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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 13.8 billions of years after creation 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 13.8 billions of years after creation CMB temperature (K) CMB temperature (K) 00 55 1010 1515 NASA S. Muller et al, A&A 551 (2013), id. A109

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Unique Time to Observe NASA If were created earlier, creation light lacks time to reach us. If were created earlier, creation light lacks time to reach us. If were created later, dark energy expands the universe at greater than lights velocity. If were created later, dark energy expands the universe at greater than lights velocity.

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Only at 13.8 billion years after the cosmic creation event can humans observe all of cosmic history and directly witness the cosmic creation event. NASA/Hubble Heritage Team STScI/AURA Why so old?

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19901990

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19921992

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20032003

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December 2012

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March 2013

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Temporal Tests