What are some ways that you can think of that allow us to get rid of waste? What do you think NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) means when applied to waste? Review: What greenhouse gas do landfills emit a lot of? What do greenhouse gases do? Chapters 17 and 22 US generates 33% of worlds waste 5% of worlds population 2 million trees used for paper products PER DAY 200 million liters of motor oil dumped into sewers each year in US 5x amount of oil from Exxon Valdez oil spill! 220 million metric tons of waste generated per year by US 4.5 lbs per person per day. Organic food, flowers, wood, etc. Radioactive nuclear waste Recyclable paper (35% US waste), plastic, glass, metals Soiled hospital waste Toxic paint, pesticides, NIMBY Not in my back yard Not wanting developments near community Pollution, traffic, eye- sore, etc. Power plants, waste dumps, landfills, stadiums Burning/Incineration Energy source, reduce landfill impact, cheap Air pollution, toxic chemical release Composting Nutrient-rich soil, reduce soil erosion Smelly, pests (NIMBY) Exporting Not my problem, income for poor countries Das racist, expensive (transport) Landfills Methane = energy source, wall managed Methane = G.H. gas, limited area, expensive, NIMBY Ocean Dumping (illegal in US) Cheap, not my problem Impacts plants and wildlife, H 2 0 pollution Superfund (1980) set up in response to hazardous waste build up (nuclear) Clean up of toxic waste Paid by: people responsible for causing waste Bioremediation using bacteria/enzymes to break down waste Cheap, but slow Composting Rhizofiltration sunflowers & radioactive waste Phytostabilization using trees to break down waste Why would a subway or a stadium be considered a NIMBY concern? What is the superfund, and what does it force corporations to do? Why do you think the recycling system in place today can be seen as a pro? As a con? Reuse & Recycle waste = inexpensive resource Pros Reduces water/air pollution Less foreign dependence (oil) Less landfill impact Cons Expensive Poorly regulated Not economical Toxicology study of poisonous substances (toxins) and their effects on living organisms Types of Toxins Allergens immune system Neurotoxins nervous system Mutagens alter DNA Teratogens alter embryo Endocrine Disruptors alter hormones (testosterone) LD 50 amount of substance it takes to kill 50% testing population Dosage Response Curve Logarithmic (upward curve) Logarithms = a function of 10 (like richter scale, or pH) Shampoos, Toothpastes, soaps, etc. Rats, mice, brine shrimp Cruelty? Correlation? Acute vs. Chronic Acute sudden, severe, reversible Cold, flu Chronic long-term, dull, irreversible Cancer, mercury poison Dose Response Curve LD50 lethal dose, 50% Logarithmic Biomagnification Carcinogens cancer- causing High vs. Low Risk? Frequency, severity, likeliness of exposure, etc. Risk Assessment & Management Synergism one thing affecting another What are four major types of toxins? Describe what each one does? What does LD50 represent? What products are being tested like this, and what organisms are being used? Why? What is the difference between an acute pain and a chronic pain? Why is recycling not economical? Describe the difference between a stubbed toe and cancer in terms of type of pain felt, and duration (length of time) of pain? Use the terms chronic and acute in your answer. What is LD50 measuring? How do you know you have reached LD50? In the lab, what substance are we testing using brine shrimp as our test subjects? What are we measuring? Why are animals like shrimp used rather than humans? You accidentally get your hand stuck in a door. Why is this an example of an acute pain? How does this differ from chronic pain? Review: What is biomagnification? (hint: start your answer with: as you move up the food chain) Bioaccumulation absorption of molecules (in this case, toxic) Dilute (less toxic) vs. concentrated (very toxic) Biomagnification going up food chain = toxicity increases DDT (chlorine-based pesticide) Rachel Carson (Silent Spring) problems of DDT Clean Zone before pollution enters, oxygen highest Decomposition Zone pollution enters, oxygen still high Septic Zone pollution travels, oxygen LOWEST Recovery Zone pollution diluted, oxygen recovers Clean Water Act surface-level drinking water safety Safe Drinking Water Act clean water standards (ground water) Ocean Dumping Ban Act illegal to dump waste in US waters Burning (Incineration) Skimmer Boats surface oil Bacteria (Bioremediation) Detergents Booms gather oil Vaccuums Exxon Valdez (Prince William Sound) BP Oil Spill (2010) Oil Spill Prevention Act (1990) increase oil spill funds Response to Exxon Valdez Radioactive unstable waste By-product of nuclear fission Nuclear Waste Policy Reactor waste disposal location (Yucca Mountain, NV) Low-Level Radioactive Policy treat and dispose low level waste Cradle to grave responsibility (Superfund) Containers above/below ground, recycle, Time = less radioactive GDP Gross Domestic Product = total economic activity of a nation (more spending = high GDP) GNP Gross National Product = sum of all total goods and services of nation Critic = NOT taking into account HARMFUL activities (goal = more, more more!) Increased output = increased pollution EPI environmental performance index production based on enviro. Effects Water, air quality, biodiversity, sustainability, etc. Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) measuring if benefits are worth the expense Ideal: costs = benefits Full-Cost Pricing includes both internal and external costs Internal Costs expenses of those USING resource Corporation/company External Costs expenses of outside party not directly using resource Tax dollars of the people What zone are there the lowest levels of oxygen? How can you tell, judging by the species that live in this zone? Name and describe three oil spill cleanup methods. How do internal costs differ from external costs? Liver Produces bile (green) breaks down toxins Gets rid of waste Cirrhosis (liver disease scarring) The liver and drugs & alcohol Kidneys Clean blood, produces urine (waste product) Dialysis artificial blood cleaning Immune System - produces: Phagocytes, B-cells and T-cells (made in bone marrow) Phagocytes ingest all foreign invaders B-Cells created for SPECIFIC infection (detectors) Can never get same infection/disease twice T-Cells kill invader that B-cell detects HIV targets these cells