AP Euro Review Study Guide

Please understand that this study guide is NOT all encompassing.

Please understand that, at least in theory, 20 of the 80 multiple choice questions come from each period listed below.

Please understand that the DBQ could come from anywhere.

Please understand that the 3 questions for FRQ1 will come from Periods 1 and 2.

Please understand that the 3 questions for FRQ2 will come from Periods 3 and 4.

Period 1: 1450-1648 (There are other people/concepts but these are the ones we’ve covered in class)

Black Deatho European recovery from loss of population (this SHOULD be all you need to know)

Significant rise in cost of goods and services (known as the price revolution) Resulting investment leads to capitalism

Italian Renaissanceo Petrarch (pre-1450)o Lorenzo Vallao Pico della Mirandola

Greek and Roman Texts and Political Institutionso Machiavellio Castiglione

Painters and Architectso Michelangeloo Donatelloo Raphaelo Leonardo da Vincio Jan Van Eycho Rembrandt

Mannerism and Baroque Artists Physicians that Challenged Galen

o Paracelsuso Vesalius

Inductive and Deductive Reasoningo Bacono Descartes

Traditional views of Alchemy and Astrology

o Paracelsuso Keplero Newton

New monarchies laid the foundation for the centralized modern stateo Ferdinand and Isabella of Spaino Peace of Augsburg (1555)o Edict of Nantes (1598)

Peace of Westphalia (1648) marked the end of universal Christendom and accelerated the decline of the Holy Roman Empire by granting princes, bishops, and other local leaders control over religion

Machiavelli’s The Prince Religion no longer a cause of warfare after Peace of Westphalia (1648); balance of power

more important Advances in Military technology

o Spain under Habsburgso Sweden under Gustavus Adolphuso France (LOL)

English Civil War and competitors for powero James Io Charles Io Oliver Cromwell

Monarchal challenges by Nobleso Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieuo The Fronde in France

Religious Pluralism Challenges a Unified Europeo Erasmuso Sir Thomas Moreo Council of Trent (1545-1563…pro-Catholic)o Catholic Abuses

Indulgences Nepotism Pluralism and Absenteeism

o Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformationo Peace of Augsburg (it keeps showing up—it’s important)o Conflict across the Holy Roman Empireo Counter Reformation (or Catholic Reformation)

St. Teresa of Avila Roman Inquisition Index of Prohibited Books

o Thirty Years War (1615-1648)o Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Calvinism now accepted as a legitimate religion Protestantism forced acceptance through the Reformation

Increased State Control of Religion and Moralityo Spanish Inquisitiono Concordat of Bologna (1516)—I’m not sure we studied this but it keeps coming up so

I’d figure it out and know ito Peace of Augsburg (again)o Calvinist and Anabaptist rebelliono Religious Conflicts Caused by Challenging Monarchal Control of Religious

Institutions Huguenots Puritans Polish Nobles

o French Wars of Religion Catherine de Medici St. Bartholomew Day’s Massacre Henry IV

o Attempts to Restore Catholic Unity Charles I/Charles V Philip II Philip III Philip IV

o State Exploitation of Religious Conflicts Catholic Spain Protestant England France, Sweden, and Denmark in the Thirty Years War

o Allowing Religious Pluralism through Edict of Nantes France Netherlands Poland

Expansiono Portugal going after African gold, ivory, and slaveso Ottoman control of Mediterranean trade routes

Led to Iberians (Spain and Portugal) and Northern Europeans to explore other trade routes to the East

Led to adaptation of Muslim and Chinese navigational technology Compass Portolani

Quadrant and Astrolabe Led to advances in military technology and cartography

Horses Gun/Gunpowder

o By 17th century, Euros had forged a global trade network that edged out Muslim and Chinese domination in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific

o Economic power within Europe shifts from Mediterranean to Atlantic stateso In Asia, control of trade:

Portugal Spain Netherlands

o In America, control of trade: Spain Portugal

o In America, exploring countries behind the Iberian Giants above: Netherlands France England

o Belief in Mercantilismo Religious Reformations Impact “God” in “God, Glory, and Gold” of Exploration

Conversion of Indigenous Peopleso Exchange of Commodities and Crops (Europe Americas)

Wheat Cattle Horses Pigs Sheep

o Exchange of Commodities and Crops (Americas Europe) Tomatoes Potatoes Squash Corn Tobacco Turkeys

o Migrations (Voluntary and Forced)o Sexual Relations (Voluntary and Forced)o Spread of Diseases (Europe Americas)

Smallpox Measles

o Spread of Diseases (Europe Americas)

Syphilis o American Plantation System

African Slave Trade Capitalism

o Family-based banking houses replaced by integrated capital markets in Genoa (Italy), Amsterdam (Netherlands), and London (England)

These big cities become active consumer markets for luxury goods and commodities

o Families realize capitalist enterprise could create revenue to support the stateo Innovation in banking and finance

Double-entry bookkeeping The Dutch East India Company The British East India Company

o Competition among states extend to economics (not just political or, at times, religious anymore)

o Creation of Joint-Stock Companieso Monarchs raise taxes to support growing militarieso Food shortages ariseo Subsistence agriculture

3-crop field rotation in the North 2-crop field rotation in the Mediterranean Often farmers pay rent and labor services for their land

o Commercial Agriculture Enclosure movement Serfdom remains in the East where nobles dominate economic life on large

estates Attempts to increase revenues by restricting or abolishing peasant rights =

revoltso Charity and Social Control are Strained as People get Poorero W. Eur: Nobility weakened; E. Eur: Nobility strengthened

Reformation and Counter-Reformation Led to a Drive to Regulate Public Morals, Leisure, and the Distribution of Poor Relief

o Family stays the dominant unit of productiono Marriage an instrument of social and economic strategies, not just love

“Little Ice Age” and economic challenges delays marriage and childbearing Delays population growth as a whole Improves economic condition of families

o Kids of peasants/craft-workers labor alongside parentso Marriage Patterns:

Renaissance Italy—Men in Early 30s married to Teenage Women Eastern Europe: early marriage for men and women Economics often dictated later marriages amongst the poor

o Activities remain communalo Women’s Roles

Female intellect and education Preachers La Querelle des Femmes

Migrants challenging urban eliteso Sanitation problems caused by overpopulationo Employmento Povertyo Crime

Regulating Public Moralso New secular laws regulating private lifeo Stricter codes on prostitutiono Abolishing or restricting Carnival

WITCHES?!?!?!?!

Period 2: 1648-1815 (There are other people/concepts but these are the ones we’ve covered in class)

Absolute monarchy established over the course of the 17th and 18th centurieso Limited nobility’s participation in governance and preserved aristocracy’s social

position and legal privileges James I Peter the Great Philip II, Philip III, and Philip IV of Spain

o Louis XIV and finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert (God Bless Him!) extended administrative, financial, military, and religious control over the French population

o Eastern and Central European absolutism Frederick II of Prussia Joseph II of Austria

o Polish inability to consolidate its authority over the nobility leading to Polish partition by Prussia, Russia, and Austria and its disappearance from the map of Europe

o Peter the Great westernizing the Russian state and society Catherine the Great continuing the process

Challenges to absolutism leading to alternative political systemso Outcome of English Civil War and Glorious Revolution protecting the rights of the

gentry and aristocracy from absolutism through the rights of Parliament English Bill of Rights Parliamentary sovereignty

o Dutch Republic an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and traditional rights

Dynasties, “The State” and expanding European colonial empires influenced the diplomacy of European states and frequently led to war

o Peace of Westphalia leads to Holy Roman Empire restricting sovereignty Prussia rises to power

Frederick William I of Prussia Frederick II of Prussia

Habsburgs of Austria shift their empire to the eastward Maria Theresa of Austria

o Ottomans cease westward expansion after loss to Austria at the Battle of Vienna (1683)

o Louis XIV’s constant wars (I want it all…) Dutch War Nine Years’ War War of Spanish Succession

o Rivalry between Britain and France resulted in world wars (not THE world wars) fought in Europe and their colonies, with Britain > France b/c inevitability

French Revolution posed a fundamental challenge to Europe’s existing political and social order

o French Revolution = social causes + political causes + Enlightenment ideas + short-term fiscal and economic crises

o First phase: Constitutional monarchy Increased popular participation in the government Nationalization of the Catholic Church Abolishment of hereditary privileges Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Civil Constitution of the Clergy Constitution of 1791 Abolition of provinces and division of France into departments

o Second phase: After execution of Louis XVI Radical Jacobins take over

Leader: Robespierre Key figures: Danton, Marat, Desmoulins (and his aaccid pehn) Committee of Public Safety The Terror issued in response to opposition at home and war abroad

o Price-fixingo Wage-fixingo Policy of de-Christianization

Revolutionary armies, raised by mass conscription, seek to bring changes initiated in France to the rest of Europe

Women enthusiastically participate in early phase of revolution Citizenship still restricted to men only Touissant L’Ouverture-led slave revolt in Haiti (French colony of Saint

Domingue) Haiti becomes independent in 1804

Debate over theory of equality and human rights vs. reality of violence and complete disregard of traditional authority

o Third phase: Directory Fairly ineffective, somewhat corrupt, moving on…

o Fourth phase: Napoleon Claimed to defend the ideals of the French Revolution while exerting control

over much of continental Europe provoking a nationalist reaction Undertook many reforms

Talent-based careers (not just patronage) Educational system

o Nationalized upper levelso Local control at younger ages

Centralized bureaucracy Concordat of 1801

Curtailed other rights Secret police Censorship Limitation of women’s rights

o Napoleon’s military tactics lead to direct or indirect control over most of Continental Europe, spreading the ideals of the French Revolution

o Congress of Vienna leads to restoration of monarchies (Metternich-driven) Expansion of European commerce accelerated the growth of a worldwide economic network

o Market economy Market Driven wages and prices Le Chapelier laws

o Agricultural Revolution increased productivity and the food supplyo Cottage industry (putting-out system) expanded as laborers in homes produce for new

marketso New financial practices and institutions

Insurance Banking private savings into venture capital New definitions of property rights and protections against confiscation Bank of England

o Mercantilism by exploiting colonies in New World and elsewhereo Slave Labor

Middle Passage Triangular trade Plantation economies in the Americas

o Overseas products helps develop a consumer culture in Europe Sugar Tea Silks/Fabrics Tobacco Rum Coffee

o Goods from America Europeo Raw materials, finished goods, laborers, markets for commercial and industrial

European enterpriseso Commercial rivalries lead to war

Atlantic influence in 18th century

Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French rivalries in Asia British domination in India and Dutch control of East Indies

Popularization of Scientific Revolution and application of its methods to political, social, and ethical issues led to an increased (though not unchallenged) emphasis on reason in Euro culture

o Rational and empirical thought challenged traditional ideas Voltaire and Diderot apply Sci Rev principles to society

Spirit of the Laws On Crimes and Punishments (Beccaria)

Locke and Rousseau: Natural Rights Rousseau wants to exclude women

Challenges from:o Mary Wollstonecrafto Olympe de Gougeso Marquis de Condorcet

o Public venues and print media lead to popularized Enlightenment ideas Salons Coffeehouses Academies Lending libraries Masonic lodges (The Illuminati is everywhere…)

o More printed materials, despite censorship, leads to greater literacy Newspapers Periodicals Books Pamphlets The Encyclopedie

o Natural sciences, pop culture, and literature expose Europeans to others outside Europe

Political and economic challenges to mercantilism and absolutismo Individual self-interest as Locke saido Mercantilism challenged by Adam Smith’s ideas of free trade and free market

Physiocrats Quesney Turgot

Demand for Religious Tolerationo Intellectuals, including Voltaire and Diderot, developed new philosophies of deism,

skepticism, and atheism David Hume Baron d’Holbach

o Religion viewed as a private matter rather than a public necessityo By 1800, most governments had extended toleration to Christian minorities and, in

some states, civil equality to Jews Arts moved from celebration of religious themes and royal power to an emphasis on private

life and the public goodo Until 1750, Baroque art and music promoted religious feeling and was employed by

monarchs to glorify state power Diego Velazquez Bernini Handel Bach

o Artistic movements and literature also reflected the outlook and values of commercial and bourgeois society as well as new Enlightenment ideals of political power and citizenship

Rembrandt Neoclassicism Dutch paintings Pantheon in Paris Daniel Defoe Johann Wolfgang van Goethe

Challenge of Enlightenment values to revive public sentiment and feelingo Rousseau questioned the exclusive reliance on reason and emphasized the role of

emotions in the moral development of self and societyo Revolution, war, and rebellion demonstrated the emotional power of mass politics

and nationalismo Romanticism emerged to challenge Enlightenment rationality

Experiences of everyday life were shaped by demographic, environmental, medical and technological changes

o In 17th century: small landholdings, low-productivity agricultural practices, poor transportation, and adverse weather limited the food supply

Famines happened because of ito In 18th century: Europeans began to escape the Malthusian imbalance between

population and the food supply (as in Thomas Malthus in his Principles of Population)

This leads to steady population growth Higher agricultural productivity increases food supply populations grow Demographic crises decrease Plague disappears as an epidemic disease Inoculation reduces smallpox mortality (…until the early 21st century when

Idiot Americans try to bring the disease back by not immunizing…)

(Maybe Green Day was right…okay, back to the study guide)o The consumer revolution of the 18th century was shaped by a new concern for

privacy, purchasing new goods for homes, and creating new venues for leisure Homes built to include private retreats Novels focused on private emotions If they seriously ask you a question about either of the 2 things above, I give

up on preparing kids for a future AP exam. That would be ridiculously trivial. Taverns for leisure Theatres for leisure Opera houses for leisure

o By 18th century, family and private life reflected the new demographic patterns and the effects of the commercial revolution

Population growth limited by change in European marriage pattern (marrying later)

Birth control in some areas An increase in illegitimate births does not affect the population growth at-

large Infant and child mortality decreased while commercial wealth increased

leading to families dedicating more space and resources to kids, child-rearing, private life, and comfortable living

o Cities offered economic opportunities, increasing rural migration Agricultural Revolution

More food with fewer workers leading people to migrate to cities Erosion of traditional communal values City governments struggle to provide protection and a healthy environment Concentration of the poor in cities leads to a greater awareness of poverty,

crime, and prostitution as social problems Increased efforts to police those marginalized groups

Period 3: 1815-1914 (There are other people/concepts but most of these are the ones we’ve covered in class)

The Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the continent, where the state played a greater role in promoting industry

o Great Britain industrial dominance through mechanization of textile production, iron and steel production, and new transportation systems

Coal Iron ore Economic institutions and human capital

Engineers Inventors Capitalists

Crystal Palace at Great Exhibition of 1851 Banks Government financial awards to investors Britain’s parliamentary gov’t promoted commercial and industrial interests

because those interests were represented in Parliament Following the British example, Industrialization in Continental Europe

o France moves at a gradual pace compared to Great Britain (because, of course they did…LOL) with gov’t support and less dislocation of traditional methods of production

Canals Railroads Trade agreements

o Industrialization in Prussia was swift, allowing state to become leader of unified Germany because I want Bismarck to be my second father (okay, some was before Bismarck—whatever)

Zollverein Investment in transportation network Adoption of improved methods of manufacturing Friedrich List’s National System

o A combination of factors including geography, lack of resources, the dominance of traditional landed elites, serfs in some areas, and inadequate gov’t sponsorship accounted for Eastern and Southern Europe’s lag in industrial development

Lack of resources Lack of adequate transportation

During the 2nd Industrial Revolution (1870-1914), more areas of Europe experienced industrial activity and industrial processes increased in scale and complexity

o Mechanization and factory system predominant modes of production by 1914

o New tech, transportation (including railroads), and communication resulted in fully integrated national economies, higher level of urbanization, and global econ network

Bessemer process Mass production Electricity Chemicals Telegraph Steamship Streetcars or trolley cars Telephones Internal combustion engine Airplane Radio

o Volatile business cycles in the last quarter of the 19th century led corporations and governments to try to manage the market through monopolies, banking practices, and tariffs

The experiences of everyday life were shaped by industrialization, depending on the level of industrial development in a particular location

o New classes emerged Western and Northern Europe: divisions of labor led to development of self-

conscious classes like proletariat and bourgeoisie Less industrial regions: agricultural elites into the 20th century Class identity in middle classes

o Rapid population growth and urbanization leading to societal dislocations Better harvests population growth, longer life expectancy, lower infant

mortality Migration to urban in industrialized regions, cities experience overcrowding

while rural areas suffered declines in available labor as well as weakened communities

Industrial Revolution altered the family structure and relations for bourgeois and working-class families

o Bourgeois Focus on nuclear family Cult of domesticity with distinct gender roles

o By end of century, wages and quality of life for working class improved Laws restricting child and women labor

Factory Act of 1833 Mines Act of 1842 Ten Hours Act of 1847

Social welfare programs

Improved diet Birth control

o Economic motivations for marriage diminisho Leisure time centered on family or small groups, concurrent with the development of

activities and spaces to use that time Parks Sports clubs and arenas Beaches Department stores Museums Theatres Opera Houses

A heightened consumerism developed as a result of the 2nd Industrial Revolutiono Industrialization and mass marketing increased both the production and demand for a

new range of consumer goods –including clothing, processed foods, and labor-saving devices—and created more leisure opportunities

Advertising Department stores Catalogs

o New efficient methods of transportation and other innovations created new industries, improved distribution of goods, increased consumerism, and enhanced the quality of life

Steamships Railroads Refrigerated rail cars Ice boxes Streetcars Bicycles Chemical industry Electricity and utilities Automobile Leisure travel Professional and leisure sports

Because of the persistence of primitive agricultural practice and land-owning patterns, some areas of Europe lagged in industrialization while facing famine, debt, and land shortages

o Irish Potato Famineo Russian Serfdom

Ideological response to industrializationo Ideologies developed and took root as a response to industrial and political

revolutions

Liberal emphasis of popular sovereignty, individual rights, enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance

Jeremy Bentham Anti-Corn Law League (that sounds like fun!) John Stuart Mill

Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership; some argued rights should be extended to women (…et tu, Jarod?)

Chartists Conservatives developed a new ideology in support of traditional political and

religious authorities, based on idea that human nature was not perfectible Edmund Burke Joseph de Maistre Klemens von Metternich

Socialists called for a fair distribution of society’s resources and wealth and evolved from a utopian to a Marxist scientific critique of capitalism

Charles Fournier (utopian) Robert Owen (utopian) Friedrich Engles (Marxist) August Bebel (Marxist)

Anarchists asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation

Mikhail Bakunin Georges Sorel

Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the flag including: Romantic idealism Liberal reform Political unification

o Pan-Slavists o Giuseppe Mazzini

Racialism, often with anti-Semitismo Dreyfus Affairo Christian Social Party in Germanyo Karl Lueger, mayor of Vienna (ties to Hitler’s political

beginnings) Chauvinism justifying nationalism

Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl

Governments deal with industrial problems by expanding their functions and creating modern bureaucracies

o Liberalism shifts from laissez-faire (“Hands Off!”) to interventionist economic and social policies on behalf of the less privileged

Policies based on rational approach to reform addressing the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the individual

o Gov’t transforms unhealthy and overcrowded cities Modernizing infrastructure

Sewage and water systems Public lighting Public housing Urban redesign Parks Public transportation

Regulating public health Reforming prisons Establishing modern police forces

o Gov’t promotes public education Political movements and social organizations responded to the problems of industrialization

o Mass-based political parties emerged for social, political, and economic reform Conservatives and liberals in Great Britain Conservatives and socialists in France Social Democratic Party in Germany

o Workers established labor unions/movements to promote social and economic reform that also developed political parties

German Social Democratic Party British Labour Party Russian Social Democratic Party

o Feminists pushed for women’s rights Flora Tristen British Women’s Social and Political Union Pankhurst family

o Private, nongovernmental reform movements for the poor, to end serfdom, and end slavery

Sunday School movement Temperance movement British Abolitionist movement Josephine Butler

Maintain international stability in an age of nationalism and revolutionso Metternich suppresses liberalism and nationalism

o Conservatism re-established control in many Euro states and suppress movements for change

o 19th century revolutionaries try to destroy the status quo Greek War of Independence Decembrist Revolt in Russia Polish Rebellion July Revolution in France

o The Revolutions of 1848 challenged the conservative order and, while failed, breaks down the Concert of Europe

Breakdown of the Concert of Europe opened the door for movements of national unification in Italy and Germany as well as liberal reforms elsewhere

o Crimean War shows weakness of the Ottoman Empire Creates conditions where Italy and Germany can be unified after centuries of

fragmentation New breed of conservative leaders create or strengthen the state

Napoleon III Cavour Bismarck

Dual Monarchy Autocratic leaders push through reform and modernization, giving rise to

revolutionary movements and the Revolution of 1905 Alexander II

Unification of Italy and Germany transform balance of powero Cavour’s Realpolitic + Garibaldi’s military strategy = unification of Italyo Bismarck’s diplomacy + industrialized warfare/weaponry + manipulation of

democratic mechanisms = unification of Germanyo Bismarck tries to maintain a balance of power by isolating France via alliances

Three Emperors’ League Triple Alliance Reinsurance Treaty

o Bismarck’s dismissal in 1890 leads to antagonistic alliances and increased international tensions

o Balkan tensions heightened Congress of Berlin in 1878 Growing influence of Serbia (hi Andjela) Bosnia-Herzegovina Annexation Crisis, 1908 (bye Andjela) First Balkan War Second Balkan War

European nations were driven by economic, political, and cultural motivations in their new imperial ventures in Asia and Africa

o National rivalries Imperial expansiono Search for raw materials and markets, strategic and nationalistic considerations leads

to African and Asian colonization Justified through idea of cultural and racial superiority

Industrial and technological developments (2nd Industrial Revolution) European control of global empires

o Advanced weaponry military superiority of Euros over those colonized Bullet Breech-loading rifle Machine gun

o Communication and transportation technologies created empireso Advances in medicine supported imperialism through longer Euro lives

Pasteur’s germ theory of disease Anesthesia and antiseptics Public health projects

Change in Euro society, diplomacy, and culture created resistance to foreign control abroado Tensions straining alliance systems

Berlin Conference (1884-1885) Fashoda Crisis (1898) Moroccan Crises (1905, 1911)

o Encounters with non-European writers and artists lead to debate over the acquisition of colonies

Jules Verne Pablo Picasso Vincent van Gogh Joseph Conrad (Heart of Darkness)

o Challenge to European imperialism through nationalist movements and/or modernizing their own societies and economies

Indian Congress Party Zulu resistance India’s Sepoy Mutiny China’s Boxer Rebellion (HARMONIOUS FISTS UNITE!) Japan’s Meiji Restoration

Romanticism broke with neoclassical forms of artistic representation and with rationalism, placing more emphasis on intuition and emotion

o Emphasis on emotion, nature, individuality, intuition, the supernatural, and national histories in their works

Francisco Goya Caspar David Friedrich J. M. W. Turner

John Constable Eugene Delacroix Beethoven Chopin Richard Wagner Tchaikovsky

o Romantic writers wrote on similar themes responding to Industrial Revolution and various political revolutions

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe William Wordsworth Lord Byron Percy Shelley John Keats Mary Shelley Victor Hugo

Following the revolutions of 1848, Europe turned toward a realist and materialist worldviewo Positivism emphasized the rational and scientific analysis of nature and human affairso Darwin provided Social Darwinism

Inadvertently led to racial/cultural superiority claimso Marx’s scientific socialism

Critique of capitalism Analyzed society and historical evolution

o Realist and materialist themes and attitudes seen in art and literature Ordinary peoples’ lives depicted and drew attention to social problems

Charles Dickens Gustave Corbet Fyodor Dostoevsky Jean-Francois Millet Leo Tolstoy Emile Zola

A new relativism in values and a loss of confidence in the objectivity of knowledge led to modernism in intellectual and cultural life

o Philosophy from rational interpretations of nature and human society emphasizing irrationality and impulse

Belief that conflict and struggle lead to progress Friedrich Nietzsche Georges Sorel Henri Bergson

o Freudian psychology provided a new account of human nature that emphasized the role of the irrational and the struggle between conscious and subconscious

o Developments in natural sciences undermined Newtonian physics Quantum mechanics Einstein’s theory of relativity Max Planck Marie and Pierre Curie

o Modern art, including impressionism, post-impressionism, and cubism moved from the representational subjective, abstract, and expressive

Often provoked audiences that believed that art should reflect shared and idealized values such as beauty and patriotism

Claude Monet Paul Cezanne Henri Matisse Pablo Picasso Vincent van Gogh

Period 4: 1914-Present (There are other people/concepts but these are the ones we’ve covered in class)

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