Earth Science Final Review Packet EEn.1.1 Explain the Earth’s role as a body in space. (11-16%)

1. Match the terms to the definitions

1. ___A______ Rotation 2. ___B______ Revolution 3. ___C______ Precession 4. __D_______ Nutation 5. __E_______ Barycenter

a. Day and Night (24 hrs.) b. A Year (365 days) c. Change in direction of the axis, but without any change in tilt

- this changes the stars near (or not near) the Poled. Wobbling around the axis (This occurs over an 18 year

period) e. The center of mass where two or more celestial bodies orbit

each other.

2. Fill in the blank__________Universe____ is made of ______galaxies__________ which are made of many ________________stars_______. Some stars have planetary systems similar to our ________solar system___. Earth is a __________satellite planet________ of one particular star. (star, galaxy, universe, satellite planet, solar system)

3. The universe is _______expanding__________ (expanding or contracting) after the Big Bang.

4. True or False

a. _True________ Kepler discovered that the path of each planet around the sun is an ellipse. b. _True_____ The universe is made of galaxies, galaxies contain stars, stars may have planetary

systems.

5. Identify Kepler’s Laws (Label 1-3)

__2_____ The line joining the planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times as the planet travels around the ellipse. ___3____ The ratio of the sqaures of the revolutionary peiods for two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their semimajor axes. ___1______ The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus of the ellipse.

6. How does Earth’s rotation and revolution about the Sun affect its shape and related to seasons and tides. Earth rotates about its axis which causes it to bulge at the equator (spheroid). The Earth is tilted as it revolves around the sun, either the North or South hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. This causes the seasons. It is the rotation of the earth, along with the presence of the moons gravity that causes the tides.

7. Fill in “tide” or “season” for the chart.

Seasons Tide

Due to the approximate 23.4 degree tilt and revolution of the Earth.

Due to the gravitational interaction between Earth and Moon

8. Describe Earth’s shape

The Earth is not a true sphere, but an oblate spheroid. The earth is larger around the equator than around the north and south pole.

a. What is our main source of electromagnetic energy? _______The Sun______

b. True or FalseEnergy produced by the Sun is transferred to earth by radiation _____True_______________.

c. Explain Nuclear Fusion__Hydrogen atoms (smaller atoms) are fused (combined) to create Helium (a larger molecule) and energy. Example: Use to power the Sun. __________________

d. Explain Nuclear Fission _A large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. This process creates energy. Example: Use for nuclear power plants._____

9. Explain how incoming solar energy makes life possible on Earth.

a. What is photosynthesis? The process that utilizes energy from the sun to make food glucose chemical energy for plants.

b. How does the sun's energy move through the food chain? The sun’s energy is used to create food for plants by the process of photosynthesis. That food energy is transferred up the food chain when one organism eats another.

EEn.2.1 Explain how processes and forces affect the lithosphere. (11-17%) 1. How does the rock cycle, plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes impact the lithosphere?

a. Rock cycle: Rocks transform into other rocks or break down into sediments t o make soil.

b. Plate tectonics: The plates are in motion which creates new rock, melt old rock, cause volcanoes (subduction zone & hot spots), & cause earthquakes which break the surface.

c. Volcanoes: The movement of plates create volcanoes which pull magma from the mantle to form new land (hot spots) or create volcanoes (subduction zone).

d. Earthquakes : The movement of the plates create earthquakes which cause the land to shift and change over time.

2. Match the type of rock that forms due to the following.

1. __A_ Igneous2. _B___ Metamorphic3. __C__ Sedimentary

a. Melting and Cooling b. Heat and pressurec. Weathering/erosion

and compaction

3. Explain the theory of plate tectonics.

1. What is the theory of plate tecnotions? Explains the features of earth’s surface, earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains based on the surface consisting of large plates that move over time because of heat in mantle convection)

2. All of the following support the theory of continental drift except _________. a. The continents seems to fit together like pieces of a puzzle. b. There are similar fossils on different continents. c. Mountain ranges on different continents lined up. d. The North Pole and Antarctica are covered in ice.

3. What hypothesis states that eh continents were once joined to form a single supercontinent? a. Plate tectonic c. continental driftb. Seafloor spreading d. Paleomagnetism

4. Use the word bank below to complete the sentences.

Seismograph Sea floor spreading earthquakesP Waves S waves Melt Epicenter Continental-continental Metamorphic

1. Which of the following occur at divergent boundaries?_______Seafloor spreading___________2. An earthquake’s ___________epicenter_____________________________ occurs directly above

the focus. 3. Mountains form at ___________continental-continental________________ convergent boundaries. 4. ____________Metamorphic__________ rocks form due to heat and pressure. 5. Magma forms when rocks from the upper crust and mantle _______________melt____________. 6. A ______seismograph____________________ is the instrument that records earthquake waves. 7. _____S waves _____________ shake particular at a right angle to the direction of travel. 8. ___________P waves__________ Shake the ground back and forth as well as being the first to

arrive during an earthquake. 9. Predictions are made on the assumption that _____earthquakes____________ are repetitive (they

occur on the same fault lines).

5. Match structures formed at each plate boundary.

1. _______Divergent_____ 2. ___Convergent___________ 3. ____Transform________Transform, Divergent, Convergent

4. What happens (plate motion) and what features are formed at each plate boundary? A. Divergent:

Oceanic-Oceanic Divergent seafloor spreading, allows magma to fill gaps and creates new crust ridges and rifts

Continental-Continental Divergent ridges and rifts B. Convergent:

Continental-Continental Convergent Moves toward each other, causes mountain ranges. Continental-Oceanic Convergent Oceanic plate subducts and creates volcanoes Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent One plate subducts and creates volcanoes

C. Transform: Plates scrape past each other, creates cracks and causes earthquakes.

6. In the chart below compare and contrast magma and lava.

Description

Magma Molten rock below surface of the earth

Lava Molten rock found on the surface of the earth

7. Most of the active volcanoes on Earth are located in a belt known as the _______. a. Ring of Lava c. East African Rift Valleyb. Ring of Fire d. Circum-Atlantic belt

8. Label the fault, epicenter, and focus.

A. ____Focus___

B. __Epicenter____

C. ___Fault____

9. Complete the chart below.

Type of Seismic Wave

Wave Letter P wave S wave N/A

Wave Name Primary Wave Secondary Wave Surface Wave

Order of Arrival 1st 2nd 3rd

Motion Push-pull compression Right angle to direction of travel

Up & down (side to side)

10. Summarize the major events in the geologic history of North Carolina and the southeastern United States.

1. ___A_ Appalachian Mountains 2. __B__ Fall Zone3. ___C__ Shorelines4. ___D__ Barrier Islands5. __E___ River Basins

a. Due to uplifting of rock in the western part of NCb. Line of erosion between piedmont and coastal plainsc. Affected by erosion due to increase in sea level d. Built up by sediment from rivers, and constantly

changing due to wave actione. Area of land that contributes water to a river

11. What is currently happening to global sea level? Why? Rising as temperatures warm, water expands, also as polar ice melts (that is over land) it runs into the sea.

12. How do natural forces such as weathering, erosion (wind, water, and gravity), and soil formation affect Earth’s surface? Rocks are weathered (broken down), eroded (transported by wind, water, and gravity), and deposited to form soil.

13. Label each diagram as weathering, erosion, or soil formations.

Breaking Down Transportation

Weathering Erosion Soil Formation

14. Mass Movement questions:

1. The downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity is called a(n) ___mass movement ____.

2. _______ A mass movement that involves the sudden movement of a block of material along a flat, inclined surface is called a _______.

a. Slide c. Slumpb. Flow d. Rockfall

3. The downward movement of a block of material along a curved surface is called a(n) ________slump___.

4. _______ What is the slowest type of mass movement?

a. Earthflow c. Slumpb. Creep d. Rockslide

5. ________ What factor(s) commonly triggers mass movement?

a. Earthquakesb. Saturation of surface materials with waterc. Removal of vegetation (plants) d. All of the above

6. ______ What is the force behind mass movement? a. The Sun’s energy b. Gravity c. Flowing waterd. Moving ice

15. Earthquake questions:

1. What are the causes of damage during or after an earthquake (5 in total)?

a. _____floods_______________________b. _____tsunamis______________________c. _____fire_______________________d. _____liquefaction____________________e. ___landslides _______________________

2. How can we predict earthquakes? By studying past earthquakes, measuring seismic waves

3. _________ Which of the following affects the amount of destruction caused by earthquake vibrations?

a. The design of structures b. The nature of the material on which

structures are built

4. ________ What is the minimal number of seismic stations that are needed to determine the location of an Earthquake’s epicenter?

a. 1 b. 2c. 3

c. The intensity and duration of the vibrationsd. All of the above

d. 4

5. What are some hazards to humans from an earthquake? Falling into cracks, crushed by falling debris, tires, unsanitary conditions, polluted water, loss of power and communication.

16. Volcano questions:

1. _________ The particles ejected in volcanic eruptions are called ______.

a. Calderasb. Volcanic stocksc. Laccolithsd. Pyroclastic material

2. List the types of volcanoes and explain each of them. (3 types) Shield – Broad, gently slopeCinder cones – small, bulit from single vent Composite- both lava & pyroclastic

3. ___________ Most of the active volcanoes on Earth are located in a belt known as the _______.

a. Ring of Fireb. Ring of Lavac. East African Rift Valley d. Mid-Pacific Rise

4. _________ Which of the following factors help determine whether a volcanic eruption will be violent or relatively quiet?

a. Amount of dissolved gases in the magmab. Temperature of the magmac. Composition of the magmad. All of the above

5. What precautions can be made to protect life from various geohazards such as landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, sinkholes, etc.? Bock off steep areas following floods, heavy snows (landslides) warning systems & evacuate for tsunamis. Build stuctures to withstand seismic activity. Regulate dumping of chemicals, monitor water supplies. Build levees in areas prone to flooding and dams, redirect water where sinkholes may form (limestond, wetland).

EEn.2.2 Understand how human influences impact the lithosphere. (11-17%) 1. Match each human activity to possible consequences.

1. ____A___ mining 2. ____B____ deforestation 3. ____C____ agriculture 4. ____D___ overgrazing 5. ____E___ urbanization

a. Soil erosionb. Desertification c. Nutrient depletion d. Climate change e. Heat islands

EEn.2.3 Explain the structure and processes within the hydrosphere. (4-10%)1. Explain how water is an energy agent:

a. How do warm and cold currents cycle? Water absorbs energy (warm) cold water, sinks, warm water flows in above it.

b. Why are coastal cities warmer than inland cities? Water has high specific heat and retains heat longer than land

2. Explain how groundwater and surface water interaction

Label the hydrological cycle: Evaporation, Transpiration, Condensation, Runoff, Infiltration, Groundwater flow, Precipitation 1.____Evaporation__________2.___Transpiration_____________

3.___Condenstation_______________4.____Precipation_________________

5.___Runoff_____________6.__Infilitration_________________

8._Groundwater flow_______________

Label the components of a watershed: Tributaries, river source, river mouth, upstream, wetlands, watershed boundary, main river, floodplain, downstream, meanders

1. ____River Source____2. ___Upstream_______

3. ___Downstream______4. ___Main river_______

5. ___Tributaries_________6. ___wetlands___________

7. _Watershed boundary __8. _Meanders___________

9. __Floodplains________10. __River Mouth_______

EEn.2.4 Evaluate how humans use water. (7-12%)1. Fill in the blank: well, aquifer, dams, agriculture, recreation, subsidence, saltwater intrusion.

To access groundwater, __wells_____________ are dug into ____aquifers__________. The primary use of groundwater by humans is for ___agriculture and recreation_________. Issues with aquifers include _________subsidence__________ (sinking of sediment) and _saltwater intrusion_______ (contamination of salt water by the coast).

2. Growing human population will ___decrease_________ freshwater as a resource(increase or decrease).

3. True or False: ______F____ Pollution in the ground cannot affect freshwater. ______F____ Pollution at one area of a watershed cannot affect other areas of the watershed.______T______ A biotic index of macroinvertebrates can be used to determine water quality.

EEn.2.5 Understand the structure of and processes within our atmosphere. (4-10%)1. Label the layers of the atmosphere. Include the structure and composition of each layer.

W. __Troposphere________________:F. __Stratosphere__________________:

C. __Mesosphere______________________:K. ___Thermosphere_____________________:

2. True or False: ______T______ Warm moist air rises over cold dense air ______T______ Rain occurs when warm moist air condenses at higher altitudes ______T______ Higher elevations are colder than lower elevation ______T______ A cold front occurs when cold air masses push under a warm air mass. Storms are produced. ______F______ Wide bands of precipitation occur at warm fronts ______T______ Thunderstorms occur at warm moist air masses moving along a cold front ______T______ Tornadoes are measured by the Fujita Scale ______T______ Hurricanes are measured by the Saffir=Simpson Scale ______T______Isotherms show lines of temperature ______T______ Psychrometer measure humidity ______T______ Barometers measure air pressure ______T______ Thermometers measure air temperature ______T______ Anemometers measure air speed______T______ A weather vane measures wind direction

_____T_______ A rain gauge shows the amount of precipitation

3. Explain how cyclonic storms form based on the interaction of air masses. a. Why does dew form in the morning?

It is cooler and cold air holds less moisture. b. How do clouds form?

Water evaporates, temperatures decrease with altitude. Water vapor condenses forming clouds.

How do they form?

Hurricanes Over very warm water, the warm humid air rises meeting cooler air, the wind (Coriolis effect) causes rotation.

Tornadoes As warm and cold air meet warm air rises and can spiral (form funnel)

4. Match the following to their impact on the atmosphere.

1. ____A_____ Acid Rain 2. ____B_____ Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 3. ____C____ Burning of fossil fuels

a. Formed by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, decrease the pH of precipitation

b. Decreases ozonec. Increases the amount of greenhouse gases

and sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

EEn.2.6 Analyze patterns of global climate change over time. (7-10%)1. True or False:

_____F_______ Temperate climates are located closest to the equator. ______T______ Polar climates are cold year round. ______T______ Temperate climates have warm and cold seasons ______F______ Polar climates have the most precipitation ______F______ Tropical climates have the most varied climate

2. Compare weather and climate.

What is it?

Weather Conditions at a specific time ex. Raining, sunny, cold

Climate Average temperature and precipitation over time ex. Cold and raining over the winter season

3. Match the changes in global climate due to natural processes.

1. ___A_______ El Nino/ La Nina2. ___B_______ Volcanic eruptions3. ___C_______ Sunspots4. ___D_______ Shifts in Earth’s orbit 5. ___E______ Carbon dioxide fluctuations

a. Unusually warm temperatures caused by a change in ocean currents

b. Cause cooler temperatures due to absorption of Sun’s energy by atmospheric particles

c. Decrease in climate due to magnetic field

changes of the sund. Changes in climate due to the change in the

tilt of Earth’s axis e. Increases climate when increase occurs

4. Match the impacts of human activities have on global climate change.

1. __A______ Burning hydrocarbons (fossil fuels)

2. __B______ Greenhouse effect 3. __C______ Deforestation 4. __D______ Heat Island 5. __E______ Industrialization

a. Increases greenhouse gases (CO2) in the atmosphere

b. Traps heat in the atmospherec. Increases CO2 in the air and results in less

CO2 being removed from the air by photosynthesis

d. Urban areas that reflect more heat and produce more CO2

e. Results in Increased burning of fossil fuels

EEn.2.7 Explain how the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere individually and collectively affect the biosphere. (14-19%)

1. Identify if the following factors or biomes are biotic or abiotic: temperature, rainfall, altitude, type of plant, latitude, type of animals.

Biotic Abiotic

Type of plant Type of animals

Temperature Rainfall Altitude Latitude

2. Why is biodiversity important? Biodiversity is important because it ensures wide variety of genetic material, ecosystem are healthier (more resilient), provides medicines variety

3. Complete the chart on Human Influence and the effects.

Human Influence Effect

Human population growth Burden on natural resources such as land and water

Habitat alteration Disrupts water cycle, increases erosion, extinction of species

Introduction of invasive species Destroys native species

Pollution Hurts air and water quality makes us sick, acid rain

Over harvesting Vegetation can’t recover, dries up, more erosion

EEn.2.8 Evaluate human behaviors in terms of how likely they are to ensure the ability to live sustainably on Earth. (9-14%)

1. Fill in the chart on conventional and sustainable practice.

Renewable (R) or Nonrenewable (N)

How is it retrieved for use?

Advantage Disadvantage

Coal N Mined from the ground

High energy low cost

Releases CO2, SO2, NO2, mining destroys land

Natural Gas N Fracking from the ground

Cleanest of mined sources

Fracking causes pollution of groundwater, CO2 emissions

Petroleum (Oil) N Drilled from the ocean

High energy, low cost

Releases (CO2, etc.), environmental concerns

Nuclear Fission (Energy)

N Uranium is mined from the ground

Large fuel supply low CO2, lots of energy

Hazardous waste (radioactive)

Biomass (Peat) R Plants harvested/ manure collected

The farms restore land, large supply

CO2 if trees not replanted, loss of habitats, soil erosion, water pollution

Solar Energy R Collected during the day

Clean and free Expensive initially needs steady sunlight and storage

Wind Energy R Collected when it is windy

Clean, can use land Needs lots of wind, kills birds, noisy

Hydroelectric Power

R Collected from running water

No CO2, works 24/7

Expensive, not available everywhere

Geothermal R Collected from the inside of the earth.

Available 24/7, low emissions

Not available everywhere, loss of habitats

2. Explain the effects of uncontrolled population growth on the Earth’s resources.

a. What is the carrying capacity of the following graph and explain how you know?

1000, because that is where the graph levels out.

b. What are the three limiting factors for human population? Space, resources, natural disasters, disease

3. What will most likely happen if the human population continues to grow at current rates? a. There will be fewer natural resources available for future generations. b. There will be an increase in nitrogen levels in the atmosphere. c. There will be a decrease in the number of strong hurricanes. d. There will be a decrease in water pollution.

4. What is an ecological footprint? a. Measures the amount of renewable and nonrenewable resources that are used by our activities b. The maximum number of individuals that the environment can support c. Measure of how many people make up the world population

5. What is one example of a material that could be reused? How could reusing the object provide a lasting impact on the environment? Glass doesn’t take up space in landfills if we reuse it . PlasticPaper