fler of Shell, which gave a practical means ofcomfort to millions of pets, incidentallykeeping fleas and ticks off of people.

This brief review makes note in anecdotalform of some of the many advances in ento-mology in which members and organiza-tions within the Pacific Branch played animportant part. We now look forward tosimilar progress in the next 100years.

History of the North Central Branch

ED. MILLER,JR.

Acknowledgment

Assistancefrom the followingentomologistsbyprovidingmaterialfor this historyis gratefullyac-knowledged: w. W. Allen, Berkeley; G. E. Ball,Universityof Alberta; M.M. Barnes, Riverside;R. E. Berry,Oregon StateUniversity;A.M.Boyce,Riverside;Joseph Capizzi,Jr., Oregon State Uni-versity;H.G. Davis,USDA,Yakima;A.R. Gittins,'University of Idaho; W. H. Lange. Davis; G. E.Long,WashingtonState University;A.E. Michel-bacher,Berkeley;W. C.Mitchell,UniversityofHa-waii; M.W Nielson,Brigham YoungUniversity;H.T.Reynolds,Riverside;E G.Zalom,Davis.Spe-cial thanks go to M.M.Barnes and Joseph Cap-izzi, Jr., who assisted in preparing the manu-script.

Annua I Reviewof Entomology

VOL 34 • 1989

The Annual Review of Ento-mology provides an overview ofrecent developments and currentdiscoveries in the field of ento-mology. Published 'each January,Annual Review of Entomologycontains authoritative critical re-views on a variety of topiCS. Avaluable resource for entomolo-giSts, students, teachers, and re-searchers. Thomas E. Mittler,Frank J. Radovsky, and Vincent H.Resh, editors.

ESA member price:$30.00 (USA), $34.00 (elsewhere)

Nonmember price:$34.00 (USA), $38.00 (elsewhere)

Please send prepayment to ESA, PO BOIl

177. Hyattsville, MD 20781-0177

ENTOMOLOGYin the north centralbranch had its beginnings in thelate nineteenth century, during

which time the subject of entomology wasbeing taught in several of the agriculturalcolleges throughout the region.

As a result of this early interest in thefield of entomology, strong research, teach-ing, and cooperative extension programshave evolved in most of the land grant uni-versities of the region. In addition, in-depthresearch programs in specific areas havedeveloped at several other midwestern uni-versities. Outstanding arthropod collec-tions now exist at various state universitiesand at the Field Museum in Chicago. Ama-teur entomologists played an integral partin the initial development of these collec-tions (Treece 1976).

A rich historical heritage is preserved atvarious institutions throughout the branch.Many of these institutions (universities, ar-chives, libraries) contain historical docu-ments, correspondence, reports, and bookswritten on significant entomological eventsor by notable entomologists. Examples in-clude the personal papers and correspon-dence of T.D. A. Cockerell and the writingsof C.V.Riley including "Annual Reports ofNoxious ... Insects of the State of Missouri,1869-1877," 92 hand-painted teachingcharts, published papers (1863-1892), and abook dated 1877on the locust plague. In ad-dition, the correspondence of Charles Dar-win to B.D. Walsh on entomological mattersand the correspondence of S. A. Forbes(1877-1930), Thaddeus Harris, Thomas Say,Lawrence Bruner, M.H. Swenk, Herbert Os-born, and T.H. Parks may be found in var-ious archives and libraries throughout theregion. The personal files of Dwight Isely (along-time Arkansas entomologist), ReginaldPainter, F.H. Snow, James Troop, and].].Davis have been preserved as well. Scrap-books, photographs, newspaper clippings,and transparencies of prominent personsand major entomological events of the 1800sand early 1900s complete the list of pre-served historical resources (Bulletin 1981,27(1):14-16).

The North Central Branch now includesthe states of Colorado, Illinois, Indiana,Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minne-sota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota,Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyo-

ming and the Canadian provinces of Mani-toba and Ontario west of 80° longitude.

North Central States Entomologists

The first meeting of North Central Offi-cial Entomologists occurred March 15, 1921,at Lafayette, Ind. (Table 1). Earlier that year,J.J. Davis of Indiana communicated withS.A. Forbes of Illinois concerning the needfor a few neighboring entomologists tomeet and discuss issues of mutual concern.As a result, S.A. Forbes, state entomologistof Illinois, called a meeting. Below is a di-rect quote from Forbes's letter of invitationto Ohio entomologists, which outlines theconference as viewed by him:

We have been planning a conferenceof official entomologists of a few of thenorth central states with a view to anadjustment and unification of problemsof investigation and operation for thecoming season and have now definitelyagreed upon March 15, 1921as the timeand Purdue University, Lafayette, Indi-ana as the place.Thirteen entomologists were present at

this first meeting: S. A. Forbes and W.P.Flint, representing Illinois; E N.Wallace,]'J.Davis, H. F. Dietz, James Troop, and W A.Price, representing Indiana; Leonard Hase-man, representing Missouri; H. A. Gossardand T.H. Parks, representing Ohio; andW H. Larrimer, H. R. Painter, and G. B. Pear-son, representing the U.S. Bureau of Ento-mology, Cereal, and Forage Crop Insect Lab-oratory at Lafayette, Ind. Forbes acted aschairman, and Davis was secretary. Fromthis meeting, an equally informal group,known as the North Central States OfficialEntomologists, was created.

Each of the attending state representa-tives outlined problems and discussed re-search in progress, extension programs,and possible mutual solutions. No officialprogram was proposed in advance and the

FREDRIC D. MIllER, JR., is an urban entomologistwith the University of Illinois, Cooperative exten-sion Service, Oak Brook. He is the North CentralBranch archivist and chairman of the ESAStanding Committee on Archives.

70 00l3-8754/89/0070-0074102.00/0 «:> 1989 Entomological Society of America

Delegates to tbe third Annual Conference of the North Central States Official En-tomologists, March 6-7, 1924, at tbe Botany and Zoology building on the ObioState University campus in Columbus.

Thble 1. North Central States Entomologists' Conferences, 1921-1945

Meeting Date Location President-Chairman Secretary-Treasurer

1 March 15,1921 Lafayette, Ind. S.A. Forbes ].]. Davis2 March 2-3,1923 Urbana,IlI. W P.Flint ].]. Davis3 March 6-7, 1924 Columbus, Ohio H. A.Gossard T.A. Parks4 March 5-6, 1925 Lafayette, Ind. ].J. Davis W P.Flint5 March 4-5, 1926 Urbana, Ill. J. W McCollock T.H. Frison6 March 3-5, 1927 Madison, Wis. S. B. Fracker D. M.DeLong7 March 1-2, 1928 St. Louis, Mo. A. E Satterthwait D. O. Sullivan8 Feb. 28-March 2, 1929 East Lansing, Mich. R.H. Pettit E. O. Mandenberg9 March 5-6, 1930 Lafayette, Ind. J.J. Davis

10 March 4-5, 1931 Urbana, Ill. WP.Flint T.H. Frison11 March 3-4, 1932 Wooster, Ohio J. S. Houser L.L.Huber12 March 2-3, 1933 St. Louis, Mo. A. E Satterthwait W B. Noble13 March 1-2, 1934 Lafayette, Ind. J.J. Davis14 Feb. 28-March 1, 1935 Urbana, III. W P.Flint C. L.Metcalf15 March 5-6, 1936 Ames, Iowa c.J. Drake16 March 4-5, 1937 Kansas City,Mo. G. A.Dean17 March 3-4, 1938 Columbus, Ohio T.H. Parks18 March 23-24, 1939 St. Paul, Minn. A.G. Ruggles19 March 21-22, 1940 Lafayette, Ind. J. J. Davis20 March 27-28, 1941 Columbia, Mo. L.Haseman21 March 26-27, 1942 Urbana,IlI. WP.Flint22 March 25-26, 1943 Lafayette, Ind. J.J. Davis23 March 30-31, 1944 Urbana, Ill. C. L.Metcalf24 March 29-30, 1945 Lafayette, Ind. J.J. Davis

FAll 1989

conferees simply assembled around a tableto discuss various issues with a view to ad-justment and unification as previously pro-posed by Forbes.

A number of benefits resulted from thismeeting, including the free exchange ofideas, steps toward eliminating unneces-sary duplication of research work at thestate level, and the implementation of spe-cific life history studies of pest insects in in-dividual states. Insect pests of individualstates discussed at the meeting included theHessian fly, the chinch bug, the codlingmoth, and aphids. Other insect pests re-ceiving attention included the striped cu-

cumber beetle, the cabbageworm, the cornearworm, and the cutworm. The major por-tion of one day was devoted to the Hessianfly and its control. In addition, the attendeesdecided that where appropriate, pest con-trol experiments should emphasize more ofa regional approach to avoid unnecessaryduplication of effort. In certain situations, itwas decided that individual states wouldneed to conduct specific pest control exper-iments.

As a result of this pooling of information,projects were combined and coordinatedinto a regional effort. For example, uniformHessian-fly-free dates were later agreed

upon by Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois afterdata from individual states and the FederalCereal Insect Laboratory had been pooledand studied at subsequent conferences. Theresults of this meeting were so successfulthat it was decided to repeat the confer-ence. However, the second conference wasnot held until March 2-3, 1923, at Urbana,Ill. Those in attendance also voted at the1921 meeting to extend a formal invitationto the next annual meeting of the NorthCentral States Official Entomologists to offi-cial entomologists from Iowa, Kansas, Mich-igan, Nebraska, and Wisconsin, "The meet-ing was adjourned promptly in order forattendees to catch trains."

Subsequent meetings continued to beheld annually with the meeting site sharedby participating states (Table 1). Over thenext 20 years, attendance at the conferencescontinued to grow steadily and even ex-panded to states outside the north centralregion. This growth was evident when in1936, at the 15th meeting in Ames, Iowa, apeak attendance of 252 conferees repre-senting 33 states and Canada were present(Tables 1 and 2). Canadian entomologistsbegan to attend as early as 1925 at thefourth meeting, in Lafayette, Ind.

Concurrent with the increase in atten-dance was an increase in the diversity ofdiscussion topics and programs. As a result,the "Official" designation was soon elimi-nated (1925), and the meetings becameknown as the North Central States Entomol-ogists Conference. In spite of the diversityof interests, programs of the various ses-sions remained informal, and formal orga-nization with elected officers and dues wasstrongly resisted. Mter 1931, the program,which was developed on the theory that dis-cussion subjects should be of interest to aU,was divided into two or three concurrentsessions, which were conducted half of thetime, as well as a general program.

Even as late as 1938, subjects for discus-sion were suggested by members alongwith the name of an entomologist bestsuited to lead the discussion on the subject.No prepared papers were read except byinvitation, and the discussions were briefand general.

The conference program and local ar-rangements were the responsibility of thelocal program committee at the host meet-ing location. The meetings were held an-nually on the Thursday and Friday of thefirst week of March and were usually pre-ceded by a meeting of the Central StatesPlant Board. The location of each annualmeeting was determined by a vote of thosepresent based on invitations extended bythe membershtp (Parks 1938).

Summaries of the discussion sessionswere mimeographed, assembled into a

71

Thble 2. Selected meetings of the NorthCentral States Official Entomologists( 1921-1945 ), AAEE North Central StatesBranch (1946-1953), and ESA North Central.Branch (1954 to present)

Meeting Year Attendance

1 1921 135 1926 5710 1931 80]5 ]936 25220 1941 ]7724 ]945 66a

] ]946 1875 1950 3348 1953 3299 1954 299

10 ]955 30415 ]960 34220 1965 34]25 ]970 36230 1975 40435 1980 51540 ]985 53542 ]987 555

"Anendance was limited due to travel restrictionsbecause of World War II.

complete report, and mailed to all attendingentomologists and other interested partiesfor a charge of fifty cents to cover specialstenographic procedures and postage(Parks 1938).

By 1938, 14 states represented the NorthCentral States Conference extending fromKentucky,Ohio, and Michigan on the east tothe Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, and Okla-homa on the west. Entomologists associatedwith the Federal Bureau of Entomology andPlant Quarantine in Washington, D.C., werealways welcome and their participation wasappreciated (Parks 1938).

American Association ofEconomic Entomologists

During the aforementioned period, affili-ation with the American Association of Eco-nomic Entomologists as a branch was op-posed because of the North Central StatesEntomologists desire to strive for informal-ity.However, in 1945at the twenty-fourth an-nual meeting in Lafayette, Ind. (March 29-30), it was proposed that the North CentralStates Conference become a branch ofAAEE.Considerable discussion originatedfrom the proposal, particularly concerningfears that formal meetings and reading ofpapers would be adopted, that dues wouldbe necessary, and that expenses would notbe reimbursable for attendance at associa-tion meetings. On the positive side, the pro-posal was welcomed because it would en-courage administrators to approveattendance at these meetings due to theirformal organization, and it would facilitate aunited front for post-World War II entomo-logical research, teaching, and extension.

72

In spite of this proposal for formal affili-ation, the membership decided that thebranch should retain its informal sessions.Also, because of travel restrictions due toWorld War II, many members of the northcentral states were unable to attend themeeting, and those in attendance believedthe rest of the membership should be con-sulted before proceeding with formal affili-ation. Consequently, the membership pre-sent requested that a mail vote beconducted regarding formal affiliation withthe AAEE.The results of the poll indicatedoverwhelming support for the proposalwith 122 votes cast from 15states with 119infavor of and three against affiliation (DaviS1953). By a vote taken at the 1945 meeting,J. J. Davis of Indiana was elected presidentand M.D. Farrar was elected secretary.

The first annual meeting of the NorthCentral States Branch of AAEE was heldMarch 27-29, 1946, in St. Louis, Mo., with187 in attendance representing 30 states,Canada, and Palestine (Tables 2 and 3).

Reflecting World War II technological andscientific advances, much of the discussionand program for the 1946 meeting con-cerned the adoption of aircraft for the appli-cation of insecticides and fungicides and theuse of DDT in pest control programs. Manyof the discussion topics emphasized appliedresearch and the role that the CooperativeExtension Service would play in postwarpest control. Representative topics included"For What Will Each State Extension Ento-mologist Recommend the Use of DDT in1946?" "How Can We Fit Extension Entomol-ogy into the Broad Post-War Programs Suchas Public Health, Farm Buildings, Etc.?""Post-War Insect Control Problems from theViewpoint of the Pest Control Operators,""Use of DDT on Man and Animals," "ThePlace of DDT as an Insecticide with SpecialReference to Agriculture," "The Toxicologyof DDT," and "Hazards, Limitations, andProblems Involved in the Use of DDT"

Adjustment to the formal organization de-veloped quickly. At the 1946 meeting, a res-olution was passed and communicated tothe officers and executive committees ofAAEE and the Entomological Society ofAmerica supporting "the establishment of astrong central entomological organization."Much of this action was stimulated by theevents of World War II. Many professionalentomologists played an active and vital rolein the war effort. As a result, substantialsupport was present for a strong central or-ganization to facilitate postwar research;better cooperation and communicationamong various state, regional, and federalagencies; and a more active involvement ofentomologists on various legislative andcongressional committees, particularly inthe areas of biological, health, and medical

sciences, and the national defense. Thisearly recognition of the need for this kindof organization eventually developed intothe present-day ESA.

Entomological Society of America

In 1953 a major significant event oc-curred in the history of the branch. At theeighth annual meeting of the North CentralStates Branch of AAEE in St. Louis, Mo.,steps were taken that would make the NorthCentral States Branch a member of thenewly formed Entomological Society ofAmerica (Table 3). G. C. Decker, chairmanof the Constitution Review Committee, wascalled upon to present the revised branchconstitution, which would facilitate this ac-tion. The membership had had the oppor-tunity to review the document prior to theannual meeting, and it was proposed thatthe members accept the revised version inits entirety. The motion was presented byRay Hutson and seconded by H.A. Gunder-son. No further discussion resulted, a votewas taken, and the motion passed unani-mously to make the organization the NorthCentral Branch of ESA.Other members ofthe Constitution Review Committee wereH. M. Harris and C. E. Mickel.

Also at this meeting, President T H. Parksannounced that entomologists in Wyomingand Montana had indicated an interest in af-filiating with the North Central StatesBranch of AAEE. The membership votedunanimously to accept the entomologists ofthese two states. Because virtually all of thenorthern boundary of the branch adjoinsCanada, steps were taken in 1956 to providefor official affiliation of Canadian entomolo-gists. In 1965, the Canadian provinces ofManitoba and Ontario west of 80B longitudewere joined to the branch.

During the past 70 years, leadershipwithin the branch has been modified andexpanded. In the early years (1920s to early1940s), officers included the chairman-president and secretary-treasurer (Table1). As the branch continued to increase inmembership, the need for a more formalstructure became apparent.

In 1946, when the organization becamethe North Central States Entomologists ofthe AAEE,officers included the president,vice-president (president-elect), and thesecretary-treasurer (Table 3). The Execu-tive Committee consisted of the aforemen-tioned officers and the two past presidents.

A minor modification occurred in 1953when the titles of president and vice-presi-dent were changed to chairman and chair-man-elect, respectively (Table 3). Also, theExecutive Committee was enlarged to in-clude the representative to the ESAGovern-ing Board and three committee members at

BULLETiN OF THE ESA

Table 3, North Central Branch, 1946-1988 (formerly North Central States Branch, AAEE)

Vice-President,Chairman Chairman-Elect,or or Secrctary- Governing Board

Meeting Date Location Presiden['1 President-E1ecr." Treasurer representative Executive Committee members· at-large

March 27-29, ]946 St. Louis, Mo. J.J. Davis M. D. Farrar

March 27-28, ]947 Des Moines, Iowa J. S. Houser J. W.Applc M. D. Farrar

3 March 2<;-26, ]948 Peoria, III. H. M. Harris P.O. Ritcher J. W. Apple J. S. Houser, J. J. Davis

4 March 24-2<;, ]949 Milwaukee, Wis. P.N. Wallace W. M. Bradley J. w. Apple J. J. Davis, H. M. Harris<; March 23-24, ]950 Kanas City, Mo. G. M. List R. Hutson J. W. Apple H. M. Harris, E N. Wallace

6 March 21-22, ]951 lbledo, Oh io C. R. Neiswander C.]. Weinman J. W. Apple E. N. Wallace, G. M. List

7 March 27-28, 1952 SI. Paul, Minn. R. C. Smith J. H. Lilly ). W. Apple G. ~. List, C. R. Neiswander

8 March ]9-20, ]953 51. Louis, Mo. T. H. Parks P.A. Dahm J. W. Apple C. R. Neiswander, R. C. Smith

9 March 25-26, 1954 Omaha, Nebr. G. C. Decker T. C. Allen R. W. Rings J. W. Apple R. Hutson, T. H. Parks, H. M. Harris

10 March 24-25, 1955 East lansing, Mich. T. C. Allen H. A. Gunderson R. W. Rings J. W. Apple T. H. Parks, H. M. Harris, R. E. Hill

I] March 28-30, 1956 lafayette, Ind. H. A. Gunderson C. E. Mickel R. W. Rings J. W. Apple H. M. Harris, R. E. Hill, H. O. Deay

12 March 27-29, 1957 Des Moines, Iowa C. E. Mickel D. A. Wilbur C. W. Wingo ). W.Apple R. E. Hill, H. O. Deay, R. W. Rings

13 March 26-28, 1958 St. Louis, Mo. D. A. Wilbur R. E. Hill C. W. Wingo J. E. Bussart H. O. Deay, R. W. Rings, A. W. Buzicky

]4 March 2<;-27, 19S9 Columbus, Ohio R.E. Hill ). W. Apple C. W. Wingo J. E. Bussan R. W. Rings, A. W. Buzicky, P. C. Stone]<; March 23-2S, ]960 Milwaukee, Wis. J. W.Apple D. M. DeLong G. E. Guyer J. E. Bussart A. W. Buzicky, P. C. Stone,}. M. Magner

16 March 22-24, ]961 Kansas City. Mo. D. M. DeLong L K. Cutkomp G. E. Guyer R. H. Davidson P.C. Stone,J M. Magner,J V. Osmun

17 March 21-23, ]962 Minneapolis, Minn. L K. Cutkomp R. w: Rings G. E. Guyer R. H. Davidson J M. Magner,J V. Osmun, L. Chandler

18 March 20-22, 1963 lafayette, Ind. B. W. Rings G. E. Guyer J. G. Rodriguez R. H. Davidson J. v. Osmun, L. Chandler, C. C. Burkhardt

19 March 25-27, 1964 Omaha, Nebr. G. E. Guyer ). V. Osmun J. G. Rodriguez A. C. Hodson L. Chandler, C. C. Burkhardt, T. A. Brindley

20 March 24-26, 1965 Louisville, K)~ J v. Osmun J. M. Magner J. G. Rodriquez A. C. Hodson C. C. Burkhardt, T. A. Brindley,). T. Schulz

2] March 23-2S, 1966 Des Moines, Iov.'a J M. Magner T. A. Brindley R. E. Treece A. C. Hodson C. C. Burkhardt",}. T. Schulz, B. E. Beer

22 March 22-24, 1967 East lansing, Mich. T. A. Brindley P.C. Stone R. E. Treece P.A. Dahm J T. Schulz, R. E. Beer, M. L. Fairchild

23 March 27-29, 1968 Denver, Colo. P. C. Stone A. C. Hodson R. E. Treece P.A.Dahm R. E. Beer, M. L. Fairchild, D. C. Peters

24 March 26-28, 1969 Columbus, Ohio A. C. Hodson R. T. Everly ). T. Schulz P.A. Dahm M. L. Fairchild, D. C. Peters,J. C. Rodriguez

2<; March 2';-27, ]970 Minneapolis, Minn. R. T. Everly H. C Knutson ). T. Schulz J. v. Osmun D. C. Peters,J. G. Rodriguez, W. S. VanScoik

26 March 24-26, 1971 Chica~o, III. H. C Knu[son H. B. Petty ). T. Schulz J. v. Osmun ). G. Rodriguez, W. S. VanScoik, E. S. Raun

27 March 29-3]. 1972 Kansas City, Mo. H. B. Petty D. L. Goleman T.J.Hdms J. v. Osmun W. S. VanScoik, E. S. Raun, W. D. Guthrie

28 March 28-30, 1973 Louisville, Kr D. L Goleman ). T. Schulz T.).Hdms T. A. Brindley E. S. Raun, W. D. Guthrie, C. C. Burkhardt

29 April 3-S, 1974 Des Moines, Iov.'3 ). T. Schulz M. L. Fairchild T.J. Helms T. A. Brindley W. D. Guthrie, C. C. Burkhardt, E. E. Ortman

30 March 2S-27, 1975 East lansing, Minn. M. L. Fairchild E. C. Chiang C. A. Triplehorn T. A. Brindley C. C. Burkhardt, E. E. Ortman, T.J Helms

31 March 24-26, ]976 Denver, Colo. H. C. Chiang B. C. Pass C. A. Triplehorn D. L. Goleman E. E. Ortman, T. J. Helms,}. A. Lofgren

32 March 3D-April ], 19.77 Fargo, N. Dak. B. C. Pass C. C. Burkhardt C. A. Triplehorn D. L. Goleman T.j. Helms,j. A. Lofgren,j. H. Pickle

33 April 5-7. ]978 Madison, Wis. e. c. Burkhardt w: H. Luckmann \X~w: Gregory D.l. Goleman J. A. Lofgren,J. H. Pickle, l. P.Pedigo

34 March 26-27, 1979 Indianapolis, Ind. W H. Luckmann G. B. Mulkern ). G. Rodriguez C. A. Triplehorn J. H. Pickle, L. P. Pedigo, E R. Hall

3S March 24-26, 1980 Lincoln, Nebr. G. B. Mulkern G. D Moore E R. Hall C. A. Triplehorn L. P. Pedigo, W. S. VanScoik, W. B. Showers, Jr.

36 March 16- ]9, 1981 Columbus, Ohio G. D. Moore j. G. Rodriguez E R. Hall C. A. Triplehorn W. S. VdnScoik, W. B. Showers,)r.,). A. Lofgren

37 March 23-2S, ]982 Sioux Falls, S. Dak. j. G. Rodriguez G. M. Boush E R. Hall J. T. Schulz W. B. Showers,]r.,}. A. Lofgren, H. E. Gray

38 March 1<;-17, ]983 Sr. Louis, Mo. S. M. Boush C. A. Triplehorn E R. Hall ). T. Schulz j. A. Lofgren, H. E. Gray, L. K. Cutkomp

39 March 26-29, ]984 Wichita, Kan. E. S. Raund H. E.Graf Z B Mayo J. T. Schulz -, L. K. Cutkomp, A.J. Keaster

40 March ]2-14, ]98S Lexington, Ky. H. E. Gray E R. Hall Z B Mayo J. G. Rodriguez L. K. Cutkomp, A.J. Keaster, E T. Thrpin

41 March 24-27, 1986 Minneapolis, Minn. E R. Hall E. E. Ortman Z B Mayo J G. Rodriguez A. J Keaster, E T. Thrpin, K. L. Steffey

42 March 22-2S, ]987 Des Moines, Iowa E. E. Ortman Z B Mayo C. y. Oseto J. G. Rodriguez E T. Thrpin, K. L. Steffey, E. B. Radcliffe

43 March 20-23, ]988 Denver, Colo. Z B Mayo R. G. Helgesen C. y. Oscto E. E. Ortman K. L. Steffey, E. B. Radcliffe, G. R. Sutter

t1Prc.sidiIlR officer d('~iRn~Hed as president from 1946-1953, chairman from 1954-1972, and again president since 1973."vice-president became chairman-elect in 1953 and president-elect since 1972.cc. C. Burkhardt appointed to unexpired term ofT. A. Brindley (chairman-elect).din Novemher ]983 C. A. n-iplehorn became president-elect of ESA and resigned as branch president; E. S. Raun, branch president-elect became branch presidenl; and H. E. Gray, ranking Executive

COmmil(ee member, became branch president-elect

large. Once again in 1972, the titles of chair-man-elect were changed back to presidentand president-elect with the immediate pastpresident, governing board representative,and three committee members at largebeing included on the Executive Committee(Table 3).

Branch Activities

Since its formal affiliation with ESA 35years ago, the North Central Branch hascontinued to provide leadership roleswithin the national organization and in allaspects of the entomological profession,

FALL 1989

Outstanding achievement has been ex-hibited by members as recipients of na-tional ESA awards such as the Founders'Memorial Lecture Award, the CIBA-GEIGYRecognition Award, the Outstanding Grad-uate Student Award, the DistinguishedAchievement Award in Extension, the JohnHenry Comstock Graduate Award, the Dis-tinguished Achievement Award in Teaching,the Distinguished Regulatory Award, andthe J. E. Bussart Memorial Award.

The branch also sponsors an Insect PhotoSalon each year, which was officially estab-lished in 1960. At the 1960 meeting, actionwas taken to hold the salon at the next

branch meeting. Further development wasencouraged in subsequent years, and in1964 it was recommended that the photo sa-lon be made a regular part of the branchmeeting. The photo salon was headed ini-tially by Chairman Donald Ries who wassucceeded by Chairman Donald Schuder in1968,

Since 1964, the photo salon has devel-oped into a notable international event. Asrecently as 1988, 50 entries from 14foreigncountries were featured, with 119acceptedslides. In addition, more than 90 entriesoriginated from the United States in 1988,with 177slides accepted.

73

0013-8754/89/0074-0084$02.0010 \!:) 1989 Entomological Society of America

A. G. WHEELER, JR.

History of the Eastern Branch

The Linnaean Games had their beginningin the branch and were first introduced atthe 1982 meeting in Sioux Falls, S.Dak. Thegames were an experiment to help encour-age and stimulate more student participa-tion at ESAmeetings after attendance haddeclined during the late 1970s. The formatis a college-bowl-style entomological con-test with the objectives of providing anidentifiable student activity at the branchmeeting, an effective learning tool for par-ticipants and audience alike, and to providea needed diversion from the serious andtraditional business of paper-reading ses-sions, workshops, and symposia. In otherwords, to have fellowship and fun (Bulletin1985, 31(3):4-6). The title was chosen inrecognition of the contribution of CarolusLinnaeus to entomology. The concept of thegames suggested a festive atmosphere com-mon to ancient Greek athletic and intellec-tual competitions.

Toss-up and bonus questions were firstused as the format, with questions submit-ted by a distinguished panel from thebranch: D.]. Borror, F.F.Dicke, R. E. Hill,T.L. Hopkins, B. E. Montgomery, and L.L.Murdock. Dicke, Hill, and Hopkins servedas the panel of experts during the first con-test, ruling on the acceptability of answers.Seven teams, representing the universitiesof Kentucky, Kansas State, Nebraska, IowaState, Missouri, Purdue, and North DakotaState participated in the first LinnaeanGames. North Dakota State Universityemerged as the first tournament winner.The following year the games were imple-mented into other branches and in 1983,ESAPresident D. L. Duckworth requestedthat the Linnaean Games be demonstratedat the national meeting in Detroit, Mich. In1984, all branches began to host the com-petition at their respective branch meetingsand ESAPresident D. L. McLean establisheda special committee to organize the gamesfor the national conference in San Antonio,Tex. Nine teams participated in the contest,and Oregon State University emerged as theNational Champion,

Since beginning the Linnaean Games,student participation at the branch and na-tional level has been excellent, and partici-pants and spectators appear to be learning,especially about ESAaffairs.

Major entomological organizations in thegeographical area that are not affiliatedwith the branch, but which regularly pub-lish journals are the Kansas EntomologicalSociety and the Michigan Entomological So-ciety,which publishes Great Lakes Entomol-ogist.

The branch continues to be a strong andviable organization within ESA,with morethan 500 entomologists in attendance at an-nual branch meetings (Table 2). As ESAbe-

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gins its second century, the membership ofthe branch looks forward to the challengesand rewards of the twenty-first century. 5

Acknowledgment

The author wishes to dedicate this historicaltreatment to the late R.E. Hill, who served as thefirst official archivist of the North Central Branchof ESA from 1974 to 1986. Because of his fore-sight, dedication, and diligent efforts as archivist,the early historical documents and memorabiliaof the branch were preserved for future genera-tions, greatly facilitating the composition of thismanuscript. A special note of appreciation is ex-tended to G. R. Manglitz for his review of themanuscript.

]1EEASTERN BRANCH is neitherthe oldest nor the largest of our so-ciety's branches-the Pacific is first

in both categories - but entomology aspracticed in its constituent states and prov-inces has a rich tradition. As E. H. Smithpoints out in his history of ESAin this issue,North American entomology developedfrom and moved in two major, interactingstreams: the biological sciences and agricul-lUre, Both have a proud heritage in the East.

In the account that follows, I provide abrief historical setting, chronicle organiza-tional developments and activities withinthe branch, and look to the future. Events,rather than people, are emphasized. For alist of branch members who served as pres-ident of the American Association of Eco-nomic Entomologists and either the old orthe new Entomological Society of America,the reader is referred to T.]. Spilman's arti-cle in this issue.

To write this history, I have used pro-ceedings of annual meetings published inthe Journal of Economic Entomology andthe Bulletin, Arnold Mallis's short history ofthe branch (Bulletin 1979, 25(3):200-203),and minutes of Executive Committee meet-ings, presidential addresses, old programs,correspondence, and other items housed inthe Center for the History of Entomology atPennsylvania State University. To conservespace, Mallis's table of branch meeting sites,dates, and chairmen (or presidents) from1929 to 1978 has not been repeated. For1979 to 1988, however, Table 1 is included,listing that information and adding otherExecutive Committee members (except

References Cited

Davis, J. J. 1953, A brief history of the North Cen-tral Branch American Association of EconomicEntomologists: 1921-1953, pp. 1-3. In Proceed-ings, 8th Annual Meeting, North Central StatesBranch, American Association of Economic En-tomologists.

Parks, T.H. 1938. A brief history of the NorthCentral States Entomologists' conference. TheBuckeye Commentator. Vol. 1: 3-5.

Treece, R. E. 1976. North Central Branch: ento-mology in the United States of America, p. 3, InProceedings, XVInternational Congress of En-tomology.August 19-27, 1976, Washington, D.C.

president-elect and past-president) and reg-istered attendance.

Historical Context

AsJ. K. Barnes highlighted, entomologywas slower than most other natural sciencesto develop in North America, and insectstudy in the New World lagged behind thatin Europe (Bulletin 1985, 31(1):21-30), Itsemergence as a scientific discipline oc-curred largely between the American Revo-lution and the Civil War in states now mak-ing up the Eastern Branch. Entomology'selevation from Victorian natural theology toa respected profession is closely tied topost-Civil War advances in scientific agricul-ture. This story, too, took place mainly interritory now encompassed by the branch.

That the Eastern Branch should be amongESAbranches considered stalwart and vi-brant is favored-almost predisposed-bycircumstances and influences relating to theregion's geography, history, tradition, andpolitics. Social forces, agricultural develop-ment, and the insects themselves havehelped shape branch history.

Territory now included in the EasternBranch was the first to be settled by the Eu-ropean colonists. The region, with its ru-

AI. WHEELER is an entomologist with the Bureau ofPlant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Ag-riculture, in Hamsburg and adjunct professorof Entomology, Pennsylvania State University.Requests for reprints can be sent to him at the Bu-reau of Plant Industry, 2301 North CameronStreet, Hamsburg, Pa. 17110,