;#8! ;3#!)0%%0[?9 !?9!29!#/2?%9!!

M;!2::#27$!2$! ;30( 3!-?#>0%8! ;729$:0$#8!$#7?2%!9(/>#7$![3#9! ?;! %028#8!)?7/[27#! L0#9807]?9$;2%%#8! 0:#72;?9 ! $0);[27#M! ?9;0! ;3#$#! /2)3?9#$,! ! (3#! $#7?2%! 9(/>#7$! 09! ;3#! /2)3?9#$!;3#/$#%0#$!27#!$#C(#9;?2%!A3278[27#B,!!(3?$!?$!:70>%#/2;?)!>#)2($#!;3#!%?9D2 #!;0!;3#!/#/07&!)278!?$!0))!;3#!$#7?2%!9(/>#7!:7#$#9;#8!>&!;3#!$)7##9N,! ! ! ! !! !

M)! ?98##8! ;3#! $#7?2%! 9(/>#7$! [#7#! #9;#7#8! >&! -?#>0%8*! ?9)%(8?9 ! $0/#! /?$;2D#9! 8(:%?)2;#!9(/>#7$*!298!;3#9!$3?::#8!;0!;3#!44.FK*!;3#!)329)#$!0)!;[0!/2)3?9#$![?;3!8(:%?)2;#!$#7?2%!9(/>#7$!#98?9 !(:!2;!;3#!$2/#!:0%%?9 !%0)2;?09![?;3?9!0(7!$2/:%#!?$!#B;7#/#%&!(9%?D#%&,!!6?0#9!;32;![#!)0(98!;3?$!$?;(2;?09!;[?)#!?9!0(7!$2/:%#*!;3?$!#B:%292;?09!/#7?;$!)(7;3#7!#B:%072;?09,!!=#!320#!90;!>##9!:700?8#8!29&!)(7;3#7!#B:%292;?09!)70/!-?#>0%8!07!)70/!;3#!44.FK,!

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


7#)078#8,!!=3?%#!;3?$!/? 3;!>#!2!82;2!#9;7&!#7707!?9!;3#!2(8?;!:70)#$$*!?;!2%$0!/2&!7#)%#);!29!#7707!?9! ;3#! /29()2);(7#7`$! )7#2;?09! 0)! ;3#! $#7?2%! 9(/>#7$,! ! =#! 8?8! 90;! /2D#! 29! #B;72! )3#)D! ;0!2$)#7;2?9![3#;3#7!?;!270$#!)70/!2!82;2!#9;7&!#7707,!!!F;3#7!570>%#/$![?;3!;3#!"09 !E#:07;$!!

6*.'((/3 7*8!%1*2! 9#((3:#1;*13 <%."'4!1*-9! ! ./09 ! ;3#! /*/34!-EK! "09 ! E#:07;$! ;32;! ;3#!2(8?;?9 !;#2/$!#B2/?9#8*!265!07!2\!:#7)#9;!%2)D#8!;3#!%# 2%%&!$:#)?)?#8!)0(7!$? 92;(7#$,!!./09 !;3#$#! /4/! A/3! :#7)#9;! 0)! ;3#! ;0;2%B! 328! ;37##! $? 92;(7#$*! 32! 328! 09%&! ;[0! $? 92;(7#$! 298! ;[0!"09 !E#:07;$!328!09%&!09#,!!/\4!"09 !E#:07;$![#7#9`;!$? 9#8!2;!2%%!A8KB,!!!!

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

!! (3?$! )09)%($?09! ?$! ?/:07;29;! 298! 7#2$$(7?9 ,! ! #07! 2%%! 0)! ;3#! 72980/%&! $#%#);#8! :7#)?9);$! )07![3?)3!;3#!"09 !E#:07;$![#7#!%# ?>%#!298!202?%2>%#*!;3#!"09 !E#:07;$!00;#!;0;2%$!)07!)298?82;#$!/2;)3#8! ;3#!6K1:! #%#);?09! 7#$(%;$! #B2);%&,! ! !107#! :7#)?$#%&*! 0)! ;3#! /21! :7#)?9);$! 72980/%&!$#%#);#8!)07!;3#!2(8?;*!86!/2;)3#8!;3#!6K1:!;0;2%$!#B2);%&,!(3#!>2%29)#!0)!;3#!:7#)?9);$!)0(%8!90;!>#!#02%(2;#8!>#)2($#!0)!/?$$?9 !07!?9)0/:%#;#!"09 !E#:07;$,/3!

16 We determined whether there were “missing” Long Reports based upon an electronic file we received from the CCBOE listing the number of DREs at each polling place. We expected to find a Long Report for each DRE. It should be noted, however, that the CCBOE apparently had another list with a slightly different DRE count per


!409)%($?09!/*! 30[#0#7*! 2$$(/#$! ;32;! ;3#!"09 !E#:07;$! 2))(72;#%&! 7#)%#);! ;3#!>2%%0;$! )2$;,! !.$!#B:%2?9#8!2>00#!?9!;3#!7#:07;*!;3#!2))(72)&!0)!;3#!"09 !E#:07;$![2$!90;!#02%(2;#8!>&!;3?$!2(8?;,!!!(0!>#!)%#27*!)07!29!#%#);?09!2(8?;!;0!>#!2>%#!;0!2$$#$$!;3#!%?D#%?3008!;32;!00;#7$`!>2%%0;$!)2$;!09!-EK!(9?;$!27#!2))(72;#%&!7#)%#);#8!?9!;3#!7#:07;#8!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$*![#![0(%8!9##8!2(8?;$!A($?9 !$)?#9;?)?)!$2/:%?9 B!0)!2;!%#2$;!;37##!$#:272;#!:32$#$!0)!;3#!#%#);?09!00;#]7#)078?9 !298!;2>(%2;?09!:70)#$$9!!!!

2,! 29!2(8?;!0)!;3#!?98?0?8(2%!00;#7$`!>2%%0;$!)2$;!09!-EK!(9?;$!;0!8#;#7/?9#!?)!;3#!"09 !E#:07;!A2!$(//27&!0)!2%%!>2%%0;$!298!00;#$!)2$;!09!;32;!(9?;B!2))(72;#%&!7#)%#);#8!;3#!00;#$G!,(!-!

!>,! 29! 2(8?;! )3#)D?9 ! ;3#! )077#$:098#9)#! 0)! ;3#! -EK! "09 ! E#:07;$! ;0! ;3#! 6K1:!

;2>(%2;?09!82;2G!!,(!-@!!!

),! 29!2(8?;!0)!;3#!6K1:!;2>(%2;?09!82;2!;0!8#;#7/?9#![3#;3#7!;3#!7#$(%;$!7#:07;#8!?9!;3#!(0;2%$!%?9#$!2))(72;#%&!7#)%#);!;3#!00;#$!?9!;3#!$#%#);#8!)0%(/9$,!!!

!.88?;?092%%&*! )07! (;/0$;! )09)?8#9)#! ?9! 7#:07;#8! #%#);?09! 7#$(%;$*! 29! 2(8?;! )00#7?9 ! 2%%! ;37##!:32$#$! ?$! 9##8#8! 2;! >0;3! ;3#! :7#])#7;?)?)2;?09! 298! 2);#7! ;3#! 0))?)?2%! )2902$$! 07! )#7;?)?#8! )0(9;!$;2 #$!0)!#%#);?09!7#:07;?9 ,!!!

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`$! )?98?9 ! ;32;! 8,33! :#7)#9;! 0)! ;3#! FF5.(!>2%%0;$![#7#!8#)#);?0#!07!)0/:70/?$#8!?9!$0/#!)2$3?09!?9!;3#!12&!1\\3!:7?/27&,/7!!:0/#!0)!;3#!"09 !E#:07;$!;32;!44.FK![07D#7$!)0(%8!90;!)?98!)07!($!/2&!#B?$;!>(;!)0(%8!320#!>##9!/?$)?%#8![?;3?9! ;3#!44.FK!09!K%#);?09!,? 3;!>#)2($#!:7#)?9);!/2;#7?2%$![#7#! )%008?9 !?9;0!;3#!>(?%8?9 !298!;3#!$;2))![2$!)0)($#8!09!7#;2?9?9 !298!(:%028?9 !/#/07&!)278$,!!!!5708()?9 !%# ?>%#!298!)0/:%#;#!"09 !E#:07;$!?$!8?))?)(%;!)07!2!9(/>#7!0)!7#2$09$9!!

polling place. As we had no way of knowing which was more accurate, we used the file sent to us via official CCBOE channels. 17 “DRE Analysis for May 2006 Primary Cuyahoga County, Ohio,” Election Science Institute (August 2006), 102-124.


• 57?9;#7!J2/$!27#!)0//09G!• =?;3! ;3#! 288?;?09! 0)! #%#);709?)! 00;?9 ! 298! 00;#7! M-! 7#C(?7#/#9;$*! :0%%! [07D#7! 8(;?#$!

320#!>#)0/#!/07#!)0/:%?)2;#8G!!!• 4329 ?9 !298! 7#%028?9 !(:B!:7?9;#7!:2:#7! ?$! 2! )0/:%?)2;#8!:70)#$$*![?;3!2!9(/>#7!0)!

:0$$?>%#!#7707$!;32;!)29!)2($#!:7?9;#7!)2?%(7#!07!/277#8!"09 !E#:07;$!!• M9!;3?$!)0(9;&*!9#27%&!3*\\\!"09 !E#:07;$![?%%!9##8!;0!>#!:708()#8!>&!:0%%![07D#7$![30!

320#!328!)0(7!;0!#? 3;!30(7$!0)!;72?9?9 !A0);#9!0))(77?9 ![##D$!>#)07#!;3#!#%#);?09BG!298!• .;!;3#!)%0$?9 !0)!;3#!:0%%$![3#9!;3#!"09 !E#:07;$!9##8!;0!>#!:7?9;#8*!:0%%![07D#7$!27#!

;?7#8!298! ;3#! )0)($! ?$!09!3(77&?9 ! ;0!0>;2?9! ;3#!/#/07&!)278$!$0! ;3#&!)29!>#!$#9;! )07!;2>(%2;?09,!!

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`$!:3&$?)2%!%0)2;?09!?9!44.FK!7#)078$,!!!!!


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

:&$;#/$! [?;3! 00;#7]0#7?)?#8! :2:#7! 7#)078$! :700?8#! %?;;%#*! ?)! 29&*! $#)(7?;&! >#9#)?;! 00#7!$&$;#/$![?;30(;!$()3!7#)078$*!(9%#$$!;3#7#!27#!7# (%27!2(8?;$!298E07!7#)0(9;$!0)!;3#!:2:#7!7#)078$,/4!

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

18 “The Machinery of Democracy: Protecting Elections in an Electronic World,” Brennan Center Task Force on Voting System Security, Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, 2006.


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`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• -#;#7/?9#!2%%!;3#!:(7:0$#$!)07![3?)3!-EK!$#7?2%!9(/>#7$!27#!($#8![?;3?9!;3#!44.FKG!• M90#$;? 2;#! ;3#!#B;#9;!0)!;3#!:70>%#/!0)!8(:%?)2;#!$#7?2%!9(/>#7$!09!-EK$!>&!)3#)D?9 !

>0;3! ;3#! 9(/>#7! %0)2;#8! 09! ;3#! #B;#792%! )2$?9 ! 0)! #0#7&!-EK! (9?;! 298! 2%$0! ;3#! $#7?2%!9(/>#7!;32;!32$!>##9!%028#8!?9;0!;3#!)?7/[27#!298!:(>%?$3!;3#!7#$(%;$!0)!;3#!?9C(?7&G!


• #(%%&! ?90#$;? 2;#!298!292%&G#![3&!8(:%?)2;#!$#7?2%!9(/>#7$![#7#!)0(98!09!"09 !E#:07;$!298![32;! ;3#!)09$#C(#9)#$!27#! )07!00;#! ;2>(%2;?09! A#, ,*![3#;3#7!00;#$!)29!>#!(:%028#8!;[?)#!07!00#7[7?;;#9!>#)2($#!0)!;3?$!:70>%#/BG!!!

• E#C(?7#! ;3#! 0#9807! A-?#>0%8! K%#);?09! :&$;#/$*! M9),B! ;0! )077#);! ;3#! 909](9?C(#! $#7?2%!9(/>#7!:70>%#/!298!2%$0!:2&!)07!;3#!?90#$;? 2;?09!0)!;3#!#B;#9;!0)!;3#!:70>%#/G!298!

• 47#2;#!298!/2?9;2?9!2!82;2>2$#!0)!2%%!-EK$!;0!;72)D!$#7?2%!9(/>#7$*!;#$;?9 !7#$(%;$*!:0%%?9 !:%2)#! %0)2;?09*! /2%)(9);?09$! 298! $#70?)#! 3?$;07&*! %?)#;?/#! 00;#! ;0;2%$*! 298! [27729;&!?9)07/2;?09,!

^F:;?)2%!$)29!>2%%0;$?!27#!:2:#7!>2%%0;$!;32;!%?$;!#2)3!72)#!07!?$$(#!298!:700?8#!002%$!>#$?8#!#2)3!00;?9 !)30?)#,! !(3#!00;#7! ?$!8?7#);#8! ;0!)0%07! ?9! ;3#!002%!>#$?8#! ;3#!)298?82;#!07! ?$$(#!29$[#7!;32;! 7#)%#);$! ;3#! 00;#7`$! )30?)#,! ! 4(&230 2! 40(9;&`$! 0:;?)2%! $)29! >2%%0;$! 27#! :7?9;#8! 09! >0;3!$?8#$,!!!(3#!0:;?)2%!$)299#7!?$!2!8#0?)#!;32;!7#28$!298!7#)078$!;3#!>2%%0;!)30?)#$!;3#!00;#7!/28#!?)!3?$E3#7!/27D$![#7#!/28#!)077#);%&,!!D98#7%?9?9 !2!)298?82;#`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`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


.%%! 2>$#9;##!>2%%0;$! ;32;!277?0#8!2);#7! ;3#!#7?82&!)(;]0))! ;?/#!298!2%%!:7#)?9);])2$;!0:;?)2%! $)29!>2%%0;$![#7#!$# 7# 2;#8!)70/!;3#!#27%&!2>$#9;##!>2%%0;$!298! %0)D#8!(:!(9;?%! 2);#7!K%#);?09!-2&!298! ;3#!(90))?)?2%! 7#$(%;$![#7#! 7#:07;#8,! !(3#$#! %2;#7]277?0?9 !2>$#9;##!298!:7#)?9);])2$;!:2:#7!>2%%0;$![#7#!)0(9;#8!298!:7#$#9;#8!09%&!2$!:27;!0)!;3#!!#%#);?09!7#$(%;!;0;2%$,!!!

! (3#! 0>J#);?0#! 0)! ;3?$! :07;?09! 0)! ;3#! 2(8?;! [2$! ;0! 2$)#7;2?9! [3#;3#7! ;3#! #27%&!2>$#9;##!>2%%0;!00;#$![#7#!2))(72;#%&! 7#)%#);#8! ?9! ;3#!6K1:!7#:07;$!0)! ;3#!(90))?)?2%!#%#);072%!7#$(%;$,! ! .! 3298! )0(9;! 0)! 72980/%&! $#%#);#8! :7#)?9);$`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`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

19 See, e.g., the CERP Final Report concerning the scanning problem in May 2006, in which only particular races were not read accurately and correlated highly to ballot placement and formatting issues. Also see the Systest Labs Report concerning the optical scanning problem that is found in CERP Appendix.


(3#!71!:7#)?9);$!$#%#);#8!:700?8#8!2!88K!)09)?8#9)#!$;298278,!!(3#!.(8?;!40//?;;##!$#%#);#8!!;3#!:;2;#!.(8?;07`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`$! >2%%0;$! )0(%8! >#)0/#! 2! ^8#)D?! (9%#$$! ;3#! :7#)?9);! 328! 2!:27;?)(%27%&! %27 #!9(/>#7!0)!>2%%0;$!)2$;,! !(3#9! ;3#!:7#)?9);`$!>2%%0;$![#7#!8?0?8#8! ?9;0! ;[0!07!;37##!$#:272;#!8#)D$,!!(3#!44.FK!:(7)32$#8!2!/2)3?9#!;32;!)0(9;#8!;3#!9(/>#7!0)!>2%%0;$!;32;![#7#!?9!#2)3!#90#%0:#*!298!$;2))!7#)078#8!;3#!9(/>#7!09!;3#!#90#%0:#`$!%2>#%,!!!(3#!#27%&!2>$#9;##!>2%%0;!#90#%0:#$![#7#!>70( 3;!80[9!;0!;3#!>2$#/#9;!$)299?9 !27#2!;32;!328!>##9!$:#)?2%%&!)09$;7();#8!)07!;3?$!#27%&!2>$#9;##!$)299?9 ,!!D:!;0!/\\*\\\!2>$#9;##!>2%%0;$![#7#!#B:#);#8! ;0!320#! 277?0#8! ?9! ;?/#! )07! ;3#! #27%&! )0(9;I/29&! ;?/#$!/07#! ;329! ?9! 29&!:7#0?0($!#%#);?09,1\!!.);#7!;3#!#27%&!2>$#9;##!$)299?9 !09!,00#/>#7!3*!;3#!>2%%0;$![#7#!%0)D#8!2 2?9,!!(3#!09]$?;#!3298! )0(9;! 2(8?;! 2);?0?;?#$!0))(77#8!09!-#)#/>#7! 3*! 4! 298!18*! 1\\3,! !.! ;#2/!0)!00%(9;##7$!7#;(79#8!09!##>7(27&!/3*!1\\7!;0!80(>%#])3#)D!8?$)7#:29)?#$,!!.;!;3#!0(;$#;!0)!#2)3!82&! 0)! ;3#! 2(8?;*! 2::70B?/2;#%&! 1\]2\! :7#)?9);! )?%#$! A;3#! 9(/>#7! ;3#! 2(8?;07$! )#%;! ;3#&! )0(%8!)0/:%#;#! ?9! ;3#! 82&B! [#7#! :(%%#8! >&! 44.FK! $;2))! )70/! ;3#! ;3?78! )%007! 02(%;! [3#7#! 2%%! #27%&!2>$#9;##!>2%%0;$![#7#!$;07#8,!!1#/>#7$!0)!;3#!2(8?;!;#2/!0>$#70#8!;3#!(9%0)D?9 !0)!;3#!>2%%0;!02(%;!298!;3#!;729$:07;?9 !0)!;3#!0:;?)2%!$)29!>2%%0;$!;0!;3#!^:?9D!700/,?!!.;!90!;?/#!8(7?9 !;3#!2(8?;!2);?0?;?#$!8?8!;3#!2(8?;07$!%#20#!;3#!>2%%0;$!(92;;#98#8!07!(9$#)(7#8,!!

!(3#!44.FK!/292 #7$!7#:7#$#9;#8!;32;!#0#9!;30( 3!;3#!2(8?;!0))(77#8!2);#7!2%%!7#)0(9;$*!09%&!44.FK!$;2))!)0(%8!%# 2%%&!;0()3!;3#!>2%%0;$,1/!!(3?$!7(%#!/#29;!;32;!$)3#8(%?9 !;3#!3298!)0(9;!0)!;3#!0:;?)2%!$)29!>2%%0;$![2$!8#:#98#9;!(:09!;3#!202?%2>?%?;&!0)!44.FK!$;2)),!!K2)3!3298!)0(9;!;#2/!0)!2(8?;?9 !00%(9;##7$![2$!)0/:0$#8!0)!)0(7!:#0:%#9!09#!^7#28#7?!0)!;3#!>2%%0;E72)#*!09#!^0>$#70#7E)09)?7/#7?! ;32;! ;3#! 7#28?9 ![2$!)077#);*! 298! ;[0!^7#)078#7$?![30!7#)078#8! $#:272;#%&,11! ! .#)2($#! 09%&! 44.FK! $;2))! )29! ;0()3! 2! >2%%0;*! 09#! 44.FK! $;2))#7!3298%#8! 298! ;(79#8! #2)3! >2%%0;! 2$! ;3#! 00;#![2$! >#?9 ! 7#28! 298! 7#)078#8!>&! 00%(9;##7$,! !(3#!44.FK!2$$? 9#8!;[0!0)!;3#?7!$;2))#7$!A09#!-#/0)72;*!09#!E#:(>%?)29B!;0!>#!:7#$#9;!2;!2%%!;?/#!:#7!;3#!/292 #7$`!7#:7#$#9;2;?09!0)!;3#!%2[! 00#79?9 !;3#!3298%?9 !0)!00;#8!>2%%0;$,!!

20 Reasons for the sharp increase in absentee ballots included (1) the 2006 Ohio statutory change to permit “no-excuse absentee ballots” (allowing virtually any voter who wanted to vote by absentee to do so), and (2) the Cuyahoga County Commissioners’ public campaign to encourage voting by absentee ballot. 21 We are not sure that this representation as to the legal constraints on touching the ballots is correct. In the summer 2006 ESI audit of the VVPAT, it appeared that ESI employees were touching the DRE ballot as a part of their audit activities. 22 State law hand count “best practices” collected in the study that the U.S. Election Assistance Commission funded provide for at least these four positions in a hand count team to ensure accuracy. (Study by Prof. Thad Hall of the University of Utah is not yet available via the EAC website.)


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`$! )2%%,! ! 5#7?08?)2%%&! 00%(9;##7$! $[?;)3#8! 70%#$! ;0!D##:!#0#7&09#!)7#$3,!!!([0!00%(9;##7$!?98#:#98#9;%&!7#)078#8!;3#!00;#!09!;3#!2(8?;!7#:07;?9 !)07/,!(3#&!#9$(7#8!;32;!#0#7&!>2%%0;!:2 #!09![3?)3!;3#!$#%#);#8!72)#![2$!:7#$#9;#8![2$!7#)%#);#8!>&!2!7#)078!?9!09#!0)!;3#!)0(7!)2;# 07?#$!%?$;#8!09!;3#!2(8?;!7#:07;!)07/,!!.);#7!2::70B?/2;#%&!#0#7&!1\!>2%%0;!:2 #$*!;3#!7#)078?9 !:70)#$$!:2($#8!$0!;3#!;[0!7#)078#7$!)0(%8!)0/:27#!;3#?7!;2%%?#$,!!.&!:70)##8?9 !?9!;3?$!/299#7*!?)!;2%%?#$!8?8!90;!/2;)3*!;3#!;#2/!09%&!328!;0!7#0?#[!;3#!%2$;!1\!>2%%0;$!;0!)?98!;3#!7#)078?9 ! 8?$)7#:29)&! 72;3#7! ;329! 2! )(%%! 8#)D! 0)! >2%%0;$,! F9)#! 2%%! ;3#! 00;#$! ?9! ;3#! 72)#! [#7#!7#)078#8!)07!2%%!>2%%0;$!)07!;3#!:7#)?9);*! ;3#!7#)078#7$! ?98#:#98#9;%&! ;2%%?#8!;3#!7#$(%;$!09!#2)3!)07/,!!(3#&!;3#9!:%2)#8!;3#!7#$(%;$!2;!;3#!>0;;0/!0)!;3#!)07/!298!)0/:27#8!;3#/!;0!#2)3!0;3#7!;0!#9$(7#!;32;!;3#! 7298!;0;2%!)07!#2)3!)298?82;#!?9!;32;!:7#)?9);!/2;)3#8!2)70$$!;3#!$3##;$,!!!!(3?$!3298!)0(9;!82;2![2$! %2;#7!#9;#7#8! ?9;0!2!4:D!)0/:(;#7!82;2>2$#!298!;3#9!;3#!)0/:(;#7!82;2! [2$! )3#)D#8! )07! 82;2! #9;7&! /?$;2D#$,! ! (3#! 3298! )0(9;! 7#$(%;$! [#7#! ;3#9! )0/:27#8! ;0!#%#);709?)!)?%#$!:700?8#8!>&!;3#!44.FK,12!!(3#$#!)?%#$!27#!8?$)($$#8!?9!/07#!8#;2?%!>#%0[,!

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`$!?8#9;?)?#7,!!!.);#7!;3#!07? ?92%!09]$?;#!2(8?;!2);?0?;?#$!298!;3#!)?7$;!)0%%0[](:*!2!)0/:27?$09!0)!;3#!3298!)0(9;!2(8?;!82;2![?;3!;3#!6K1:!;2>(%2;?09!7#:07;!$30[#8!;3#!3298!)0(9;!7#$(%;$![#7#!)09$?$;#9;![?;3!;3#!6K1:!:7#)?9);!)0(9;$!)07!52!0)!;3#!78!:7#)?9);$,! !10$;!0)!;3#!18!;2%%?#$! ?9)09$?$;#9;![?;3!;3#!6K1:!7#:07;!8?))#7#8!>&!09%&!:%($!07!/?9($!09#!00;#,!!F9#!:7#)?9);!$30[#8!09#!/07#!00;#!

23 For the purpose of the optical scan audit a file labeled "GEMS SOVC REPORT Unofficial AVOS Only.pdf" was used based on guidance from the Ballot Department managers (see Appendix 13 and Part IV of this Audit Report).


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

!7*.'12%".39#--%)(*3IJ,('"'4%#"3K3-(7?9 ! ;3#! 07? ?92%! 2(8?;*! #2)3! ;#2/! 328! ;[0! 0>$#70#7$! [30! #B2/?9#8! ;3#! >2%%0;! :2 #$!>#)07#!)2%%?9 !0(;!;3#!00;#7`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`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


2%%!07!9#27%&!2%%!0)!;3#?7!#27%&!2>$#9;##!>2%%0;$![#7#!90;!?9)%(8#8!?9!;3#!(90))?)?2%!:FF4!E#:07;15!A$##!.::#98?B!//!)07!2!)0/:%#;#!8#$)7?:;?09B,!!!.(8?;07$! [#7#! 2>%#! ;0! :3&$?)2%%&! #B2/?9#! ;3#! >2%%0;$! 298! #90#%0:#$! 0)! ;37##! 0)! ;3#$#! )0(7!:7#)?9);$![3#7#! ;3#!6K1:!#%#);?09! 7#$(%;$! $30[#8!90!#27%&! 2>$#9;##!>2%%0;$!328!>##9! ;2%%?#8,!!!!M9! 0(7! 0?#[*! ?;! 2::#27$! ;32;! ;3#$#! :7#)?9);$`! >2%%0;$! [#7#! $)299#8! >(;! ;3#9! 8#%#;#8! )70/! ;3#!6K1:! ;2%%&! A$##!.::#98?B! /1! )07! ;3#!44.FK`$! #B:%292;?09! 0)! ;3#! 0/?$$?09B,! ! (3#! :7#)?9);!)0%8#7$! ;3#! 2(8?;07$! #B2/?9#8! )09;2?9#8! >2%%0;$! ?9! 9(/>#7$! )077#$:098?9 ! ;0! ;3#! 9(/>#7! 0)!#27%&! 2>$#9;##!>2%%0;$! ;32;! ;3#!44.FK!$;2))! ?9! ;3#!4298?82;#! 298!F0;#7!:#70?)#$!-#:27;/#9;!328!7#)078#8!2$!7#;(79#8!?9!;?/#!)07!#27%&!$)299?9 ,!!!!(3#!44.FK!:70)#8(7#!8(7?9 !;3#!#27%&!$)299?9 !)07!;3#!(90))?)?2%!)0(9;!7#C(?7#8!0#7?)?)2;?09!>&! ;3#!>2%%0;! ;2>(%2;?09! $;2))! ;32;! ;3#!9(/>#7!0)!>2%%0;!:2 #$!6K1:!7#:07;#8!2$!320?9 !>##9!$)299#8![2$![?;3?9!2!)#7;2?9!/27 ?9!0)!#7707!0)!;3#!9(/>#7!0)!:2 #$!7#:07;#8!>&!;3#!$)299#7,!!M)!90;![?;3?9!;32;!:7#8#;#7/?9#8!/27 ?9!0)!#7707*! ;3#!;2>(%2;?09!$;2))![2$!$(::0$#8!;0!8#%#;#!;3#!:7#)?9);!>2;)3!7#$(%;!)70/!;3#!6K1:!;2>(%2;?09,!!(3#&![#7#!;3#9!;0!$#98![078!;0!;3#!$)299?9 !700/![?;3!3\!;#2/$!0)!$)299?9 !:#7$099#%!;32;!;3#!8#%#;#8!8#)D![2$!;0!>#!7#$)299#8,!!M9!;3#$#!)2$#$*! ?;! ?$! :0$$?>%#! ;32;! 2);#7! 8#%#;?9 ! ;3#! :7#)?9);! >2;)3! )70/! 6K1:*! ;3#! >2%%0;$! [#7#! 90;!7#$)299#8!>(;!$?/:%&!7#)?%#8! ?9!;3#!#90#%0:#,! !([0!:7#)?9);$!#2)3!$30[#8!09#!00;#! ?9!6K1:!>#)2($#!;3#7#![2$!2!$?9 %#!>2%%0;!)278!)07!#2)3!0)!;30$#!:7#)?9);$!:7#$#9;!?9!2!8#)D!;32;!)09$?$;#8!0)!09%&!;3#!$?9 %#!)278,!

!-?$)7#:29)&!K02%(2;?099! !.2%%0;!-#)D$!:)299#8!1(%;?:%#!(?/#$! ! !=3?%#!)0/:27?9 ! ;3#!:FF4!#%#);709?)!)?%#![?;3!;3#!7#:07;#8!9(/>#7$!0)!2>$#9;##!>2%%0;$!7#;(79#8*!?;![2$!2%$0!90;#8!;32;!)07!2;! %#2$;! ;[0! :7#)?9);$! A90;! 07? ?92%%&! ?9)%(8#8! ?9! 0(7! $2/:%#B! ?;! 2::#27#8! ;32;! ;3#7#! [#7#!$? 9?)?)29;%&!/07#!00;#$!7#)078#8!;329![#7#!2>$#9;##!>2%%0;$,!!::#)?)?)2%%&9!

!M#14B37#/'(4#"3NH3 55O3>#4*1-3 3 PL3')-31*4!1"*23 KKQ3<REH3I!&(%23SOLST33 3333333333333333QUV3>#4*1-3 3 5N3')-31*4!1"*23 KWL3<REH!

!KB2/?92;?09!0)!;3#!4#9;72%!40(9;!6K1:!7#:07;!)07!;3#$#!:7#)?9);$!$30[$!#2)3!;0!320#!328!1!>2;)3#$!0)!?8#9;?)2%!07!9#27!?8#9;?)2%!$?G#![?;3!$#C(#9;?2%!07!9#27]$#C(#9;?2%!9(/>#7$,!!=3#9![#!#B2/?9#8!;3#$#!:7#)?9);$`!)0%8#7$*!;3#7#![#7#!>2%%0;$!:7#$#9;!?9!;3#!)0%8#7$!?9!9(/>#7$!)09$?$;#9;![?;3! ;3#!9(/>#7!0)! 2>$#9;##!>2%%0;$! 7#:07;#8! 7#;(79#8,! !(3#$#!0>$#702;?09$! 27#! 2%%! )09$?$;#9;![?;3!29!#B:%292;?09!;32;! ;3#!>2%%0;$! ?9!;3#$#!;[0!:7#)?9);$`! )0%8#7![#7#!$)299#8!;[?)#!298!;32;!;3#!00;#$!09!#2)3!>2%%0;!328!>##9!?9)%(8#8!?9!;3#!:FF4!#%#);?09!7#$(%;$!;[?)#,!!!

!!#70/! ;3#! %?/?;#8! $)0:#!0)! ;3?$! 2(8?;*![3?)3! #B2/?9#8! ;3#! 7#$(%;$! 0)! 09#! 72)#! 2$! 7#)078#8!09!#27%&!2>$#9;##!0:;?)2%!$)29!>2%%0;$! ;32;![#7#!:27;!0)! ;3#!(90))?)?2%!)0(9;*![#!/2&!)09)%(8#!;3#!)0%%0[?9 9!

24 The SOVC Report is the comprehensive Statement of Votes Cast Report from GEMS. It can show, precinct by precinct, the total votes cast for every candidate and ballot issue and thus is quite lengthy unless a selected portion is requested for printing.


!.(8?;!7#$(%;$!#?;3#7!/2;)3#8!#B2);%&!07![#7#!8?$)7#:29;!?9!2!/299#7!298!8# 7##!)09$?$;#9;![?;3!;3#!9(/>#7!0)!>2%%0;!:2 #$!/?$)?%#8!)07!67!0)!;3#!71!:7#)?9);$!?9)%(8#8!?9!;3#!2(8?;,!!#0(7;##9!0)!;3#!/6!:7#)?9);$!;32;!8?8!90;!#B2);%&!/2;)3![#7#!8?$)7#:29;!>&!:%($!07!/?9($!09#!00;#![?;3!29!2 7# 2;#!0)!09#!/07#!00;#!)07!:&D#$!298!;37##!/07#!)07!(2&%07!)0(98!>&!;3#!2(8?;,!!(3?$!?$!2!%0[! 9#;! #7707! 72;#! 0(;! 0)! 2! ;0;2%! 0)! 2314! 00;#$,! ! (3#! 09#! 0;3#7! 8?$)7#:29;! :7#)?9);! [2$! 90;!7#:07;#8!?9!;3#!(90))?)?2%!:FF4!2;!2%%!298!7#:7#$#9;$!29!2::27#9;!$)299?9 !:70)#8(72%!#7707,!!!!.! ;0;2%! 0)! /*734! ^8#)D$?16! [#7#! )7#2;#8! ?9! [3?)3! ;3#! #27%&! 2>$#9;##! >2%%0;$! )70/! ;3#! /*525!:7#)?9);$! ?9!4(&230 2!40(9;&![#7#!:%2)#8,! !F)!;3#$#!/*734!8#)D$*!1\/!)09;2?9#8!>2%%0;$!)70/!/07#!;329!09#!:7#)?9);,!!(3#!#%#);?09!7#:07;$!2%$0!$30[!$0/#!>2%%0;!:2 #$!0)!2\7!:7#)?9);$![#7#!$#:272;#8!A:0$$?>%&!/?$)?%#8B!?9;0!/07#!;329!09#!)0%8#7,!!!!57?07!;0!)0//#9)?9 !;3#!$)299?9 !0)!;3#!#27%&!2>$#9;##!>2%%0;$*!;3#!44.FK!$;2))!3298!$07;#8!2!;0;2%! 0)! 33*114! 2>$#9;##! >2%%0;$! ?9;0! :7#)?9);! 8#)D$,! ! =#! [#7#! 2>%#! ;0! ?8#9;?)&! :2;;#79$! 0)!/?$)?%?9 9!0);#9!;3#!>2%%0;$![#7#!/?$)?%#8!?9;0!:7#)?9);$![3#7#!#B;7#/#%&!$?/?%27!:7#)?9);$!)08#$!;0! ;3#! )077#);! )08#![#7#! ($#8,! !(3#$#! )08#$! 0);#9! 8?))#7#8! >&! 09%&! 09#! )3272);#7,! !(3?$! :7#]$07;?9 ! [2$! 9#)#$$?;2;#8! >&! )09)#79$! 2>0(;! ;3#! 6K1:! 82;2>2$#`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

25 A “deck” is the electronic representation of a batch of ballots that were to be scanned together. The scanner sends the accumulated results of the ballot up to the GEMS computer as one deck tally. This deck approach is in lieu of scanning 55 ballots separately and sending 55 separate vote tallies up to GEMS. By using sizable decks, the GEMS database does not grow as fast as having more decks with fewer ballots in each.


!!.;! %#2$;! )0(7! :7#)?9);$! )07! [3?)3! #27%&! 2>$#9;##! >2%%0;$! 328! >##9! 7#;(79#8! $30[#8! 90! 00;#$!7#)078#8!?9!;3#!(90))?)?2%!#%#);?09!7#$(%;!;2>(%2;?09$,!!M9!2;!%#2$;!;37##!)2$#$*!?;!2::#27#8!)70/!;3#!>2%%0;!)0%8#7!80)(/#9;2;?09!;32;!>2%%0;$!328!>##9!$)299#8!298!/($;!320#!>##9!8#%#;#8!>(;!90;!7#$)299#8,!!!(3#!>2%%0;$!?9!2;!%#2$;!;[0!:7#)?9);!)0%8#7$!2::#27#8!;0!320#!>##9!$)299#8!;[?)#,!!(3#!9(/>#7$!0)! 0:;?)2%! $)29! >2%%0;$! :7#$#9;! ?9! ;3#! )0%8#7! [2$! )09$?$;#9;! [?;3! ;3#! 9(/>#7! 0)! 2>$#9;##$!7#;(79#8! [3?%#! ;3#! 7#$(%;$! 7#:07;#8! ?9! ;3#! #%#);?09! 7#$(%;! ;2>(%2;?09! )07! ;3#$#! :7#)?9);$! [#7#!2::70B?/2;#%&!80(>%#8,!! !(3#!8#)DE>2;)3! ?8#9;?)?)2;?09! ?$! 27>?;727?%&! 2$$? 9#8!>&! ;3#! ^3#28#7!)278?! ;32;! ?$! :%2)#8!2;! ;3#!)709;!0)!2!$;2)D!0)!0:;?)2%!$)29!>2%%0;$!:7?07!;0!;3#?7!>#?9 !$)299#8,!!.$!7#)%#);#8!2>00#*!2!>2;)3!)29! >#! 7#$)299#8! [?;3! 2! 8?))#7#9;! 3#28#7! )278,! ! :?/?%27%&*! $0/#! 0)! ;3#$#! >2%%0;! >2;)3#$! 328!8?))#7#9;!8? ?;2%!>2;)3!?8#9;?;?#$![3#9!;3#&![#7#!7#]$)299#8!)07!;3#!0))?)?2%!)0(9;,!

!!

!!!M)! ;3#! 44.FK! 32$! 2! )09;?9(?9 ! 9##8! ;0! $07;! 7#)#?0#8! 2>$#9;##! >2%%0;$! ?9;0! :7#)?9);]>2$#8! 70(:$*!;3?$!:70)#$$!$30(%8!>#!2(;0/2;#8,!!.%%!0)!;3#!2>$#9;##!>2%%0;$!07? ?92;#![?;3!;3#!44.FK!298! 27#! /2)3?9#! 2887#$$#8,! ! .(;0/2;#8! $07;?9 ! 0)! ;3#! 7#;(79#8! >2%%0;$! )0(%8! >#! 809#! >&! 2!)0//#7)?2%!/2?%!3298%#7!($?9 !2!>27)08#!:%2)#8!>&! ;3#!44.FK!2;! ;3#! ;?/#!0)!2887#$$?9 ! ;3#!/2?%!;0!;3#!00;#7,!!

!


!K2)3!8#)D!0)!>2%%0;$!$30(%8!320#!2!(9?C(#!298!?//(;2>%#!?8#9;?;&!)08#*!298!>2%%0;$!$30(%8!90;!)%02;!>#;[##9!8#)D$,!!M)!;3#!44.FK!)09;?9(#$!;0!$07;!>&!:7#)?9);*!;3?$!)0(%8!>#!2!:7#)?9);]>2$#8!)08#,!!:()3!2!$&$;#/![0(%8!#92>%#!;72)D?9 !298!2))0(9;?9 !)07!2%%!>2%%0;$!7#)#?0#8,!!M;![0(%8!2%$0!)2)?%?;2;#!29!2(8?;!0)!;3#!:#7)07/29)#!0)!;3#!0:;?)2%!$)299?9 !$&$;#/,!!

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

!!


!!=3#9!;3#!40%%2>072;?0#!.(8?;!40//?;;##!># 29!?;$![07D*!;3#!:7#$(/:;?09![2$!;32;!;3#!;2>(%2;?09!82;2! )70/! ;3#!)#9;72%! ;2>(%2;?09! )0/:(;#7! A6K1:! $#70#7B![0(%8!>#!#2$?%&! ?8#9;?)?2>%#! 298! 7#28?%&!/28#! 202?%2>%#! ;0! ;3#!.(8?;! )0//?;;##!07!4#9;#7! )07!K%#);?09! M9;# 7?;&E109?;07! $;2))! #9 2 #8! ?9!2(8?;![07D,!!(3?$!:700#8!90;!;0!>#!;3#!)2$#,!!!! !!

(0!)098();! ;3#!2(8?;*! ;3#!4#9;#7`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

.2$#8! 09! ;3#! ?9)07/2;?09! ;32;! [#! [#7#! 2>%#! ;0! 0>;2?9! )70/! ;3#! >2%%0;! 8#:27;/#9;! 298! ;3#!-?#>0%8!7#:7#$#9;2;?0#*![#!%?$;!?9!;3#!2))0/:29&?9 !)00;90;#!;3#!82;2![#!7#C(?7#8!;0!)0/:%#;#!;3#! 2(8?;,13! ! -#$:?;#! 0(7! #))07;! ;0! :?9! 80[9! ;3#! #B2);! 82;2! 7#C(?7#8! 298! ;0! #9$(7#! ;32;! [#!0>;2?9#8! ;3#! 7#C(?$?;#! )?%#$! ?//#8?2;#%&! 2);#7! ;3#! #%#);?09`$! (90))?)?2%! )0(9;! )%0$#8*! [#! [#7#!(92>%#! ;0! 80! $0,! ! (3#! .2%%0;! -#:27;/#9;! /292 #7! 280?$#8! ;32;! ;3#! )?%#$! ;(79#8! 00#7! 09!,00#/>#7!4!?9)%(8#8!2%%!;32;![#!328!7#C(#$;#8!298!9##8#8*!#0#9!;30( 3!;3#&!8?8!90;,!!!

!!

26 The electronic files or reports we apparently needed for this audit: a. GEMS Statement of Votes Cast (SOVC) Report run on the database backup after absentee ballots were

tabulated, but BEFORE DRE memory cards were uploaded. b. Database file after absentee ballots were uploaded, but before GEMS tabulation was performed. c. GEMS data export after absentee ballots were uploaded, but before GEMS tabulation was performed. d. Database file after DRE uploading was complete. e. GEMS data export after DRE uploading was complete. f. GEMS SOVC Report after all absentee ballots performed on DREs. g. Need the database file after all absentee ballots performed on DREs were uploaded. h. GEMS data export after all absentee ballots performed on DREs were uploaded.


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`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

!!

27 How to Troubleshoot and to Repair a Damaged Access 2002 or Later Database, (Rev. 6.1 2006) at http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;283849.


'278[27#! 8#$? 9! ?$$(#$9! ! (3#! )(77#9;! #9#72;?09! 0)! /2J07! >7298! 0:;?)2%! $)299#7$*! ?9)%(8?9 !;30$#!($#8!?9!4(&230 2!40(9;&*!80!90;!)0(9;!)'((#4-3>(;!09%&!>2%%0;!,'.*-,!M9!4(&230 2`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

28 The Help America Vote Act, 42 USC SS 15301-15545. 29 The Public Monitor Report on Possible Legal Noncompliance (dated Jan. 8, 2007) can be found at www.csuohio.edu/cei/.


!/,! F>;2?9! ?98#:#98#9;! (?829)#! A;0! $(::%#/#9;! 298! )0/:27#! ;32;! )70/! -K:MB! 09! [32;!

#%#);709?)! )?%#$! $30(%8! >#! ($#8! )07! #2)3! ;&:#! 0)! #%#);?09! 2(8?;?9 *! 298!30[! ;3#! )?%#$! 8?))#7!)70/!09#!290;3#7,!!!

1,! (0!:#7/?;!2))(72;#!#%#);?09!2(8?;$!;0!>#!)098();#8*!;3#!:#)7#;27&!0)!:;2;#!$30(%8!$:#)?)&!;3#!82;2!;32;!/($;!>#!D#:;!298!)07![32;!:#7?08!0)!;?/#,!!

!2,! (3#!44.FK!.0278! $30(%8!2(;307?G#! ;3#!109?;07! ;0!2$)#7;2?9![3#;3#7! ;3#!$#)(7?;&!:0%?)&!

32$! >##9! )(%%&! ?/:%#/#9;#8! 298! ;0! :700?8#! 7#)0//#982;?09$! )07! 30[! ;0! 2)3?#0#! )(%%!)0/:%?29)#!>#)07#!;3#!9#B;!#%#);?09,!

!5,! .!)?;?G#9`$!280?$07&!>0278!0)!(:!;0!)?0#!C(2%?)?#8!?98?0?8(2%$!$30(%8!>#!)7#2;#8!;0!)0)($!09!

;#)39?)2%!298! $#)(7?;&! ?$$(#$,! ! M;$! )?7$;! ;2$D*! ?9!)09J(9);?09![?;3! ;3#!109?;07*! $30(%8!>#! ;0!7#0?#[*!7#[7?;#*!298!?/:700#!;3#!44.FK!:#)(7?;&!50%?)&,!!!!

!6,! (3#! 44.FK! $30(%8! 7#C(#$;! 29! ?98#:#98#9;! #02%(2;?09! 0)! ;3#! 6K1:! 82;2>2$#! )70/! 2!

C(2%?)?#8!)09$(%;29;,!!(3#!;2$D!$30(%8!>#!;0!2$)#7;2?9![3#;3#7!82;2>2$#!)077(:;?09!0))(77#8!?9!;3#!,00#/>#7!1\\3!#%#);?09,!!:#)098%&*!;3#!)09$(%;29;!$30(%8!/2D#!7#)0//#982;?09$!09!30[!;0!200?8!82;2>2$#!)077(:;?09!;0!;3#!/2B?/(/!#B;#9;!)#2$?>%#!298![32;!$;#:$!$30(%8!>#!;2D#9!;0!:70;#);!#%#);?09!82;2!2$!;2>(%2;?09$!27#!0))(77?9 ,!!!!

(3?$!7#:07;!)00#7$!/29&!2(8?;!)?98?9 $!?9! 7#2;!8#;2?%!>(;!?;!?$!>&!9#)#$$?;&!%?/?;#8!?9!$)0:#,!!.(8 #;*!;?/?9 *! 298! %# 2%! 298!28/?9?$;72;?0#! ?/:#8?/#9;$!92770[#8! ;3#! $)0:#!0)! ;3#! ;[0!2(8?;$! ;0! $()3!2!8# 7##!;32;!;3#&!80!90;!:700?8#!2!)0/:7#3#9$?0#!0?#[!0)!30[!4(&230 2!40(9;&`$!00#72%%!#%#);?09!$&$;#/! ?$! )(9);?09?9 ,! ! =3?%#! [#! >#%?#0#! 0(7! )?98?9 $! 27#! #B;7#/#%&! ?/:07;29;! 298! /#7?;! $;709 !)09$?8#72;?09! >&! ;3#! 44.FK*! ;3#&! 27#! 90;! 2! $;0::?9 ! :0?9;,! ! (3#&! 27#! 2! )?7$;! $;#:! ?9! :700?8?9 !:(>%?)!00#7$? 3;!0)!;3#!#%#);072%!$&$;#/,!,!.(8?;?9 !?$!$;298278!>($?9#$$!:72);?)#!298!$30(%8!>#!2::%?#8!;0!0(7!00;?9 !$&$;#/$!>#)2($#!0)!;3#?7!?/:07;29)#,!(3#7#!?$!)%#27!#0?8#9)#!;32;!:70>%#/$!#B?$;9!

!• (3?$! 40%%2>072;?0#! 5(>%?)! .(8?;! 32$! 8?$)00#7#8! :70>%#/$! [?;3! -EK! "09 ! E#:07;$! 298! ;3#!

F:;?)2%!:)29!)0(9;?9 !:70)#$$G!• .$!7#:07;#8!?9!;3#!4%#0#%298!9('%"3=*'(*13?9!,00#/>#7!1\\3*!;30($298$!0)!:#0:%#!00;#8![?;30(;!

320?9 !$? 9#8!?9!2;!;3#!:0%%?9 !:%2)#G!• ([0!44.FK!#/:%0&##$![#7#!)090?);#8!)07!:#7)07/?9 !?%%# 2%!2);?09$!8(7?9 !;3#!1\\5!7#)0(9;G!

298!!!• (3#!K:M! 2(8?;! 298!4(&230 2!K%#);?09!E#0?#[!529#%! 2$$#$$/#9;$! 2);#7! ;3#!12&! 1\\3! #%#);?09!

)0(98! 9(/#70($! :70>%#/$! A#, ,*! 8,3K! 0)! :2:#7! 2(8?;! ;72?%$*! ?9)%(8?9 ! ;3#! %# 2%! >2%%0;$*! [#7#!8#)#);?0#!07!)0/:70/?$#8!;3#!2(8?;B,!


!.!7#2$092>%#!2::702)3!/? 3;!>#! ;0!:#7)07/!29! ?98#:#98#9;!2(8?;!2);#7!#2)3!/2J07!#%#);?09!298!2!)0%%2>072;?0#! ?9;#792%! 2(8?;! 2);#7!/?907! #%#);?09$,! !(3#! ;?/#! 298! )0$;! ?900%0#8!80!90;!9##8! ;0!>#!#B07>?;29;! 298! [?%%! 8#)7#2$#! 2$! :70>%#/$! 27#! 7#$0%0#8! 298! :70)#$$! )09;70%$! 27#! :(;! ?9! :%2)#,! ! .!:#7?08?)!:70)#$$?092%!?98#:#98#9;!2(8?;!)0(%8!3#%:!?8#9;?)&!9##8#8!?/:700#/#9;$!298!7#$;07#!00;#7!)09)?8#9)#!?9!;3#!$&$;#/,!!#(;(7#!#%#);?09!2(8?;$!$30(%8!?9)%(8#!#02%(2;?09$!0)!;3#!)0%%0[?9 !?$$(#$!$0!;32;!?9;#792%!28/?9?$;72;?0#!298!;#)39?)2%!$&$;#/$!/2&!>#!?/:700#8![3#7#!9##8#89!

!• K%#);709?)! 00;?9 ! R! %# 2%! >2%%0;$! A#, ,*! 80! ;3#! :2:#7! >2%%0;$EFF5.($! /2;)3! ;3#! #%#);709?)!

)0(9;$SB!• 432?9!0)!)($;08&!0)!#%#);?09!/2;#7?2%$!A#, ,*![#7#!$#)(7?;&!:70)#8(7#$!)0%%0[#8SB!• 5700?$?092%!>2%%0;!:70)#8(7#$!A#, ,*!-?8!;3#!7? 3;!:#0:%#!)2$;!;3#$#!>2%%0;$S!'0[!/29&!00;#7$!%0$;!

;3#?7! 00;#! >#)2($#! ;3#&! [#7#! 2;! 7? 3;! :0%%?9 ! %0)2;?09*! >(;! [#7#! 90;! 8?7#);#8! ;0! ;3#! )077#);!:7#)?9);SB!

• F:;?)2%!:)29E.>$#9;##!>2%%0;$!A#, ,*![#7#!2%%!;3#!>2%%0;$!)0(9;#8S!!=#7#!;3#&!)0(9;#8!2))(72;#%&S!!=#7#!29&!>2%%0;$!)0(9;#8!/07#!;329!09)#SB!

• :#)(7?;&!5%29!A#, ,*![2$!;3#!:%29!)0/:%#;#S!=2$!;3#!:%29!?/:%#/#9;#8SB!• M9;#792%!409;70%$!A#, ,*![#7#!?/:07;29;!?9;#792%!:70)#$$#$!80)(/#9;#8S!=#7#!;30$#!:70)#8(7#$!

)0%%0[#8SB!!

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

!• !!:0/#!)0$;$![#7#!09#!;?/#!)0$;$*!>(;!

2!$? 9?)?)29;!2/0(9;!0)!;3#!00#77(9![2$!)07!#9329)#8!;72?9?9 !;0!3#%:!:7#:27#!:0%%![07D#7$!298!K%#);?09!-2&!(#)39?)?29$! AK-($B! )07! 29! ?9)7#2$?9 %&! )0/:%?)2;#8! J0>,! !(3#$#! )0$;$! :70>2>%&![?%%! 90;! 0! 2[2&!>#)2($#![#!)2990;! 2$$(/#! ;32;! ;3#$#![07D#7$![?%%! 7#;(79! 298! 7#/#/>#7! ;3#!)0/:%#B!?9$;7();?09$!;32;!;3#&![#7#!;2( 3;!2!&#27!2 0,!!!!

• !-#$:?;#! 2! %27 #! ?9)7#2$#! ?9! 2>$#9;##! 00;?9 ! )07! ,00#/>#7! 1\\3*! 2! )#8#72%! J(8 #! 078#7#8! /3!:0%%?9 !:%2)#$!;0!>#!D#:;!0:#9!2);#7!;3#!907/2%!)%0$?9 !;?/#!0)!792\!51!>#)2($#!0)!7#:07;#8![2?;!;?/#$!#B)##8?9 !09#!30(7,!!!(3#!00;?9 !;(790(;!?9!2!:7#$?8#9;?2%!&#27!?$!$(>$;29;?2%%&!3? 3#7!;329!

30 The Cuyahoga Election Review Panel’s Final Report can be found at www.csuohio.edu/cei/ (dated July 20, 2006). This webpage provides the option of reading or downloading the panel report in separate chapters rather than in its entirety of 400 pages (including appendices).


2!/?8];#7/!#%#);?09,!!=32;!:%299?9 !32$!0))(77#8!;0!200?8!:70>%#/$![?;3!%?9#$!?9!1\\4S!!'20#!0:;?09$!0;3#7!;329!:(7)32$?9 !/07#!-EK!(9?;$!>##9!)09$?8#7#8!)07!8#2%?9 ![?;3!;3#!#B:#);#8!$:?D#!?9!;(790(;S!!

• ,! !'278[27#!9##8$!;0!>#!$#;! (:*! :0%%! [07D#7!/29(2%$! 9##8! ;0! >#! :700?8#8*! :0%%! [07D#7! 298! :70)#$$?092%! $;2))! ;72?9?9 !/($;!>#!:%299#8!298!#B#)(;#8*!298!8?))#7#9;!;&:#$!0)!>2%%0;$!298!:7#]#%#);?09!298!:0$;]#%#);?09!;#$;?9 !/($;!>#!:7#:27#8!298!#B#)(;#8,!!.%%!0)!;3?$!9##8$!;0!>#!809#!)07!;[0!$&$;#/$!?9$;#28!0)!09#,! ! -0#$! ;3#! 44.FK! 320#! ;3#! 7#$0(7)#$! A?9)%(8?9 ! /292 #7?2%! 298! )?929)?2%B! ;0! 2)3?#0#!$())#$$![?;3!;[0!$&$;#/$S!!

!M)!;3#!44.FK!)%2?/$!;32;!)09;?9(?9 !;0!($#!;[0!00;?9 !$&$;#/$!?$!;3#!>#$;!$0%(;?09*!;3#!>(78#9!0)!:700)!$30(%8!09!;3#!44.FK!;0!$30[9!

!• (32;!;3#&![?%%!7#$0%0#!;3#!:70>%#/$!7#:07;#8!?9!;3#!4KE5!7#:07;*!;3#!K:M!2(8?;*!298!+29(27&!4*!

1\\7!109?;07!/#/0!)70/!;3#!4#9;#7!#07!K%#);?09!M9;# 7?;&G!!• (32;!;3#&!320#!07![?%%!3?7#!;3#!/292 #7$!298!$;2))!9#)#$$27&!;0!7#$0%0#!;3#!:70>%#/$!)2($#8!>&!

$;2))!$307;2 #$G!298!• (3#!8?))#7#9)#!>#;[##9!/2?9;2?9?9 !;[0!00;?9 !$&$;#/$!A?9)%(8?9 !:0%%![07D#7!;72?9?9 *!0#9807!

$(::07;! )0$;$*! 298! 44.FK! $;2))! 3#28)0(9;! 298! #B:#9$#$B! 298! 2! $?9 %#! 0:;?)2%! $)29! 00;?9 !$&$;#/!?$!2!8#)#9$?>%#!)0$;,!

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`$! 570 72/!1292 #7B! ;0! ;3#!4(&230 2!40(9;&!40//?$$?09#7$2/!8#$)7?>#!2!9(/>#7!0)!:70>%#/$![?;3!-M1:!?9)%(8?9 9!%0$;!00;#7!7#)078$!8(#!;0!00#7[7?;?9 *!)077(:;#8!:0%%![07D#7!2::%?)29;!?9)07/2;?09*!?9)09$?$;#9)?#$!?9!;3#!00;#7!3?$;07&!7#)078*!298!%0$;!:708();?0?;&!8(#!;0!;3#!9##8!;0!7#>00;!;3#!$&$;#/!$#0#72%!;?/#$!#2)3!82&,!!

31 Memo from Tom Hayes, LNE Group to the Cuyahoga County Board of County Commissioners (December 7, 2006), p 1.


U!U!U!!

(3?$!40%%2>072;?0#!.(8?;!40//?;;##!2::7#)?2;#$!;3#!2(;307?G2;?09!;0!)098();!;3?$!2(8?;!298![0(%8!%00D!)07[278!;0![07D?9 ![?;3!;3#!44.FK`$!9#[!/292 #7?2%!298!.0278!1#/>#7!;#2/!;0!?/:700#!#%#);?09!0#7?)?)2;?09!298!0;3#7!?9;#792%!)09;70%$,!!

Appendices page

1. Background on formation and structure of Cuyahoga Audit 40

2. Complete sampling methodology for DRE audit 43

3. Form used to collect data on Long reports 46

4. Basic Statistics on DRE long report entries 48

5. Duplicate DRE Serial Numbers 49

6. Photo copy of Long Reports with duplicate DRE Serial Numbers 45

7. All Unmatched Precincts (DRE Audit) 52

8. Discrepancies between PDF and CSV files for unofficial results (128 precincts) 54

9. Form used to collect data on Absentee Ballots 58

10. Discrepancies in Optical Scan Hand Count from GEMS report 59

11. Investigation of Discrepancies in Optical Scan Audit 60

12. Precincts with All or Most Optical Scan Ballots Missing from GEMS 62

13. BOE Email on Missing Batch in the Unofficial Count 63

14. Difference between files provided by the BOE for Optical Scan Audit 64

15. Email Exchange between the Monitor and DESI about GEMS Database 65

16. Indicators that MAY Show Database Corruption 66

17. Excerpt from Microsoft publication on JET issues 67


Appendix 1

Background on the Cuyahoga Collaborative Public Audit:

Creation, Purposes, Authority, and Participants in the

Collaborative Public Audit

I. The Need to Achieve Independent Verification of Election Results Accuracy in reported election results is the primary objective for any quality election administration. Given the range of recent information reported nationally about possible problems with e-voting technologies, and also some of the problems the Cuyahoga County Board of Election (BOE) experienced in prior elections, election reform organizations and the major political parties sought to have the local election results independently verified as accurate reflections of the ballots cast in the November 2006 election. In early fall, the chief initial public concerns focused on the DRE touchscreen voting devices which were to be used at polling places on election day. After discussions with election reform organizations about their concerns, the Public Monitor of Cuyahoga Election Reform32 introduced at a public Board meeting a proposal for a Collaborative Public Audit. The proposal pledged that the Monitor would seek the cooperative involvement of the local Democratic and Republican Parties, plus several election reform organizations to conduct the independent audit. The audit, per the reform organizations’ requests, was to focus on the Diebold DRE touchscreen voting machines. The DRE units are the primary technology used in Cuyahoga County for Election Day voting at the polling locations. The DRE units are also used in “walk-in” absentee voting.33 The BOE Board Members unanimously approved the DRE audit proposal (and one other presented in the same verification proposa) on October 2, 2006, noting that some flexibility might be needed and that the Board’s attorney needed to approve its legality. Thereafter, the county political parties’ chairmen (Republican and Democratic) requested that the audit be extended to include optically scanned absentee ballots. The Audit Committee, which had been formed and begun working, agreed to this extension. The BOE Board Members unanimously approved the extension as well. The Collaborative Audit participants believe the public wants independent verification that the election results that the e-voting technology has generated are accurate. Additionally, they believe both the election administrative staff and the public at large need to know whether the voting machines’ programming maintained its integrity after the machines passed the pre-election testing and were deployed to the polling locations for Election Day.

32 The Center for Election Integrity of Cleveland State University per a proposal and testimony prepared by its Director, Candice Hoke. 33 Functionally, “walk-in” absentee voting is a form of early voting.


Reliable information on these and other questions are crucial so that sound decisions can be made as to the voting and database technologies we used and so that any corrections in administrative or other systems that are needed can be identified. While the audits that were conducted are limited rather than comprehensive and conclusive on these points, the information acquired is useful on these and other issues.

The Brennan Center’s Lawrence Norden has identified five core goals that should motivate the design of election auditing: increasing public confidence in the results of an election; deterring fraud against the voting system; detecting large-scale systemic errors; providing feedback that will allow jurisdictions to improve elections and machinery in future years, and confirming to a high level of confidence that a 100% manual recount would not change the outcome of the race. We agree strongly with this statement of election auditing design goals but would add a sixth: providing additional incentives for the staff to reach higher standards of accuracy. In order to achieve these and other auditing goals, we have concluded, as has Mr. Norden, that the independence of the auditing entity is essential.34 The Collaborative Audit Committee commends the Cuyahoga Board of Election for taking this Ohio leadership role in initiating election auditing and thus creating an independent mechanism for verifying the announced election results. We would also like to thank the over forty volunteers that gave their time over numerous days to help conduct this audit. Without this huge volunteer effort, this audit would not have been possible.

Policy Formation, Structure, and Participating Entities !The participating policymaking entities that conducted the audit were:

• Democratic Party of Cuyahoga County • Republican Party of Cuyahoga County • League of Women Voters • CASE-Ohio (Citizens’ Alliance for Secure Elections) • Greater Cleveland Voter Coalition

The Center for Election Integrity at CSU, in its role as Public Monitor for Cuyahoga County Board of Elections, served as the coordinator of the audit process. Center staff undertook a great deal of auditing duties but proposed the audit structure so that it acted as a neutral facilitator rather than a policymaker with a vote in Collaborative Audit group decisions. The Center for Election Integrity supplied professional staff services. Assistant Director Abigail Horn led the Center’s audit work.

34 Lawrence D. Norden, Statement to the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on House Administration, Subcommittee on Elections, March 20, 2007 at 2; Candice Hoke, Statement to the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on House Administration, Subcommittee on Elections, March 20, 2007 at 2 (this testimony to the Subcommittee on Elections that held hearings on Federal Election Auditing can be found at http://www.verifiedvotingfoundation.org/article.php?id=6445).


The policy decisions governing the audit, including which races to audit, were made by the representatives of the participating policymaking organizations. Each participating organization was limited to a maximum of two representatives on the planning and policymaking Audit Committee. The political parties sent experienced professional auditors and lawyers. The election reform organizations supplied individuals with a wide range of election expertise, including software engineers with technical voting technology expertise and poll workers or election observers. Virtually all decisions were made by consensus.

CSU’s Northern Ohio Data Information Service (NODIS),35 directed by Dr. Mark Salling designed the sample and audit methodology and provided analysis of the results.

35 http://nodisnet1.csuohio.edu/nodis/index.shtml


Appendix 2

Methodology and Procedures to Select Sample for Cuyahoga County Election Audit of DRE Long Reports versus GEMS Tabulations

Prepared by

Ellen Cyran and Mark Salling Northern Ohio Data and Information Service

Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs Cleveland State University

December 28, 2006

This report describes the methodology used to select the sample of precincts used in the audit of the printed long reports produced from the electronic voting machines (DRE) immediately after the polls close on Election Day.36 This audit is to verify the accuracy of the long reports against the published output of GEMS tabulation system that is produced after loading data from each of the memory cards used by the DREs.37 To insure that any discrepancy found is unlikely to affect the outcome of an election, the sample size is based on the closest race among those selected for inclusion by the collaborative audit group. The audit group selected county or statewide races with each political party selecting a race and civic groups selecting the third race. The unofficial election results, which included electronic voting machines (DRE) at the polling locations and early absentee optical scanned ballots, were used to determine the closest race. If the race was a statewide race, then the margin between the candidates at the state level was used in addition to the county level to determine the closeness of the race. The steps involved in determining the sample size are as follows.

1. Calculate the percentage vote margin between the top two candidates of the closest race. In this case, the three selected races had only two candidates each.

2. Since the closest race was a statewide race and the statewide percent winning margin was less than the county-wide margin, the statewide margin percentage was used. The resulting margin was 2.1 percent of the votes cast for that race (state auditor).

3. Apply the state percentage vote margin (2.1%) to the votes in the county for the selected race, divide by two, and add one to obtain the votes needed to change the winner of the race. This provides the number of votes in the county that need to be switched in order to change the outcome of the race, assuming that the percentage margin is applied uniformly statewide.

4. Assume a maximum vote shift of 15 percent between the leading candidate and all other candidates in any precinct. (The Brennan Center recommends 7.5 percent for polling

36 Multiple DREs may be (are often) used at each polling place to collect votes on one or more precincts. 37 This audit is performed since the long reports are available for audit soon after the election. The voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) is not available for the audit because Ohio state law bars access to it.


location sampling and 15 percent for voting unit sampling. 38 This value represents the estimated maximum proportion of votes per polling location, precinct, or voting machine that needs to be switched for a candidate in order to change the outcome of the race.)

5. Sort precincts by descending order of votes cast in the closest race using the unofficial results reported from the Cuyahoga County Board of Elections tabulation server (based on voting from the DREs at the polls and the early absentee results).

6. Calculate the vote shift per precinct: a. Sort the precincts in descending order by votes cast in the closest race. b. Apply the 15 percent vote shift rate to each precinct, rounding up to the nearest vote.

The 15 percent vote shift rate is from one candidate to another or 30 percent vote shift margin.

c. If the winning candidate did not receive 15 percent of the votes in any given precinct, then assign a zero vote shift for the precinct.

This would total to the necessary votes to change the election result (if applied uniformly across the state).

7. Sum the vote shift amount among the precincts until reaching (or just exceeding) the number calculated in step three; i.e., the number of votes necessary to change the outcome. The count is the minimum number of corrupt votes to alter the election with a 2.1 percent margin difference. The number of precincts, which were required to obtain the minimum number of corrupt votes, is the minimum number of corrupt precincts required to alter the election.

8. Use a hypergeometric distribution to determine the probability P of selecting at least one corrupt precinct in a sample of s precincts selected from a population of N precincts containing b corrupt precincts. The formula is:

−

−=

sNs

bN

P 1

This formula must be solved for s with a computer program39 or by estimation. A computer program was used since it gives the most accurate result. The formula was solved to determine the number of precincts that must be audited to insure 95 percent and 99 percent confidence interval levels.

a. The 99 percent confidence intervals requires 110 precincts b. The 95 percent confidence intervals requires 72 precincts;

9. Add 20 percent to the sample size to account for “long reports” that may not be available or useable. Since the 99 percent confidence level was preferred, 22 secondary or “back-up” precincts were added to the primary 110 precincts to be drawn in the sample. Thus,

38 The Brennan Center Task Force on Voting System Security, Lawrence Norden, Chair, The Machinery of Democracy: Protecting Elections in an Electronic World, pg 22, http://www.Brennancenter.org/dynamic/subpages/download_file_39288.pdf. 39 A Matlab program was converted to SAS to calculate the sample size, based on the minimum corrupt votes and the number of corrupt precincts from step 7. The Matlab program is available from Dopp, Kathy and Stenger, Frank: “The Election Integrity Audit,” National Election Data Archive Project, September 25, 2006, http://electionarchive.org/ucvAnalysis/US/paper-audits/ElectionIntegrityAudit.pdf.


110 precincts are needed to achieve the objectives, though a total of 132 precincts are to be drawn.

The following steps were then used to select the sample precincts. 10. Select a sampling seed. Single-digit numbers submitted by each member of the audit

collaborative were used to construct the seed. 11. Obtain the overall sample (soverall=132) with ‘proc surveyselect’ in SAS®40 from the

population of N = 1,434 precincts. 12. Using the same seed as was used in the overall sample selection, obtain the primary

sample (sprimary = 110) with ‘proc surveyselect’ in SAS® from the overall sample of useable forms (suseable), where suseable is expected to be between 110 and 132.

13. Sort the 110 primary sample precincts and the 22 secondary sample precincts separately in descending order by votes cast in the largest precinct and polling location. This kept selected precincts at the same polling place together in the listing to facilitate data collection from the long reports. It also insured that the largest precincts were examined first and included in the sample in the event that a complete sample could not be implemented.

40 SAS®, http://www.sas.com.


Appendix 3 Example of the Form for Recording “Long Report” Data

[See next page]


Appendix 4 Basic statistics on DRE long report entries

General: 1. The complete sample contained 1,414 unique long reports. The BOE had 5,834 DREs to use on Election Day (although it is

unclear if they used them all). If all the available DREs were used, our sample represented 24.2 percent of all long reports. 2. The complete sample contained 132 precincts in 121 polling locations. This represents 9.2 percent of all precincts in the

county. 3. The precincts in the complete sample contained 32,062 total votes cast. This represents 8.9 percent of the total votes cast in the

county (361,025). 4. In the long report sample, 246 unique long reports (some containing data for more than one precinct in our sample) were not

audited at all because those precincts/polling locations were missing some long reports. Without a complete set of long reports for a given precinct, we were unable to audit the existing long reports.

5. This leaves 1,168 unique long reports audited and used in the frequency counts. Some of these long reports contained data for more than one precinct in our sample.

Race and total vote matches: 1. 95 precincts matched the GEMS Server for total votes casts and the six candidate total in the three races. 2. Six precincts partially matched the GEMS Server data since the long reports were missing for some of the races audited. The

two listed below matched at least one complete race. The other four precincts matched at least one candidate, but not a complete race. • Lakewood 3-E, polling location 5650-Westerly Apts. (Barton Ctr) matched in total, state auditor and Supreme Court races.

DRE SN 295434 had a tape jam so the results for judicial race were missing for that DRE.

• East Cleveland 3-D, 4810-Martin Luther King Civic Center matched only the judicial race. DRE SN 254353 was blank for the other races.

3. 31 precincts did not match because of problems with long reports in those polling location.


Appendix 5 Duplicate DRE Serial Numbers

1. Two duplicate DREs with different vote counts were found within polling locations.

DRE SN 278596 – Garfield Heights 1D, Polling location 8027-St. Timothy Manor DRE SN 254886 – Middleburg Heights 4D Polling location 6100-Baptist Mid-Missions None of the above duplicates were deleted from any reporting. The votes in both duplicate long reports appears to have been loaded into the GEMS server since both are needed for the totals to match the audit totals.

2. One duplicate DRE across polling locations was found.

DRE SN 260368 - Brook Park 1E, Polling location 1460-Brook Park Recreation Center

Cleveland 3Q, Polling location 2261-Church Of God Of Cleveland


Appendix 6 Photo Copies of 2 Long Reports:

2 DREs from the Same Precinct with the Same Serial Number

! Please note that the photocopies are on the following two pages. Look in the right portion of the excerpted Long Report for the line that states: “MACHINE SERIAL”


Appendix 7. All Unmatched Precincts

IdFirst Line Polling_Place_Name Precinct_Name Votes Cast Gallagher Hastings Sykes Taylor O_Neill O_Donnell

1 31 1460-BROOK PARK RECREATION CENTER BROOK PARK -01-E -81 -34 -20 -49 -30 -28 -37

2157 3980-CLEVELAND KOREAN PRESB. CHURCH CLEVELAND -16-P

3158 3980-CLEVELAND KOREAN PRESB. CHURCH CLEVELAND -16-Q

4 189 5400-GATES MILLS COMMUNITY HOUSE GATES MILLS -00-B5 201 7220-ST. MARGARET MARY CHURCH HALL SOUTH EUCLID -01-C -17 -9 -2 -8 -7 -8 -76 225 1120-BEACHWOOD HIGH SCHOOL BEACHWOOD -00-F

7295 6700-JOHN MUIR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PARMA -04-A -3 0 -3 -2 -1 0 -2

8 308 1170-COLUMBUS INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL BEDFORD HEIGHTS -03-C9 458 6090-MIDDLEBURG HTS. CHURCH OF GOD MIDDLEBURG HEIGHTS -04-A -277 -74 -100 -94 -137 -70 -128

10 464 7830-ST. JUDE PARISH HALL WARRENSVILLE HTS -07-B

11516 7580-HIGH POINT RECREATION CENTER STRONGSVILLE -02-I -1 -11 -24 0 -1 0 -1

12 571 4990-OUR LADY OF LOURDES SHRINE EUCLID -04-B13 698 3012-ZION CHAPEL(MISS BAPT ANNEX) CLEVELAND -01-U -24 -12 -1 -17 -2 -8 -914 718 6130-ST. WENCESLAS SCHOOL MAPLE HEIGHTS -04-C15 719 6130-ST. WENCESLAS SCHOOL MAPLE HEIGHTS -04-D16 773 3040-CUDELL RECREATION CENTER CLEVELAND -18-I17 796 5650-WESTERLY APTS. (BARTON CTR) LAKEWOOD -03-E 0 -5 -2 0 0 0 0

18842 8024-FIFTH CHRISTIAN CHURCH CLEVELAND -01-B -2 0 -1 -2 0 0 -1

19 916 2440-ST. MARTIN DEPORRES CENTER CLEVELAND -09-K20 936 5710-LINCOLN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL LAKEWOOD -02-H -190 -58 -74 -101 -72 -79 -79

21937 5710-LINCOLN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL LAKEWOOD -02-I -6 -2 -1 -6 0 -3 -3

22 980 4220-GLENVILLE HIGH SCHOOL CLEVELAND -09-E -189 -71 -47 -162 -8 -79 -7123 985 4860-TERRACE TOWERS EAST CLEVELAND -04-E24 990 2265-BOYS & GIRLS CLUB OF CLEVELAND CLEVELAND -03-L25 1013 2420-CAPTAIN ARTHUR ROTH SCHOOL CLEVELAND -09-F26 1027 6535-SENIOR CITIZENS CENTER BLDG-G OAKWOOD -05-A -83 -36 -12 -61 -14 -32 -2327 1097 4500-SIMPSON UN'D METHODIST CHURCH CLEVELAND -18-R28 1107 4280-IMMACULATE HEART OF MARY CLEVELAND -12-D -37 -14 -17 -24 -9 -13 -19

291153 6710-RIDGEBROOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PARMA -01-G

30 1194 2360-EVERLASTING BAPTIST CHURCH CLEVELAND -10-J

311206 4810-MARTIN LUTHER KING CIVIC CENTER EAST CLEVELAND -03-D -17 0 0 -12 -2 -11 -3

32 1328 6580-ORANGE VILLAGE HALL ORANGE -00-C -11 -4 -13 -5 -4 -5 -533 1380 8018-PEARLBROOK CHURCH OF GOD CLEVELAND -16-S34 1419 2300-ALEXANDER G. BELL ELEM. SCHOOL CLEVELAND -06-S -58 -28 -12 -50 -3 -43 -3535 1527 2080-GREATER ABYSSINIA TOWERS CLEVELAND -08-O36 1546 4290-WESTSIDE SACHSENHEIM HALL CLEVELAND -16-A37 1547 4290-WESTSIDE SACHSENHEIM HALL CLEVELAND -16-C

Difference (Audit minus GEMS)

Note: Those precincts with blanks (no differences recorded) did not have completed audits because long report problems were identified at the beginning and auditors knew they would not have sufficient information to do a comparison with GEMS data.



54

Appendix 8 Discrepancies between PDF and sum of CSV files for unofficial results

(128 precincts)

Difference - Unofficial PDF results minus combined CSV results

Precinct Cards Cast

Sykes Taylor Gallagher Hastings O'Donnell O'Neill

BEACHWOOD -00-D 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 BEACHWOOD -00-H 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 BEACHWOOD -00-K 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 BEDFORD -01-A 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 BEDFORD -03-A 3 2 1 2 0 0 1 BEREA -02-A 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 BRECKSVILLE -00-E 2 0 1 0 2 2 0 BRECKSVILLE -00-L 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BROOKLYN -00-A 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 BROOKLYN -00-C 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 BROOKLYN -00-F 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 BROOKLYN -00-G 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 BROOK PARK -01-A 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 BROOK PARK -01-B 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 BROOK PARK -01-C 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 BROOK PARK -02-A 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 BROOK PARK -02-C 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 BROOK PARK -04-A 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 CLEVELAND -01-D 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 CLEVELAND -01-F 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 CLEVELAND -01-N 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 CLEVELAND -01-P 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 CLEVELAND -02-A 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 CLEVELAND -02-I 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 CLEVELAND -02-S 5 5 0 0 1 0 2 CLEVELAND -03-B 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 CLEVELAND -03-R 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 CLEVELAND -05-J 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 CLEVELAND -05-L 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 CLEVELAND -05-M 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 CLEVELAND -05-N 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 CLEVELAND -05-R 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 CLEVELAND -08-E 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 CLEVELAND -08-R 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 CLEVELAND -09-F 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 CLEVELAND -09-G 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 CLEVELAND -09-J 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 CLEVELAND -09-K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1



55

CLEVELAND -10-M 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 CLEVELAND -10-Q 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 CLEVELAND -11-J 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 CLEVELAND -13-E 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 CLEVELAND -13-X 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 CLEVELAND -15-E 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 CLEVELAND -16-D 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 CLEVELAND -16-Q 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 CLEVELAND -16-R 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 CLEVELAND -17-G 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 CLEVELAND -18-D 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 CLEVELAND -19-C 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 CLEVELAND -19-D 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 CLEVELAND -20-A 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 CLEVELAND -20-N 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 CLEVELAND -21-A 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 CLEVELAND -21-G 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 CLEVELAND -21-P 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 CLEVELAND HEIGHTS -01-J

2 1 1 0 1 0 1

CLEVELAND HEIGHTS -04-D

1 1 0 1 0 0 1

EAST CLEVELAND -03-G 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 EUCLID -01-D 2 0 2 0 2 1 1 EUCLID -01-M 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 EUCLID -03-K 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 EUCLID -04-D 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 EUCLID -04-I 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 GARFIELD HEIGHTS -01-E

1 1 0 1 0 1 0

GARFIELD HEIGHTS -02-C

1 1 0 1 0 0 1

GARFIELD HEIGHTS -05-C

1 0 0 0 0 0 0

INDEPENDENCE -00-A 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 INDEPENDENCE -00-G 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 INDEPENDENCE -00-H 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 LAKEWOOD -01-A 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 LAKEWOOD -01-L 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 LAKEWOOD -02-K 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 LAKEWOOD -04-D 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 LYNDHURST -02-D 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 LYNDHURST -03-A 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 LYNDHURST -04-E 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 MAPLE HEIGHTS -03-D 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 MAPLE HEIGHTS -04-A 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 MAPLE HEIGHTS -04-C 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 MAPLE HEIGHTS -07-C 2 1 1 2 0 1 1 MAYFIELD HEIGHTS -00-B

1 0 1 0 1 0 1



56

MAYFIELD HEIGHTS -00-F

2 1 0 1 0 0 1

MAYFIELD HEIGHTS -00-M

1 1 0 1 0 0 1

MAYFIELD VILLAGE -01-A 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 MAYFIELD VILLAGE -03-A 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 MIDDLEBURG HEIGHTS -04-C

1 1 0 0 1 0 1

NEWBURGH HEIGHTS -00-A

1 0 0 1 0 0 0

NORTH OLMSTED -01-B 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 NORTH OLMSTED -02-D 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 NORTH OLMSTED -04-A 2 1 1 2 0 1 1 NORTH OLMSTED -04-G 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 NORTH OLMSTED -04-H 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 NORTH ROYALTON -03-A 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 NORTH ROYALTON -03-E 2 0 1 0 2 1 0 NORTH ROYALTON -05-C 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 OLMSTED TOWNSHIP -00-B

2 1 1 0 1 0 1

PARMA -01-C 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 PARMA -01-E 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 PARMA -02-A 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 PARMA -03-A 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 PARMA -03-J 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 PARMA -04-C 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 PARMA -05-D 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 PARMA -06-D 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 PARMA -07-G 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 PARMA -08-E 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 PARMA -09-E 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 PEPPER PIKE -00-B 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 PEPPER PIKE -00-D 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 PEPPER PIKE -00-F 3 2 1 1 2 0 3 ROCKY RIVER -02-F 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 ROCKY RIVER -03-B 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 SEVEN HILLS -01-C 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 SEVEN HILLS -03-C 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 SHAKER HEIGHTS -00-JJ 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 SOLON -01-C 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 SOLON -02-B 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 SOLON -03-C 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 SOUTH EUCLID -02-G 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 STRONGSVILLE -04-C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS -00-F

1 1 0 1 0 1 0

UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS -00-M

2 2 0 1 1 0 2

WESTLAKE -02-C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 WESTLAKE -02-D 1 1 0 1 0 1 0



57

WESTLAKE -04-B 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 WESTLAKE -05-E 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 WESTLAKE -05-F 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Total 152 91 42 58 50 48 72 Maximum difference 5 5 2 2 2 2 3 Minimum difference 1 0 0 0 0 0 0



58

Appendix 9 Example of Form Used to Audit the Absentee Optical Scan

Ballots



59

Appendix 10 Discrepancies in Optical Scan Hand Count from GEMS report

Group A. The audit hand count results were lower than the GEMS reported count in these 16 precincts:

Beachwood 0-E -1 Sykes Berea 4-C -1 Taylor Brook Park 1C -1 Sykes Brook Park 2A -1 Taylor Cleveland 14-J -1 Sykes Cleveland 17-B -1 Sykes East Cleveland 4-H -3 Sykes Mayfield Heights 0-I -1 Sykes North Olmstead 1-A -1 Sykes North Olmstead 4G -1 Sykes Olmsted Falls 3-A -2 Sykes -2 Taylor Richmond Heights 3-C -1 Taylor Shaker Heights 0-Q -1 Sykes South Euclid 2-A -1 Sykes University Heights 0-E -1 Sykes Westlake 2-B -1 Sykes

Group B. The audit hand count results were higher than the GEMS reported count in these 11 precincts:

Broadview Heights 1-D +1 Sykes +1 Taylor Broadview Heights 2-C +1 Sykes Cleveland 3-K +1 Sykes Cleveland 6-D +1 Sykes Cleveland 7-T +1 Sykes Cleveland 11-D +1 Sykes Highland Hills 0-A +1 Sykes +1 Taylor Lyndhurst 4-C +1 Sykes Maple Heights 4-D +1 Taylor Rocky River 3-B +1 Sykes Seven Hills 4-B +1 Taylor

Group C. The audit hand count results were both higher and lower for the candidates compared to the GEMS reported count in precinct Lyndhurst 1-B with –1 Sykes vote and +1 Taylor vote. Group D. The GEMS reported count was zero ballots counted and zero votes in precinct North Olmsted 2-F. The folder for OS ballots for this precinct contained ballots (36 for Sykes, 21 for Taylor, and 3 blank).



60

Appendix 11 Investigation of Discrepancies in Optical Scan Audit

Discrepancy Evaluation – Group A Examination of the Central Count report for information about the 16 precincts with discrepancies of a lower count (Group A) showed that 11 of the precincts had ballot cards filed in an additional location. Such ballot cards would have been included in the GEMS count but because they were not present in the folder at the time of the audit, they would not have been included in the audit tabulation. There appear to be two subgroups in this category. One group has additional ballot cards misfiled as a minor component of another deck in numbers consistent with the numbers of votes missing, i.e., three ballot cards per vote. Specifically

Beachwood 0-E 1 missing vote 3 ballot cards wrong deck Cleveland 14-J 1 missing vote 3 ballot cards wrong deck East Cleveland 4-H 3 missing votes 9 ballot cards wrong deck Mayfield Heights 0-I 1 missing vote 3 ballot cards wrong deck North Olmstead 1-A 1 missing vote 3 ballot cards wrong deck Olmsted Falls 3-A 4 missing votes 12 ballot cards wrong deck Richmond Heights 3-C 1 missing vote 3 ballot cards wrong deck Shaker Heights 0-Q 1 missing vote 3 ballot cards wrong deck

The second group has single ballot cards scanned in a deck that consisted of only that single card. The origin of these single card decks is not known. Specifically

Brook Park 1C 1 missing vote 1 ballot card solo deck Brook Park 2A 1 missing vote 1 ballot card solo deck North Olmstead 4G 1 missing vote 1 ballot card solo deck

These ballot cards were not recovered from their locations nor examined to determine votes marked. The number of ballot cards in all cases was sufficient to account for the number of votes that were missing from the respective precincts. The discrepancies in the other five precincts in Group A could not be explained by this means since there was no evidence found of ballot cards filed in locations other than the folder examined by the audit. Discrepancy Evaluation – Group B Examination of the Central Count report for information about the 11 precincts with discrepancies of a higher count (Group B) showed that six of the precincts had additional ballot cards from other precincts included. These would not have been included in the GEMS count but could possibly have been included in the audit tabulation if they were not recognized and excluded.



61

Specifically: Broadview Heights 1-D 2 extra votes 4 cards other precincts Broadview Heights 2-C 1 extra votes 3 cards other precincts Cleveland 6-D 1 extra votes 3 cards other precincts Highland Hills 0-A 2 extra votes 6 cards other precincts Lyndhurst 4-C 1 extra votes 3 cards other precincts Rocky River 3-B 1 extra votes 3 cards other precincts During a second follow-up visit to the BOE, these precinct folders were re-examined specifically to determine if the ballot cards from other precincts shown by the Central Count to be present were in fact present and to determine if these ballots had been included in the audit count. In all six of these precinct folders, ballot cards from other precincts were indeed present. In three folders, the original audit count had apparently included the misfiled ballot cards and the discrepancy was resolved when these were excluded. In the other three precincts, the misfiled ballots had apparently been excluded at the time of the original audit (the misfiled ballots were all placed first in each folder) and the re-count results excluding these were the same as those found in the original audit. The discrepancies in the other five precincts in Group B could not be explained by this means. Group C - Other Discrepancy Evaluation The one precinct (Group C; Lyndhurst 1-B ) in which the audit count was one vote high for one candidate and one vote low for the other was also recounted and the results were found to be the same as the original audit count. NOTE: During this follow-up visit, five other precincts with discrepant results that were not apparently explained or reconcilable by misfiled ballots were examined and re-counted. In all cases the counts were the same as those from the initial audit.



62

Appendix 12 Precincts with All or Most Optical Scan Ballots Missing from GEMS

Because we had by chance selected a precinct (North Olmsted 2F) that had OS ballots returned but not recorded in the Central Count Report or on the SOVC report we were aware that this was a possible explanation for no results and no ballots counted. An alternate explanation for zero results would be if there were, in fact, no absentee ballots returned for these precincts. In an attempt to determine if that was the case we determined the number of absentee ballots reported returned for each of these precincts by November 3, 2006, the cutoff time for inclusion in the early absentee scanning. This file was obtained from the BOE (absentee voters for November 2006.csv). Nine of the 11 precincts did not have any absentee ballots returned, but two others did. As a follow-up, the report of absentee ballots returned was compared to the number of ballots reported in the GEMS report and ballots counted in the Central Count report for all precincts. Within the limitations of the data and possible errors in the absentee information it appears likely that all or nearly all of the ballots for at least several precincts were not included in the unofficial SOVC. Specifically:

Chagrin Falls Twp A 126 voters 11 abs returned 0 SOVC Cleveland 2I 940 voters 30 abs returned 1 SOVC Cleveland 13X 920 voters 12 abs returned 1 SOVC North Olmsted 2F 759 voters 63 abs returned 0 SOVC

We asked to examine these four decks and were able to examine three of them. One was not able to be found and was not present on the log showing storage location. The documentation on the folders for the three decks examined indicated that these ballots had been scanned during the unofficial count. One of these had a notation “Reject delete” that had been erased but was still readable. It appears that these precincts were deleted from the GEMS tally for some reason. The precinct folders examined contained ballots in numbers corresponding to the number of absentee ballots reported returned. The procedure during scanning for the unofficial count required verification by the tabulation staff that the number of pages reported on GEMS was within a certain margin of error of the number of pages reported by the scanner. If not within that margin of error the tabulation staff was to delete the batch result from GEMS and the deck was to be rescanned. In these cases, it is possible that after deleting the digital batch from GEMS, the ballots were not rescanned but simply put back in the file. Two precincts each showed one vote in GEMS because there was a single ballot card for each of those precincts present in a deck that consisted of only the single card.



63

Appendix 13 BOE Email on Missing Batch in the Unofficial Count

-------- Original Message -------- Subject: Missing Batch in the Unofficial Count!

Date: Fri, 29 Dec 2006 13:28:30 -0800 (PST)!From: Frank James Hlad <[email protected]>!

To: Abigail Horn <[email protected]>!

We have no evidence of that missing batch in the unofficial count. As we said, it looks as if the batch was scanned, deleted from GEMS, and never re-scanned. Austin had that printout that Kurt was talking about, and the precinct showed no votes cast. We have been unable to find transaction log information on that day. I am not certain if that's because Matt and Brian don't know where to look or if the log doesn't exist. We did locate a transaction log from the official count, but there was no way to sort or find data within it. It is massive, as you might imagine. I guess I don't know what to tell you about all this. Your point about dropping a batch in the official count is well taken. Because we can't output data in any usable form from GEMS, we really have no mechanism (except eyeballs) to catch a problem like that. F



64

Appendix 14 Differences between files provided by the BOE for Optical Scan Audit

run date Title in PDF Name of File Received by Audit

Cards Cast Sykes Taylor

11/13/2006 (12:48 PM) Post Absentee/Pre DRE gems sovc report post avos - pre tsx.pdf 11/13/2006 201,290 40,194 21,059 11/13/2006 post avos- pre tsx data.csv 11/13/2006 201,290 40,194 21,059

11/27/2006 (7:52 AM)

filename Official, but data is unofficial, inside the document only titled ABS

GEMS SOVC REPORT official AVOS only 11-06.pdf 1/31/2007 201,595 40,321 21,068

1/31/2007 (10:54 AM) ABS, Unofficial Results GEMS SOVC REPORT Unofficial AVOS Only.pdf 1/31/2007(?) 201,473 40,307 21,109



65

Appendix 15 Email Exchange between the Monitor and DESI about GEMS Database

-------- Original Message -------- Subject: Database Question posed by the Monitor

Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2006 16:28:21 -0500 From: Bellis, Chris <[email protected]>

To: Michael Vu <[email protected]>, Lou Irizarry <[email protected]>, Matthew Jaffe <[email protected]>, Hiner, Jessica <[email protected]>, Candice Hoke <[email protected]>, [email protected]

CC: Gwen Dillingham <[email protected]>, Green, Pat <[email protected]>

Earlier today as a result of the Monitor’s Investigation of a GEMS Database Tom Ryan ran the following SQL statement on a mdb file off of a CD: SELECT SUM(Vote Totals) from candidatecounter WHERE CANDVGROUPID = 1433 The resulting value was 186,205. Then he ran the following statement on the same .mdb file

SELECT SUM(Vote Totals) from sumcandidatecounter WHERE CANDVGROUPID = 1433 AND VCENTERID <> -1

The resulting value was 186, 027. Two questions emerged:

1. Why is the value different? 2. Why do we store candidate totals in two different tables?

ANSWER: Chris, The SumCandidateCounter table is used to store the totals by precinct rather than by counter batch; this was done for performance reasons. The SumCandidateCounter table is updated from the CandidateCounter table when a report is printed whereas the CandidateCounter table is updated when the when the results are posted. Therefore if results had been posted since the last report was printed the totals would not match. Hope this helps. Tab Talbot Iredale, P.Eng, Software Development Manager Diebold Election Systems



66

Appendix 16 Indicators that MAY Show Database Corruption

Discovered in the Monitor’s Review of CCBOE Unofficial Results Database on 11/17/06* 1. Table element entries were missing date/time stamps of when the information was entered. 2. Table element entries had date/time stamps of January 1, 1970, which is the epoch (zero-point) of UNIX time. 3. In an email dated November 3rd, 2006, from DESI’s Talbot Iredale, he claimed

"Accounting for transaction overhead, I do not expect the database to grow by more than 100 MB during absentee processing. However this will vary dependent on what other other activities (printing, reports, etc.) occur during the processing."

The database grew to a size greater than 100 MB for absentee processing and a size above 1000 MB for the full election. What happened? Why were the estimations wrong? Precision is very important, especially when dealing with votes. Where else were DESI calculations imprecise? 4. Vote totals in two separate database tables held different values. DESI has provided a response, but as of yet, this response has not been tested or verified. 5. In an email from Chris Bellis dated Monday, November 20, 2006, Mr. Bellis summarized the "large amount of concurrent activity" that was occurring on the GEMS server on election night. This included DRE uploads, the JResults server running, the AVServer running, and Digital Guardian running, all interacting with the database in varying functions. In a subsequent email from Jessica Hiner, dated Sunday, November 26, 2006, Ms. Hiner stated "In the context of an online system with many users, Jet would not be an appropriate choice, but that is not how we use it."

! It appears in DESI's own words, Hiner acknowledges that when there is a large amount of concurrent activity, Jet database corruption occur. Chris Bellis has said that on election night, there was a lot of concurrent activity on the server. Taking these two statements together, it would seem very possible that corruption may have occurred.

Microsoft's own documentation has stated that database corruption within JET is unavoidable. This statement is without qualifiers. Normal operation of the Jet database includes corruption. *[From a Monitor staff software engineer with substantial database expertise who conducted an initial review of the unofficial election results database with representatives of DESI and the BOE present; sent to Project Director Candice Hoke, who then hand-delivered it to the Board Members at the November 2006 certification Board meeting.]



67

Appendix 17

Security

Data Integrity

Transaction Logs and Rollbacks

A.

The above paragraphs can be found in Microsoft Access or SQL Server: What's Right in Your Organization? at

http://www.microsoft.com/sql/solutions/migration/access/compare-access.mspx !

0 ('+...e m b argoed p ress c op y: d o n o t r e l e a s e u n til 4-19-07 11:00 am . ... c...

Documents