x-rays nuclear medicine medical ultrasound magnetic resonance imaging
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X-Rays Nuclear Medicine Medical Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Discovered in 1895 by Roentgen
An ionising radiation at a higher level on EM spectrum
Higher frequency or shorter wavelength
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Non-Invasive Well established
technology Still evolving Flexible Readily available
and therefore relatively cheap
Ionising Radiation Not good at
imaging soft tissue on its own
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Use of unsealed radioisotopes Attached to pharmaceuticals Drugs absorbed preferentially by target
organ(s) Gamma emitter so can be detected Images digitally produced from data
gathered
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Can image wide variety of tissue types
Easy to target specific tissue
Can image function Utilises by-products
of other processes so cost effective
Uses ionising radiation
Could be described as invasive
Has many radiation protection issues associated with it
Better applications are expensive
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Manipulation of natural magnetic field Magnetic resonance is detectable and
measurable Data detected can be digitally converted
to an image Utilises tomographic techniques of CT
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Atoms have magnetic moments They spin in a magnetic field – Precession Spin frequency depends on the type of
atom or molecule – Larmor Frequency Examine the spin of hydrogen atoms Hydrogen atoms in different tissues have
different Larmor Frequencies
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Does not use ionising radiation
Excellent at demonstrating soft tissue
Non Invasive
Good at cancer diagnosis
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Non-Invasive Does not use
ionising radiation Excellent for soft
tissue imaging Can image function
Very Expensive Has its own health
and safety issues Has “acceptability”
issues with some patients
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Utilises sound waves at ultrasonic frequency
Above 20KHz is ultrasound but usually 3 - 10 MHz for medical imaging purposes
Echoes from tissue can be detected and data interpreted digitally to produce image
Position and depth of the echoes builds up a complete picture
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Non-Invasive No ionising
radiation Dynamic technique Can image soft
tissue effectively Flexible equipment Relatively cheap
Limited in what can be imaged
VERY user dependant
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What information do we require? Do we wish to see function or structure? What can the patient tolerate? What would the clinician prefer? What is available for use? Is there a safer/cheaper alternative? Can potential risks be justified?
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