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Psalm 22Reading/translation notesComment by Rick: Im not seeing a huge difference between this and previous draft. Im still having to look up BDB references, provide basic noun/verb forms quite a lot of work. I admire and appreciate your effort to tackle a lot of verses (about 20 right? including Psalm 23) and will give you some bonus points for that. Which will offset the problems with what youve given me, including a ton of text critical notes without no explanations.

(22:1)

... Grammatical note = Possessive (of, belonging to). The preposition can indicate that its object is owned or possessed by someone. The idea of possession is not necessarily literal; it may indicate a relationship other than possession This is also called periphrastic or the genitive . When the object of is someone who wrote something, it is sometimes referred to as the of author or the auctoris. See Williams, 270. So it is unclear that the superscription is attempting to express that David (or the director) is the author or if the psalm is associated with David (or the director).

= Piel act as overseer, superintendent, director under BDB 663b.

= hind, doe under BDB 19a. Root = ???[footnoteRef:1] [1: Septuagint (Symmachus, Targum) = ? compare 20]

= dawn under BDB 1007a.

(22:2)

= leave, forsake, loose under BDB 736b.

= distant, far, distance under BDB 935a. Root = be, or become, far, distant.

= salvation under BDB 447a. Root = make wide, spacious?

= roaring under BDB 980b. Root = roar.[footnoteRef:2] [2: Septuagint (Syriac) = .]

[] [footnoteRef:3] [3: Septuagint adds .]

[footnoteRef:4] [4: SyriacW wrqt mnj pwrqnj et removeris a me salute meam.]

(22:3)

= I answer, respond under BDB 772b.

= "silence, still waiting, repose" under BDB 189a. Rare. Root = spread slander, whisper???

(22:4)

Syntax? Remarkable statement. Simply inhabits prayer (of) Israel? does not take preposition here.

[footnoteRef:5] [5: Septuagint* , SeptuagintL (Vulgate) -.]

[footnoteRef:6] [6: Septuagint sg compare a few manuscripts , Syriac (b)wbk (in) gloria tua.]

(22:5)

I = trust under BDB 105a. Arb baaa to throw one down upon his face.

= escape, Piel bring into security, deliver, cause to escape under BDB 812a.

Check out that pronominal suffix. Archaizing?

(22:6)

= "cry, cry out, call" (parallel form of ) under BDB 277a. Arb zaaqa.

= Niphal slip away, escape under BDB 572a.

= be ashamed, Polel delay (in shame) under BDB 101b. Sab . Arm . Arb bt disperse.

(22:7)

= worm under BDB 1069a. Root = gnaw? worm?

= reproach under BDB 357b.

= "despise" under BDB 102a. Arb baz raise the head loftily and disdainfully.

(22:8)

= mock, deride under BDB 541a.

= separate, remove, set free, Hiphil separate under BDB 809b. Ph depart (die?). Akk paru split, break through. Amarna escape, set free. Arb paara split, create. Arm .

= quiver, wave, waver, tremble, totter under BDB 631a.

(22:9)

= roll, roll away under BDB 164a. Note form . Bibleworks says this is a Qal imperative 2ms?!?[footnoteRef:7] [7: Septuagint (Syriac compare Matthew 27:43, read ; Targum jb praedicabit, TargumW b.]

= Hiphil snatch away, deliver under BDB 664b.

= delight in under BDB 342b. Arb apia be mindful of, attentive to, keep, protect. Ph in PN .

(22:10)

= burst forth under BDB 161b. Arm.

= body, belly, womb under BDB 105b. Root = (meaning dubious). Arb banu(n).

= "female breast" under BDB 994b. Root = moisten; breast.

[footnoteRef:8] [8: Cairo, a few manuscripts, Septuagint, Syriac, Hieronymous .]

[footnoteRef:9] [9: One manuscript, Septuagint, SyriacW, Hieronymous .]

(22:11)

= Hiphil throw, fling, cast. Ph (PN meaning dubious). Arb salaka travel (or cause to travel) along a road, cause to enter.

= "womb" under BDB 933a. Root = be soft, gentle.

(22:12)

= straights, distress under BDB 865a.

= near (adverb) under BDB 898a.

= help, succor under BDB 740a.

(22:13)

= heifer, cow under BDB 831a. Close enough to = cow, bull?

= mighty, valiant under BDB 7b. Note construct singular form without dagesh.

= Piel surround, Hiphil throw out under BDB 509b. Arm wait, hope for.

(22:14)

= part, open under BDB 822b. Arb faa(y) I, II separate, remove.

= tear, rend, pluck under BDB 382b.

= roar under BDB 980b.

(22:15)

= pour, pour out under BDB 1049b.

= divide, Hiphil divide, separate, make a division, separation under BDB 825a. Arb farada be single, sole (also divide, unroll).

= bone, substance, self under BDB 782b. You should know this common noun by now.

= wax under BDB 200a. Root = (unknown).

= dissolve, melt, Niphal melt under BDB 587b. Note form! Final geminate verbs can be difficult.

= (only plural) internal organs, inward parts (intestines, bowels), belly under BDB 588b.

(22:16)

= be dry, dried up, withered under BDB 386a.

= earthenware, earthen vessel, sherd, potsherd under BDB 360a. P and LBH. Arm . Root = scratch, lacerate.

= strength, power under BDB 470b. Root .

= cling, cleave, keep close under BDB 179b. Arab dabiqa. Aram , .

II = jaw under BDB 544b. Root .

= "set" (denominative) under BDB 1046a. Sab = bestow. Rare.[footnoteRef:10] [10: LatinG deduxerunt, read probably . Note shift from you to they.]

(22:17)

= congregation under BDB 417a.

I = (denominative) be evil, bad, Hiphil do an injury, hurt, do evil, wickedly under BDB 949b. Note the difficult form.

= strike off under BDB 668b. Arm . Arb naqafa fregit caput, ut cerebrum appareret. Vulgar Arb snap (with the finger). Akk naqpu mutilated(?). English Bibles translate surround so?

I honestly am not sure where many translations get dried up or pierced.[footnoteRef:11] [11: A few manuscripts, editions , two manuscripts, editions compare Septuagint (Syriac) , Aquila . II = (meaning dubious perhaps) bore, dig, hew under BDB 468b. Hapax? Akk kru fell (trees).]

(22:18)

= Piel/Hiphil look, regard, pay attention to under BDB 613b.

Note in a strong negative sense like stare, look at.

(22:19)

= Pual be divided under BDB 323b.

= garment, covering under BDB 93b. Note the masculine plural construct of a segholate noun. Singular Plural Plural construct .

= garment, clothing, raiment under BDB 528b. Root = put on (garment).

= lot (f) under BDB 174a. Root = stones, stony (place).

(22:20)Comment by Rick: There are two words in this verse that rest of the class will probably have to look up!

= distant, far under BDB 935b.

= help under BDB 33b. Hapax.

, = aid help, succor, assistance under BDB 740b.Comment by Rick: aid? thats not what I see in BDB 740b. Why paraphrase or reword the BDB definition? Let the reader/translator do that just give what BDB has.

= haste, make haste under BDB 301b. Akk u.

(22:21)

< = Hiphil take away, snatch away; rescue, recover under BDB 664b.This is a hiphil. And it is take away or snatch away. BDB 664b

= sword under BDB352a.sword

=dog under BDB 476b.

- = only, only one, solitary under BDB 402b. Note 1cs pronominal suffix added after fs endiNG.take away the which is a 1cs suffix. my beloved BDB 402b

The verses have started responding to that which was written at the beginning and middle of Psalm 22. The beginning talks about all of the evil things that are out to get the person, and that no one except the Lord will offer them help.

(22:22)

= Hiphil deliver, save under BDB 446a. deliver me. BDB 446a

22a targumim [footnoteRef:12] [12: Cairo Geniza manuscripts has so paragogic he? ]

= lion under BDB 71b.lion BDB 71b

= wild ox under, BDB 910a. Here written without .

22b many manuscripts read [footnoteRef:13] [13: Many manuscripts read .]

= horn under BDB 901b.There is a text critical note which is difficult to understand.horns

= I answer, respond under BDB 772b.

22c

(22:23)

= Piel recount, rehearse, declarerelate under BDB 708a. This is a cohortative, it t

expresses a command or desire in 1st person. How do we know the

stem of this?

= brother under BDB 26a.

assembly, convocation, congregation under. BDB 874b.

= I shine under. BDB 237a.

= II be boastful, Piel praise under BDB 237b. Arb halla shout (in joy and terror). Akk allu shout for joy, rejoice.

Shine is used in different forms at the beginning and end of this specific verse. Is there a reason that the scribes used two words whose definitions overlap? Why not use one word twice? The first is talking about the people who worship the lord Lord and this second one is giving instruction on what to do in front of the Lord. (RMW This might not be shine at all. What is this other shine in the verse?)Comment by Rick: What do you mean by forms? You mean two different words that can be translated shine have been used and are inviting us to consider the difference. Which is a good point, just needs to be made more clearly.

(22:24)

= be heavy, weighty, burdensome, honoured, Piel make heavy; make honourable, glorify under BDB 457a.

= sojourn (live in the land as a foreigner) under BDB157b.

24a tangumim a few manuscripts Septuagint [footnoteRef:14] [14: Cairo Geniza and a few manuscripts of the Septuagint have so prefix rather than imperative. ]

= III dread under BDB 158b.

(22:25)

= despise under. BDB 102a.Comment by Rick: One of the few times you insert vowels in the verb root, and not the right vowels. (!)

= detestation, detestable thing under BDB 1054b.

= Piel (denominative) detest, make detestable under BDB 1055a. Rare.

= affliction under BDB 776b. Hapax?[footnoteRef:15] [15: Septuagint, Syriac (following Targumim and Vulgate) suggest cry(?).]

= poor, afflicted, humble under BDB 776b.25a Septuagint (Arabic); Syriac (targumim vulgate) g th d, it has been proposed

[footnoteRef:16] [16: Cairo Geniza has face, presence rather than his face/presence.]

= Piel cry out for help under BDB 1002b.

25b Targumim

25c-c Septuagint suffix to be read sg[footnoteRef:17] [17: Septuagint has 1cs suffixes (rather than 3ms suffixes) so from me my me. ]

(22:26)

The root is . What is the PGN? Stem? It means = vow under . BDB 623b.Comment by User: Not a good fit here, this is the noun, not the verb, so you dont need to ask readers to analylze, PGN, stem.

= what is conspicuous or in front, (always as adverb or preposition) in front of, in sight of, opposite to under BDB 617a. this is an adv or a participle. Meaning in front of, In sight of,

opposite to.

BDB 617a

(22:27)

= poor, afflicted, humble, meek under BDB 776b.

= be sated, satisfied, surfeited under BDB 959a. Akk eb. Arb sabia. Arm .

< = Piel praise under BDB 237b. we have seen this verb before, means praise. BDB 237b

Difficult form to analyze. Compare regular Qal prefix 3ms to this. This is a jussive form and remember that the jussive form for weak verbs is often different from the regular prefix. For 3rd verbs the final syllable often is apocopated (drops off).

[footnoteRef:18] [18: 2 manuscripts and Septuagint and Syriac say their heart.]

27a 2 Manuascripts Septuagint and Syriac say

(22:28)

< = ceasing; end, extremity; non-existence under BDB 67a. from the root Here ends, extremities (of the earth).

28a Manuscript Syriac Jerome Vulgate Arabic Vevsian Vulgate Masoretic

Text [footnoteRef:19] [19: Manuscript, Syriac, Jerome, Vulgate, Arabic have equivalent of before him. ]

Notice the consistent pattern by which the other translations/versions have 3rd person instead of more direct 2nd person. What might explain this? Could there be a theological/ideological reason? or could this have to do with setting/location? What if this psalm was intended for public performance in the temple in Jerusalem and now there is no temple? Would that make a difference?

(22:29)

= kingship, royalty under BDB 574b.

= dry earth, dust under BDB 779b

= III rule, have dominion, reign under BDB 605b. Ph .

29a to be read compare Septuagint and syriac [footnoteRef:20] [20: Perhaps read and he rules, compare Septuagint and Syriac.]

(22:30-31))

Looking at the text critical notes verses 30-31 are a mess. Lots of different versions and proposed emendations.

[footnoteRef:21] [21: Read surely to him will bow down, how to him will bow down?]

= be fat, grow fat under BDB 206a. Arb dasina.

= fat (in sense of vigorous, stalwart ones) under BDB 206b.

= bow down under BDB 502b. Arm . Arb karaa put ones mouth into water or water vessel (kneel to drink?).

a-a to be read vel

Literally and his soul (will) not live. Very strange and confusing.[footnoteRef:22] [22: (a) Which means delete as a gloss. So the editors think this whole line was added to clarify and explain. Weak. (b) Septuagint, Syriac have 1cs suffix so and my soul. (c) Septuagint (along with Syriac and Hieronymous version of Psalms which follow Septuagint) have to him rather than not. So we can tell that translations and versions struggled to make sense of this entire verse.]

Literally what we have is something like and all the fat ones of the earth ate and worshiped, all those going down to the dust will bow down before him, and his spirit will not live(?). Even if we go with some of the other versions and emend the text we get something like surely to him all the fat ones (valiant?) of the earth will bow down (in worship) and my soul will live(?) for him.

NIV: All the rich of the earth will feast and worship; all who go down to the dust will kneel before him-- those who cannot keep themselves alive.

NRSV: To him, indeed, shall all who sleep in the earth bow down; before him shall bow all who go down to the dust, and I shall live for him.

NJPS (Tanakh): All those in full vigor shall eat and prostrate themselves; all those at death's door, whose spirits flag, shall bend the knee before Him.

Which of these seems to make best use of the Masoretic Text? And/or do you think other readings make more sense?

(22:31)

Recognize the heavy suffix. That leaves .

Note shwa under prefix pronoun and U class vowel under first root letter. What stem is this?

c it has been proposed

g it has been proposed compare Versions

h manuscripts compare Septuagint

< = period, generation, dwelling under BDB 189b.[footnoteRef:23] root is . Means period, generation, dwelling BDB 189b [23: Septuagint (Syriac) equivalent of generation.]

K Septuagint (syriac) =

Literally seed/descendants will serve him, will be told about(?) my Lord to (a) generation = descendants/offspring will serve him, (future) generation(s) will be told about my Lord. Difficult and unclear.

(22:32)

[footnoteRef:24] [24: Septuagint connects with verse 31.]

a Septuagint connects with

[footnoteRef:25] 31 [25: Septuagint (Syriac) add the Lord.]

b Septuagint (syriac) add

Literally they will come, and they will tell of his righteousness to a people being born, that he acted. Again compare a few modern translations:

NPJS (Tanakh): to come; they shall tell of His beneficence to people yet to be born, for He has acted.

NRSV: and proclaim his deliverance to a people yet unborn, saying that he has done it.

Translation:

Initial translation:

But you Lord are not far. My strength, hurry to help me. Take away the sword from my soul. My beloved, from the hand of the dog. Deliver me, and from the mouth of the lion. You have heard me from the rams horns. I declare your name to my brothers, in the middle of the congregation I will praise you. You that fear the Lord praise him all of the seed of Jacob, honour him and fear him all the seed of Israel. Surely he has not despised and not detested the affliction of the afflicted one. And he didnt hide his face from him but when he cried to him he heard. For you my praise will be in the abundant congregation. My promise will be paid in front of those that fear you. The meek will eat and they will be satisfied, those that seek the Lord will praise him. Your heart shall live forever. They will remember and they will turn to the Lord all the end of the earth and all the family of the nations will worship before him. For the kingdom is the Lords and he rules in the nations. All who are rich upon earth will eat and worship. All who descend to dust bow before him , for no one can keep his soul alive. A seed will serve him, it will be recorded, the Lord for future generations. They will come and declare his righteousness. To a people will be born that he who has done this.