What Problems Cause Distress and Impair Functioning?

What Problems Cause Distress and Impair Functioning?

Why do People Behave in Unusual Ways?

Why do People Behave in Unusual Ways?

How do we Help People Behave in More Adaptive Ways?

How do we Help People Behave in More Adaptive Ways?

What Conditions AreNECESSARY,SUFFICIENT,

AND CONTRIBUTORYin

the Etiology, Maintenance, and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior?

What Conditions AreNECESSARY,SUFFICIENT,

AND CONTRIBUTORYin

the Etiology, Maintenance, and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior?

EtiologyEtiology Treatment TargetsTreatment Targets

Treatment OutcomeTreatment Outcome

ProcessesProcesses

HypothesisHypothesis• a ___________________________a ___________________________

Research designResearch design• a method to test hypothesesa method to test hypotheses• Independent variable- Independent variable-

____________________________________________________________• Dependent variable- Dependent variable-

____________________________________________________________

HypothesisHypothesis• a ___________________________a ___________________________

Research designResearch design• a method to test hypothesesa method to test hypotheses• Independent variable- Independent variable-

____________________________________________________________• Dependent variable- Dependent variable-

____________________________________________________________

Internal validity Internal validity – can results of study be attributed – can results of study be attributed to the independent variable(s)?to the independent variable(s)?

External validity – External validity – can results be applied to real can results be applied to real world occurrences, or other studies?world occurrences, or other studies?

Internal validity Internal validity – can results of study be attributed – can results of study be attributed to the independent variable(s)?to the independent variable(s)?

External validity – External validity – can results be applied to real can results be applied to real world occurrences, or other studies?world occurrences, or other studies?

ETHICSETHICS– Protection of Subjects (IRB

Boards)– Informed Consent• Competence

• Voluntarism

• Full information

• Comprehension

– Weigh Costs vs. Benefits

ETHICSETHICS– Protection of Subjects (IRB

Boards)– Informed Consent• Competence

• Voluntarism

• Full information

• Comprehension

– Weigh Costs vs. Benefits

ETHICSETHICS ETHICSETHICS

VALIDITY AND CONFOUNDSVALIDITY AND CONFOUNDS

Internal ValidityInternal ValidityInternal ValidityInternal Validity

• Control GroupsControl Groups• RandomizationRandomization• Analog StudiesAnalog Studies

• Control GroupsControl Groups• RandomizationRandomization• Analog StudiesAnalog Studies

ETHICSETHICS ETHICSETHICS

VALIDITY AND CONFOUNDSVALIDITY AND CONFOUNDS

• Representative Representative SamplingSampling• GeneralizabilityGeneralizabilityExternal ValidityExternal ValidityExternal ValidityExternal Validity

ETHICSETHICS ETHICSETHICS

VALIDITY AND CONFOUNDSVALIDITY AND CONFOUNDS

Internal ValidityInternal Validity External ValidityExternal Validity

The Balancing ActThe Balancing Act

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCHSIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH– Clinical vs. Statistical Significance

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCHSIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH– Clinical vs. Statistical Significance

ETHICSETHICS ETHICSETHICS

VALIDITY AND CONFOUNDSVALIDITY AND CONFOUNDS

YES,YES, we Have we Have

Statistical Significance!Statistical Significance!

YES,YES, we Have we Have

Statistical Significance!Statistical Significance!

BUTBUT are the Results are the Results

Clinically Meaningful?Clinically Meaningful?

BUTBUT are the Results are the Results

Clinically Meaningful?Clinically Meaningful?

Case StudiesCase Studies Correlational MethodsCorrelational Methods Experimental MethodsExperimental Methods GeneticsGenetics Research Over TimeResearch Over Time Research Across CulturesResearch Across Cultures Combined Methods and StrategiesCombined Methods and Strategies

Case StudiesCase Studies Correlational MethodsCorrelational Methods Experimental MethodsExperimental Methods GeneticsGenetics Research Over TimeResearch Over Time Research Across CulturesResearch Across Cultures Combined Methods and StrategiesCombined Methods and Strategies

Case StudiesCase Studies Case StudiesCase Studies Extensive observationExtensive observation Focus on the IndividualFocus on the Individual Highly Descriptive, Not ScientificHighly Descriptive, Not Scientific Useful to Generate HypothesesUseful to Generate Hypotheses Sacrifice Internal ValiditySacrifice Internal Validity Foundation for early developments Foundation for early developments

FreudFreud

Extensive observationExtensive observation Focus on the IndividualFocus on the Individual Highly Descriptive, Not ScientificHighly Descriptive, Not Scientific Useful to Generate HypothesesUseful to Generate Hypotheses Sacrifice Internal ValiditySacrifice Internal Validity Foundation for early developments Foundation for early developments

FreudFreud

Case StudiesCase StudiesCase StudiesCase Studies A tradition in medicine A tradition in medicine

and psychologyand psychology Anna O.Anna O. Little AlbertLittle Albert Limitation- reactivityLimitation- reactivity

A tradition in medicine A tradition in medicine

and psychologyand psychology Anna O.Anna O. Little AlbertLittle Albert Limitation- reactivityLimitation- reactivity

Correlational MethodsCorrelational MethodsCorrelational MethodsCorrelational Methods

Index of associationIndex of associationRange: -1.00 to +1.00Range: -1.00 to +1.00The nature of correlationThe nature of correlationStatistical relationshipStatistical relationshipNo manipulated independent variableNo manipulated independent variableCorrelation vs. causationCorrelation vs. causation

Correlational MethodsCorrelational MethodsCorrelational MethodsCorrelational Methods

Positive CorrelationPositive Correlation Positive CorrelationPositive Correlation

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10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Mortality / Death

Sm

okin

g

Negative CorrelationNegative Correlation

0123456789

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Number of Drinks

Sexu

al

Perf

orm

ance

Correlational MethodsCorrelational MethodsCorrelational MethodsCorrelational Methods Zero CorrelationZero Correlation Zero CorrelationZero Correlation

0123456789

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Amount of Foreplay

Hal

luci

anat

ions

Experimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental Methods

IndependentIndependentVariableVariable

IndependentIndependentVariableVariable

DependentDependentVariableVariable

DependentDependentVariableVariable

MANIPULATIONMANIPULATIONMANIPULATIONMANIPULATION CONTROLCONTROLCONTROLCONTROL

INTERNAL VALIDITYINTERNAL VALIDITYINTERNAL VALIDITYINTERNAL VALIDITY

IndependentIndependentVariableVariable

IndependentIndependentVariableVariable

DependentDependentVariableVariable

DependentDependentVariableVariable

Experimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental Methods

Clinical ContextsClinical Contexts Clinical ContextsClinical Contexts

– Process and Outcome ResearchProcess and Outcome Research

– Compare TherapiesCompare Therapies

– Compare Therapies Compare Therapies ++ Medications Medications

– Selection biases possibleSelection biases possible

– Process and Outcome ResearchProcess and Outcome Research

– Compare TherapiesCompare Therapies

– Compare Therapies Compare Therapies ++ Medications Medications

– Selection biases possibleSelection biases possible

Experimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental Methods Control groupsControl groups

Matched control groupsMatched control groups Age, gender, socioeconomics, etc.Age, gender, socioeconomics, etc.

Placebo control groupsPlacebo control groups Single-blind controlSingle-blind control Double-blind controlDouble-blind control Minimizes allegiance effectsMinimizes allegiance effects

Control groupsControl groups Matched control groupsMatched control groups

Age, gender, socioeconomics, etc.Age, gender, socioeconomics, etc.

Placebo control groupsPlacebo control groups Single-blind controlSingle-blind control Double-blind controlDouble-blind control Minimizes allegiance effectsMinimizes allegiance effects

Genetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and Research Behavioral geneticsBehavioral genetics

Interactions of genes, experience, Interactions of genes, experience, and behavior and behavior

PhenotypesPhenotypes Genotypes Genotypes Human genome projectHuman genome project EndophenotypesEndophenotypes

Behavioral geneticsBehavioral genetics Interactions of genes, experience, Interactions of genes, experience,

and behavior and behavior PhenotypesPhenotypes Genotypes Genotypes Human genome projectHuman genome project EndophenotypesEndophenotypes

Genetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and Research Family studiesFamily studies

ProbandProband First- or second-degree relativesFirst- or second-degree relatives Familial aggregationFamilial aggregation Issue of shared environmentIssue of shared environment

Family studiesFamily studies ProbandProband First- or second-degree relativesFirst- or second-degree relatives Familial aggregationFamilial aggregation Issue of shared environmentIssue of shared environment

Adoption studiesAdoption studies Sibling pairs separated after birthSibling pairs separated after birth Parcels out effects of environmentParcels out effects of environment Observed frequency versus chanceObserved frequency versus chance

Adoption studiesAdoption studies Sibling pairs separated after birthSibling pairs separated after birth Parcels out effects of environmentParcels out effects of environment Observed frequency versus chanceObserved frequency versus chance

Genetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and Research Twin studiesTwin studies

Identical or monozygoticIdentical or monozygotic Fraternal or dizygoticFraternal or dizygotic Confounds:Confounds:

Twin studiesTwin studies Identical or monozygoticIdentical or monozygotic Fraternal or dizygoticFraternal or dizygotic Confounds:Confounds:

Genetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and Research Genetic linkage studiesGenetic linkage studies

Localization of genesLocalization of genes Genetic markersGenetic markers Confluence of disorders and genetic Confluence of disorders and genetic

markersmarkers Association studiesAssociation studies

Markers in people with and without the Markers in people with and without the disorderdisorder

Identifies polygenetic influences Identifies polygenetic influences

Genetic linkage studiesGenetic linkage studies Localization of genesLocalization of genes Genetic markersGenetic markers Confluence of disorders and genetic Confluence of disorders and genetic

markersmarkers Association studiesAssociation studies

Markers in people with and without the Markers in people with and without the disorderdisorder

Identifies polygenetic influences Identifies polygenetic influences

Genome Wide Association Studies: Website

Epidemiological ResearchEpidemiological Research Epidemiological ResearchEpidemiological Research

Studying Behavior Over TimeStudying Behavior Over TimeStudying Behavior Over TimeStudying Behavior Over Time

– Incidence and Prevalence of DisordersIncidence and Prevalence of Disorders– Correlational (most of the time)Correlational (most of the time)– Helpful to Determine EtiologyHelpful to Determine Etiology

– Incidence and Prevalence of DisordersIncidence and Prevalence of Disorders– Correlational (most of the time)Correlational (most of the time)– Helpful to Determine EtiologyHelpful to Determine Etiology

Studying Behavior Over TimeStudying Behavior Over Time Studying Behavior Over TimeStudying Behavior Over TimeCross Sectional DesignsCross Sectional DesignsCross Sectional DesignsCross Sectional Designs

– CorrelationalCorrelational– Study Different Groups Study Different Groups

(Cohorts)(Cohorts)– Retrospective informationRetrospective information– PROBLEM:PROBLEM: Cohort EffectCohort Effect

– CorrelationalCorrelational– Study Different Groups Study Different Groups

(Cohorts)(Cohorts)– Retrospective informationRetrospective information– PROBLEM:PROBLEM: Cohort EffectCohort Effect

Studying Behavior Over Studying Behavior Over TimeTimeStudying Behavior Over Studying Behavior Over TimeTime Longitudinal DesignsLongitudinal DesignsLongitudinal DesignsLongitudinal Designs

– Study Same Persons Study Same Persons – Over TimeOver Time– PROBLEMS: PROBLEMS: – –

– Study Same Persons Study Same Persons – Over TimeOver Time– PROBLEMS: PROBLEMS: – –

Value of cross-cultural researchValue of cross-cultural researchValue of cross-cultural researchValue of cross-cultural research–Overcoming ethnocentric viewsOvercoming ethnocentric views–Increases understanding ofIncreases understanding of– EtiologiesEtiologies– Symptom presentationsSymptom presentations– TreatmentsTreatments

– DefinitionsDefinitions– Variance in presentationVariance in presentation– Thresholds Thresholds – Equivalence in outcomesEquivalence in outcomes

–Overcoming ethnocentric viewsOvercoming ethnocentric views–Increases understanding ofIncreases understanding of– EtiologiesEtiologies– Symptom presentationsSymptom presentations– TreatmentsTreatments

– DefinitionsDefinitions– Variance in presentationVariance in presentation– Thresholds Thresholds – Equivalence in outcomesEquivalence in outcomes

Difficulties in cross-cultural researchDifficulties in cross-cultural researchDifficulties in cross-cultural researchDifficulties in cross-cultural research

IntegrativeIntegrative Program of ResearchProgram of Research IntegrativeIntegrative Program of ResearchProgram of Research

– Theory and HypothesisTheory and Hypothesis– Correlation and EpidemiologyCorrelation and Epidemiology– Lab and Clinic ExperimentLab and Clinic Experiment– Refine Hypotheses, Methods, etc.Refine Hypotheses, Methods, etc.– SHOW ME, and SHOW ME AGAINSHOW ME, and SHOW ME AGAIN

– Theory and HypothesisTheory and Hypothesis– Correlation and EpidemiologyCorrelation and Epidemiology– Lab and Clinic ExperimentLab and Clinic Experiment– Refine Hypotheses, Methods, etc.Refine Hypotheses, Methods, etc.– SHOW ME, and SHOW ME AGAINSHOW ME, and SHOW ME AGAIN