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EPC Exhibit 133-15.1March 25, 2010

THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

Dewey Section

To: Caroline Kent, Chair Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee

Cc: Members of the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy CommitteeKarl E. Debus-López, Chief, U.S. General Division

From: Rebecca Green, Assistant EditorDewey Decimal ClassificationOCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.

Via: Joan S. Mitchell, Editor in ChiefDewey Decimal ClassificationOCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.

Re: 281 Eastern churches

EPC Exhibit 132-14.1, which was fashioned as a discussion paper, addressed a number of issues in 281.5–281.9 with regard to Eastern churches. After review during Meeting 132, we sought feedback on the recommendations in the exhibit from a number of subject-matter experts (the discussion paper that was shared with them is given as an appendix to this exhibit; we extend a thank-you to both Anne Robertson and Sandra Singh for suggesting and contacting reviewers):

Maria AlexandrakiConsultant

*Arabic translation teamBibliotheca Alexandrina

Michael Bramah Head of Cataloguing, John M. Kelly Library, Saint Michael’s College,

University of TorontoChair, Orthodox denominational group, American Theological Library Association

*Paul BurnsEmeritus Professor, University of British Columbia

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*Hal CainDalton McCaughey Library (Parkville, Victoria, Australia)

*Monk ProdromosLibrary of the Holy Monastery of Paraklitos (Milessi, Malakassa, Greece)

*Katia ZaytsevaDirector, R&D Center, Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology

We have received feedback from those with asterisks, which is appended below. In cases where specific suggestions were proffered, but not adopted, our rationale for not doing so is also included, in italics and in square brackets.

The main proposal in Exhibit 132-14.1 with regard to 281.9 has been well received. Indeed, it appears that the Russian BBK (Bibliothekarisch-bibliographische Klassifikation) is using a similar strategy. Katia Zaytseva writes: “Orthodox churches that [don't] have individual divisions in BBK, are classified using geographic auxiliaries which indicate jurisdiction (church's headquarters, current situation) and territorial scope.” Three specific suggestions that were made warrant consideration:

1. Add arbitrary autocephalous churches to the heading in 281.94–281.99 (these groups are the main classes of the Orthodox Church mentioned in Russian works on Orthodoxy); thus:

281.94–.99 Specific autocephalous, arbitrary autocephalous, autonomous, independent churches Treatment by continent, country, locality

Google reveals only limited use of the phrase “arbitrary autocephalous church” or “arbitrary autocephaly”:

1. Those who were informed with this spirit of ethnophyletism collaborated with foreign political powers and were moved to declare the arbitrary autocephaly of churches in Greece (1833), Rumania (1865), Bulgaria (1870) and Albania (1922-1928-1937). (http://www.patriarchate.org/greek/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=287&tla=en)

2. In 1967 Macedonia was disunited into the arbitrary autocephaly (under the supremacy of archbishop structure and the contemporary state (From ru.wikipedia.org entry for Serbian orthodox church; translated as part of the WiTran Project)

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Wikipedia entries for Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (the first two paragraphs below) and Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric (the third paragraph below) provide background for the above statements:

In 1833, the Church of Greece declared its autocephaly, which was subsequently recognized by the patriarchate in 1850. In 1865, the Romanian Orthodox Church, against the protests of Constantinople, declared its independence, which was acknowledged in 1885. A year before Greece's autocephaly was self-proclaimed, the Serbian Orthodox Church was named autocephalous by the local secular government, and Constantinople refused recognition until 1879. In 1860 the Bulgarians de-facto seceded from the Great Church and in 1870 the Bulgarian church was politically recognized as autonomous under the name Bulgarian Exarchate by the Sultan's firman, although it was not until 1945 that it was recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate. In 1922, the Albanian Orthodox Church declared its autocephaly, being granted recognition of it in 1937.

In addition to these churches, whose territory had been agreed upon by all as within Constantinople's jurisdiction, several other disputed areas' Orthodox churches have had recognition by the Ecumenical Patriarchate as either autocephalous or autonomous, including the Finnish Orthodox Church and Estonian Orthodox Church in 1923, the Polish Orthodox Church in 1924, the Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church in 1998. The majority of these disputes are a result of the expansion of the Russian Empire, which often included a subjugation of the churches in conquered lands to the Moscow Patriarchate.

On July 19, 1967, the Macedonian Orthodox Church declared autocephaly from the Serbian church, a move which is not recognised by any of the churches of the Eastern Orthodox Communion, and since then, the Macedonian Orthodox Church is not in communion with any Orthodox Church.

Thus, an arbitrary autocephalous church appears to be a church (especially an ethnically-based church) that has declared its autocephaly, but whose autocephaly is not recognized by the Russian Orthodox Church (perhaps more specifically one whose autocephaly is recognized by Constantinople, but not by Moscow). From the perspective of the Russian Orthodox Church, the addition of arbitrary autocephalous churches to the caption is necessary in order for the list to be complete. Some of the churches that Moscow would classify as arbitrary autocephalous would be classified as autocephalous by Constantinople, while others would be deemed independent. Including autocephalous, arbitrary autocephalous, autonomous, and independent churches in the caption signals that the DDC

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recognizes both major points of view and does not give priority to one or the other.

2. Add Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyivan Patriarchate) to the class-here note at 281.9477 (according to Wikipedia, “Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kiev Patriarchate . . . is one of the three major Orthodox churches in Ukraine, alongside the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church . The church is, however, unrecognized by other canonical Eastern Orthodox churches, including the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate).” There is only scant literary warrant for this church, but given the inclusion of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in the class-here note, the exclusion of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyivan Patriarchate) might cause ill will.

281.947 7 Ukraine

Number built according to instructions under 281.94–281.99

Class here Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyivan Patriarchate)

3. Mention the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in the class-here note at 281.973 (if in fact it belongs in that number). Actually, the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia is a (semi-autonomous) branch of the Russian Orthodox Church, especially now that the Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate has been signed. That means that the comprehensive number for ROCOR would be 281.947, even though it has local headquarters in New York City. It might be useful to give ROCOR as an example at 281.94-281.99; in any case, we should certainly include ROCOR as an index term.

281.94–.99 Specific autocephalous, arbitrary autocephalous, autonomous, independent churches Treatment by continent, country, locality

Add to base number 281.9 notation 4–9 from Table 2 for the country of the seat of the church, e.g., Russian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 281.947, Orthodox Church in America 281.973; then, for geographic treatment, add 0* and to the result add notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in United States 281.947073

Reviewer Feedback

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From Arabic translation team

October 22, 2009

In regards to the EPC Exhibit 132- 14.1, this is in response to the need to expand the Coptic Orthodox Church (281.72) throughout the DDC index. There as also some additional comments that has come to our awareness.

“A follow-up project will address whether additional provision needs to made elsewhere in the 200s for doctrine, liturgy, etc., of Eastern Christianity” (page 1 of the exhibit 132-14.1).

With 95% of Egyptian Christians accepting and participating in the Coptic Orthodox, and due to its significantly different theological and traditional differences, it is necessary to consider an expansion to accommodate for the Coptic Church.

See the excel sheet with the possible additions. [RG: The additions suggest displaying numerous built numbers for the Coptic and Ethiopian Orthodox churches in the schedules. The entries suggested do not meet our criteria for the listing of built numbers. Nor is there sufficient literary warrant in WorldCat for further indexing of these built numbers, although there may well be sufficient literary warrant for indexing at least some of them in the Arabic edition.]

In addition to the Coptic Orthodox expansion, attached also are similar additions for the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. The Ethiopian Church has a population of about 45 million in Ethiopia and around the world including the United States of America. This may merit more mention of it throughout the DDC index.

In regards to Issue 1 of the exhibit I would agree that it is sufficient to use the ‘see reference from 281.6 to 281.7.’

A separate issue that has come to awareness is found in 230.042.

Issue 1 is found in 230.042 (Theology of Eastern and Roman Catholic Churches). These theologies are significantly different from each other and the relevant churches also would not classify their literature together. The added numbers and categories in the excel sheet are for consideration. [It appears that the note at 230.04 to class theology of specific denominations and sects in 230.1–230.9 has been missed. Literature should only be classed in 230.042 if it covers the theology of both the Eastern and Roman Catholic churches. Apparently the intent of 230.042 is widely misunderstood; initial search results suggest that only 1% of the works classed in the number

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rightly belong there. The remedy may be to add a scope note at 230.042 or to repeat the class-elsewhere note that appears at 230.04 under 230.042. At present, we need to defer further consideration; we will examine this situation when we prepare the next edition of the 200 separate.]

From Paul Burns (via Sandra Singh):

“The change from ecclesiastical designations of Eastern Churches to more geographical and historical designations seems to make sense especially in public university and other public collections.”

He did not notice any errors in the revised classifications. However, he noted that his research area is in Latin Western and Greek (orthodox) Christianity. He does know something of the other versions but claims no particular expertize for them.

From Hal Cain:

I'll just say that basically the proposal seems good to me, though the implied application for liturgy/ies will be important when they come -- "rite" being something of an obsolete term but still significant in liturgy (and some elements of discipline, such as fasting).

From Monk Prodromos:

My first impression is that DDC is indeed moving towards the right direction as far as Orthodox Churches are concerned (especially in overcoming the obstacle of numerous jurisdictions). However, I gather one must consequently consider changes in other categories of Christian Theology such as doctrinal, pastoral, ecclesiology, public worship (incidentally, the word "mass" cannot be used in Orthodoxy, only "liturgy" is appropriate), etc.

From Katia Zaytseva:

I’ve at last received a new version of BBK Christianity (not finalized yet) from Eduard Sukiasyan, editor-in-chief of BBK. In BBK 86.135.7 Christianity is divided in the following way:

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86.135.71 Early Christianity

86.135.72 Eastern Christianity 86.135.722 Orthodoxy 86.135.722.1 Bulgarian Orthodox Church 86.135.722.2 Constantinople Orthodox Church 86.135.722.4 Russian Orthodox Church 86.135.722.5 Serbian Orthodox Church I guess the list of Orthodox churches is not full. 86.135.723 Oriental Orthodox churches 86.135.723.1 Armenian Apostolic (Gregorian) Church 86.135.723.2 Coptic Church 86.135.723.3 Ethiopian (Abyssinian) Church 86.135.723.4 Eritrean Church 86.135.723.5 Syrian (Jacobite) Church 86.135.723.6 Indian (Malabar) Church 86.135.724 Syro-Persian (Assyrian) Church86.135.75 Western Christianity 86.135.755 Roman Catholicism 86.135.756 Eastern Catholic (Uniate) churches 86.135.756.1 Byzantine Rite Catholic Church (Greek Catholic Church) 86.135.756.2 Alexandrine Rite Catholic Church 86.135.756.3 Antioch Rite Catholic Church 86.135.756.4 Eastern Syrian (Chaldean) Rite Catholic Church 86.135.756.5 Armenian Catholic Church 86.135.757 Protestantism

The main differences from DDC:1. In BBK there are only 3 main divisions of Christianity.2. In BBK Eastern Catholic churches belong to Western Christianity. 3. In BBK Coptic and Ethiopian churches belong to Oriental Orthodox churches.[RG: (1) The DDC structure for Christianity also recognizes the same three main divisions of Christianity (cf. Early church 281.1–281.4; Eastern churches 281.5–281.9; Western churches 282–289), although this tripartite structure is not so obvious in the DDC as in the BBK. (2)This is a legitimate difference. (3) The see reference from 281.6 Oriental Orthodox churches to 281.7 Coptic and Ethiopian churches reveals the same structural hierarchical organization in the DDC as in the BBK.)

Comment to Issue 15:Orthodox churches that doesn't have individual divisions in BBK, are classified using geographic auxiliaries which indicate jurisdiction (church's headquarters, current situation) and territorial scope.

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My proposals to 281.9 Orthodox churches in DDC:1. Add arbitrary autocephalous churches to the heading in 281.94-.99:281.94-.99 Specific autocephalous, arbitrary autocephalous, autonomous, independent churches- These groups are the main classes of Orthodox Church mentioned in Russian works on Orthodoxy.

2. Add Class here note to 281.947 7:Class here Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Kiev Patriarchate

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Appendix

THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

Dewey Section

From: Rebecca Green, Assistant EditorDewey Decimal ClassificationOCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.

Via: Joan S. Mitchell, Editor in ChiefDewey Decimal ClassificationOCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.

Re: 281 Eastern churches

A number of issues arise in the current DDC treatment of Eastern Christianity:

lack of clarity in some structural details the multiplicity of names by which a church may be known the use of a characteristic allegiance/doctrine (e.g., monophysite,

Jacobite) to refer to a specific set of churches (where the class’s intension and intended extension do not fully match)

the use of names/characterizations rejected by the church referred to the need to expand for specific Orthodox churches

In addressing these issues, this discussion paper offers possible approaches, which are worked out in the context of the 281 schedule. We request your feedback on the issues and approaches suggested here (especially as they are implemented on pp. 8-13) by February 26, 2010; please email questions or comments to me at [email protected]. (A follow-up project will address whether additional provision needs to be made elsewhere in the 200s for doctrine, liturgy, etc., of Eastern Christianity.)

We would like to acknowledge the assistance of Nate Evans, religion classifier in the Dewey Section, in bringing several of these issues to our attention.

Issue 1. Eastern Christianity has four major branches: Eastern Catholic churches (281.5) Oriental Orthodox churches (281.6, 281.7) Assyrian Church of the East (281.8) Orthodox (a.k.a. Eastern Orthodox) churches (281.9)

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mailto:[email protected]

If we align the classes with these branches (which seems to be the overall intent of the current development), then 281.5 should not have a direct see reference link to 281.7; the see reference from 281.6 to 281.7 is sufficient.

Issue 2. The number for Eastern Catholic churches (281.5) has several uses: it is the implied comprehensive works number for Eastern Christian churches as well as the number for Eastern Catholics and for Saint Thomas Christian churches. There is sufficient literary warrant to expand for Eastern Catholic churches at 281.52 and for Saint Thomas Christians at 281.54, which will help distinguish among the several current uses of the number. In making the expansion, we believe it more appropriate to use groups-of-churches terminology than to use the groups-of-people terminology (Catholics of Eastern Rites, Saint Thomas Christians) currently in use under 281.5. Given that Saint Thomas Christian churches cut across the standard classification of Eastern churches, notes should make clear where to class both comprehensive works on Saint Thomas Christian churches and specific Saint Thomas Christian churches.

The see reference currently at 282 Roman Catholic Church indicates that Eastern rite churches in communion with Rome should be classed in 281.5–281.8. Very sparing use has been made of numbers under 281.7 for the Coptic Catholic and Ethiopian Catholic churches (as evidenced in WorldCat). However, qualifiers given with the captions at 281.72 and 281.75 specify that these numbers are for the Coptic Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox churches. The see reference at 282 should be modified to refer to only 281.52.

Issue 3. Saint Thomas Christians include some Eastern Catholic churches, some Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Assyrian Church of the East. Therefore the including note at 281.5 for St. Thomas Christians should be limited to those provided for there and a scatter see reference to those provided for elsewhere should be supplied.

These are the churches claiming Saint Thomas Christian tradition: Eastern Catholic Churches:

o the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church [281.52]o the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church [281.52]

Oriental Orthodox: o the Indian (Malankara) Orthodox Church [281.6]o the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church [281.63]

Assyrian Church of the East [281.8]o the Chaldean Syrian Church [281.8]

Independent: o the Mar Thoma Syrian Church [281.54]o the Malabar Independent Syrian Church [281.54]o the St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India [281.54]

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Issue 4. The use of the term “Monophysite” in the caption at 281.6 is semi-controversial: some would distinguish between monophysitism and the miaphysitism of Oriental Orthodoxy. As suggested in issue 1, a better caption for 281.6 would be Oriental Orthodox churches, with Monophysites given as a variant heading.

Issue 5. As there is essentially no literary warrant for “Eutychian church” (a WorldCat search on su:Eutychians and dd:281* retrieves 1 record, for the Eutychian heresy), the including note there is better deleted from 281.6.

Issue 6. There is significant overlap between Oriental Orthodox churches and non-Chalcedonian churches, which should be conveyed in a class-here note at 281.6. (The Council of Chalcedon is also not accepted by the Assyrian Church of the East, which had already separated from other Eastern churches prior to the time of the Council.)

Issue 7. Some of the major Oriental Orthodox churches are in standing room at 281.6 and should be explicitly listed in an including note there. Because one of these churches is referred to by several variant forms (one of which is very similar to a variant name of a church that classes elsewhere), additional index entries should be given.

Issue 8. The term Jacobite in the caption at 281.63 is ambiguous, having a meaning as narrow as a specific church, on the one hand, but also having a meaning as broad as all Oriental Orthodox churches, on the other hand. It is preferable to replace Jacobite Church with Syriac Church, moving the current caption into a former-heading note. (It is appropriate to keep Jacobite in the class-here note: there are several patriarchates of Antioch, and “Jacobite patriarchate of Antioch” is a legitimate way of making the needed distinction.)

Issue 9. The church referred to in the 281.63 class-here note has designated that the English form of its name should use “Syriac” rather than “Syrian” (to distance itself from Syria).

Issue 10. The Syriac Orthodox Church in India in 281.63 is known by several names, which should be added as Relative Index terms, especially because the names could be easily confused with a church at 281.6.

Issue 11. The full name of the Oriental Orthodox church in Ethiopia is Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.

Issue 12. The caption at 281.8, Nestorian Churches, is rejected by the church meant to class there (the Assyrian Church of the East, a.k.a. Church of the East). Again, the current caption should be moved to a former heading note.

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Since the name by which the church is known in India (Chaldean Syrian Church) is rather different, this name should be added as an index entry.

Issue 13. The LCSH that corresponds to 281.9 Eastern Orthodox churches is Orthodox Eastern Church. However, the churches in question typically refer to themselves simply as the Orthodox Church. Such a name change would need to be reflected in both schedule (e.g., 264.01, 281.63, 726.62) and Manual (e.g., 230–280) records, as well as in Relative Index entries, where entries now using the main heading Eastern Orthodox Church would be changed to use Orthodox Church instead and the appropriate UF/USE reference structure would be set up between these two main headings.

Issue 14. There is literary warrant for expansion under 281.9 for the following churches:

Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (Church of Constantinople)Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)Church of Greece [an autocephalous Greek Orthodox church]Serbian Orthodox ChurchRomanian Orthodox Church Orthodox Church in AmericaUkrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church

Issue 15. There are two—potentially conflicting—interpretations of 281.94–281.99 Treatment by continent, country, locality. One interpretation takes into account the location of adherents and local congregations of the church; the other interpretation takes into account the jurisdiction of the church. Under the first interpretation, all Orthodox congregations in the United States—whether associated with Greek Orthodoxy, Russian Orthodoxy, Serbian Orthodoxy, etc., or associated with the autocephalous Orthodox Church in America—would be classed in 281.973. Under the second interpretation, all Romanian Orthodox congregations—whether in Romania or in Moldova, Serbia, Hungary, Germany, Australia, etc.—would be classed in 281.9498.

Before discussing the pros and cons of the two interpretations, we note that the distinction is not limited to 281.9. For example, there is a development for specific Lutheran denominations, branches, and synods centered in the United States under 284.13. Notation 094–099 from Table 1 is expressly not to be added to these numbers; instead geographic treatment of Lutheran churches, which takes precedence over denominational treatment, is provided for in 284.14–284.19. (Similar provisions appear throughout 283–289.1) The underlying rationale is multifaceted: individual churches may 1This issue was addressed in EPC Exhibit 126-16.2. The section in its cover on “Geographic Treatment of Specific Denominations in a Specific Place” reads: “In several places in 286-289, specific denominations are named in an including note in the record for specific denominations, e.g., the note under 286.63. The Manual note

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associate themselves with different denominations (within the one family of denominations) over time; denominations continue to split and merge; literature about a specific congregation does not always specify with which denomination/branch/synod it is associated.

The first interpretation of 281.94–281.99 might thus make more sense from a pragmatic perspective. We should ask, however, if the rationale that underlies, e.g., 284.14–284.19, also underlies 281.94–281.99: Do specific congregations associate themselves with different Orthodox churches over time? How stable is the set of Orthodox churches? How commonly does literature about an Orthodox congregation not specify the specific church with which it is associated? Also, since we are not proposing to provide for individual Orthodox churches separately from 281.94–281.99, does the rationale for preferring geographic treatment over ecclesiological structure used in 283–289 apply at all in 281.9? Depending on how other issues are handled, the answers to some of these questions might be moot.

The second interpretation makes more sense from an ecclesiological perspective; it is also the interpretation that more readily permits notation for the other interpretation to be added so that both perspectives on geographic treatment can be displayed (that is, under the number for Romanian Orthodox Church there could be distinct subdivisions for Romanian Orthodox Church in Germany, Romanian Orthodox Church in Australia, etc.; this could be effected by giving an add note at 281.94–281.99 that first adds notation from Table 2 for jurisdiction and then adds notation from Table 2 for geographic treatment).

There are a number of follow-up issues that need to be addressed: (1) Which Orthodox churches should be considered for expansion under 281.9? Since they are independent, all autocephalous churches are candidates for expansion (subject to literary warrant). But what about autonomous churches, whose highest-ranking officials are appointed by the head of an autocephalous church, but which are otherwise self-governing? Should they be classed with the autocephalous church with which they are associated or on their own? And what about Orthodox churches that operate outside the jurisdictions of autocephalous and autonomous churches (e.g., those “in resistance”)? (2) Should the expansions represent specific churches (as 281.947 Russian Orthodox Church does), or should the expansions represent

at 283-289 instructs one to use geographic treatment for specific denominations and specific churches in a specific area, but the schedules themselves do not offer any instruction for geographic treatment of denominations in standing room (although one such denomination is used as an example in the add note under 286.64-286.69). We have added specific instructions throughout 286-289 to address this issue.” The modifications in this exhibit were approved and have already been implemented.

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geographic jurisdictions, with the names of churches given in including or class-here notes? (3) Should the jurisdiction of all Orthodox churches be represented at some common geographic level (e.g., country), or should the geographic level represented vary with the specific church? (4) Closely related, should “jurisdiction” be understood in terms of the location of a church’s headquarters, or in terms of its territorial scope? (5) Should the jurisdiction represented reflect the current or the historical situation (in which case, should we be talking about 281.94–281.99 or about 281.93–281.99?)?

The first of these questions—which churches should be considered for expansion?—can be addressed independently of the others. By their very nature, independent churches (one of which currently has sufficient literary warrant for expansion) have to be classed on their own. And if independent churches are classed on their own, it would seem inappropriate were autonomous churches not also classed on their own. Further, since autonomous churches sometimes become autocephalous churches, treating them individually avoids some number of future relocations. Finally, treating all of the bodies individually avoids having to decide how to characterize churches which are recognized as autocephalous by some, but not all, other bodies.

The second question—should the expansions represent specific churches or geographic jurisdictions?—is only an issue if we anticipate that multiple churches might have the same geographic scope. In fact, this is the case. For example, there are three major churches in Ukraine identified as Orthodox churches: the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), an autonomous church under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate and the only one recognized by the full Orthodox communion; the Ukrainian Orthodox Church—Kiev Patriarchate; and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (which, despite the name, is not among the canonical list of autocephalous Orthodox churches). Were there sufficient literary warrant to expand for all three, should they be subclasses of a class for Orthodox churches in Ukraine, or should they all be immediate subclasses of the span at 281.94–281.99? The first alternative has to be chosen; if Ukraine were not used as the basis for one or more classes below 281.94–281.99, what other basis could be used? (Alphabetical arrangement is not an option to be considered.) All churches will be placed in class-here notes and thus are eligible for further number-building. (This pattern is meant to apply to all denominations built using the add instruction.)

The remaining questions—should all jurisdictions be represented at the same geographic level?; should jurisdiction be understood in terms of a church’s headquarters or its territorial scope?; and should the jurisdiction represented reflect the current or the historical situation?—are intertwined. The issues

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are considered here through the cases of the Orthodox Church of Antioch, the Church of Russia, and the Orthodox Church in America.

The Orthodox Church of Antioch (also known as the Church of Antioch, the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, the Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East [official English name], the Eastern Orthodox Church of Antioch and All the East, and the Antiochian Orthodox Church) is one of five churches that claims to be the successor of the Christian community founded at Antioch by the early apostles Peter and Paul. (Three of the others are Eastern Catholic churches and the fourth is an Oriental Orthodox church.) The church seat was formerly in Antioch, but was moved to Damascus in the 15th century. Its territorial scope includes Syria, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, UAE, parts of Turkey.

The Church of Russia (also known as the Moscow Patriarchate and Russian Orthodox Church [official English name]) is an autocephalous church headquartered in Moscow; its territorial scope includes Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and some former Soviet republics.

The Orthodox Church in America (OCA) was formerly the Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in America. Its autocephaly was recognized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1970, but is not recognized by many other autocephalous churches. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C.; its territorial scope is primarily the United States and Canada.

Names of individual churches often indicate place, but as we can see in our examples, the geographic level of the place names may vary, not only across churches, but also, more importantly and because the churches tend to be known by a variety of appellations, within an individual church. This means that the name alone cannot be used to determine the geographic level at which a church should be classed. Other possibilities are the location of the seat of the church and its territorial scope. Territorial scope has the disadvantages of either not being well-defined or not being well-known (note the use of “parts of Turkey,” “some former Soviet republics,” and “primarily” in the statements of territorial scope above) and of not mapping cleanly to Dewey classes. For example, the territorial scope of the Orthodox Church of Antioch corresponds to some of 2—53, all of 2—55, and much of 2—56. The seat or headquarters of the church, however, is usually well-defined (a specific city) and typically is also well-known (that is, that the seat of the church is in a specific place; how well known that place is, is irrelevant). The country in which the seat of the church is located will usually be a primary (and often the primary) part of its territorial scope. We therefore propose to use the country in which the seat of a church is located as the geographic target to be reflected in the class notation. The case of the Church of Antioch notwithstanding, the countries in which the seats of Orthodox

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churches are located does not change often. The current location should be used, which obviates the need to consider whether notation 3 from Table 2 should also be considered.

At the same time, literature on Orthodox churches in a location can also be anticipated; 281.9094–281.9099 should therefore not be bracketed.

Note: The implication of the approach adopted here for existing collections has not yet been made explicit (e.g., through relocation notes).

Issue 16. A jurisdictional interpretation of 281.94–281.99 requires a change in the caption there. Elsewhere in the 280s, the phrase specific denominations is used to refer to organizational units below the level of the church. However, this terminology is not used in the context of the Orthodox Church. Given the character of the Orthodox Church, the most generally appropriate terminology at 281.94–281.99 might be Specific branches or Specific churches. Both terms, however, are already in use to refer to ecclesiological units that contrast with the level we wish to designate: branches has been used at 280.2–280.4 to designate a broader level of division; specific churches is used in the 280s to refer to individual/local congregations. The terms widely used in the Orthodox Church to designate the level of division we wish to refer to include the following: patriarchate, autocephalous church, autonomous church, formerly independent church, unrecognized independent church. All the relevant units are covered by the phrase autocephalous, autonomous, independent churches.

Issue 17. Eight spans in the 200s (e.g., 230.1–230.9 Doctrines of specific denominations and sects, 252.01–252.09 Texts of sermons by specific denominations and sects) add notation from the numbers following 28 in 281–289. The question is whether the anticipated development under 281.9 and the new caption proposed at 281.94–281.99 work appropriately with the add instructions. A survey of recent works classed in numbers that add from 281.9* finds the general need to add for the following: person, place, Orthodox branch (e.g., Oriental Orthodox), and church (e.g., Russian Orthodox Church); the latter two are the most common. Place alone can be handled via 281.909, Orthodox branch via 281.9, church alone via 281.94–281.99. Person is appropriately classed under these spans only if the person is associated with a specific branch (the ecclesiological level to be used for persons associated with Christianity, according to the Manual note at 230–280). There appears to be only a small need to add from 281.9 for a church in a place (including specific congregations), which can be handled with the new add instruction at 281.94–281.99. The development under 281.9 would thus adequately meet the needs in essentially all instances.

The question remains whether the proposed caption at 281.94–281.99 is consistent with the terminology in those add instructions, given that the add

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instructions speak in terms of specific denominations and sects but the caption at 281.94–281.99 is proposed to read Specific autocephalous, autonomous, independent churches. Fortunately, it is not necessary that the caption at 281.94–281.99 echo the denominations and sects terminology of these spans, because the caption at 280, Denominations and sects of Christian church, suffices to establish that all notation in the 280s can be added, if otherwise appropriate, in conjunction with such spans. Thus, we will allow denominations and sects terminology to apply broadly across the 280s, while substituting more appropriate wording at local levels (as is also relevant at 280.2 Eastern and Roman Catholic churches).

The approach shown on the following pages has been tested against a set of resources classed under 281.9* in WorldCat for the years 2008-2010. The results are shown in class number order in the appendix. (The experience of classifying biographies brought to our attention the wisdom of adding notes at 281.5, 281.6, and 281.9 to see the Manual entry at 230–280.)

In the entries below, deletions are marked by strikethroughs; additions and changes are marked by underlining.

Schedule

264.01 Early and Eastern churches

Add to base number 264.01 the numbers following 281 in 281.1–281.9, e.g., liturgy and ritual of Eastern Orthodox churches 264.019; then add further as instructed under 264.04–264.09, e.g., Eastern Orthodox Mass 264.019036

280.2 Eastern and Roman Catholic churches

Class comprehensive works on Roman Catholic Church and Eastern churches in communion with Rome in 282

For Eastern churches, see 281.5; for Roman Catholic Church, see 282 specific denominations and sects, see 281–282

17

281.5 Eastern churches

Including Catholics of Eastern rites (Eastern rite churches in communion with Rome), St. Thomas (Mar Thoma, Syro-Malabar) Christians

For Oriental Orthodox Monophysite churches, see 281.6; for Coptic and Ethiopian churches, see 281.7; for Assyrian Church of the East (Church of the East) Nestorian churches, see 281.8; for Eastern Orthodox churches, see 281.9

See Manual at 230–280; also at 270, 230.11–230.14 vs. 230.15–230.2, 281.5–281.9, 282

281.52 Eastern Catholic churches (Eastern rite churches in communion with Rome)

Including Saint Thomas Christian churches in communion with Rome

Class comprehensive works on Saint Thomas Christian churches in 281.54

Additional Relative Index entries:Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Syro-Malankara Catholic Church

281.54 Saint Thomas Christian churches

Including Mar Thoma Syrian Church, Malabar Independent Syrian Church, St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India

For a specific church within the Saint Thomas Christian tradition not provided for here, see the church, e.g., Syriac Orthodox Church 281.63

18

281.6 Oriental Orthodox Monophysite churches

Former heading: Monophysite churches

Including Eutychian Church Eritrean Orthodox Church, Indian Orthodox Church

Class here non-Chalcedonian churches

For Coptic and Ethiopian churches, see 281.7


Additional Relative Index entries (alternate forms for Indian Orthodox Church):

Malankara Orthodox ChurchMalankara Orthodox Syrian ChurchOrthodox Church of IndiaOrthodox Syrian Church of India

281.62 Armenian Church

281.63 Syriac Jacobite Church

Former heading: Jacobite Church

Class here Syriac Syrian Orthodox Church, Jacobite Patriarchate of Antioch

See also 281.95691 for Eastern Orthodox Church in Syria

Additional Relative Index entries (alternate forms for Syriac Orthodox Church):

Jacobite Syrian Christian ChurchMalankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox ChurchSyriac Orthodox Church in India Syrian Orthodox Church in IndiaMalankara Syriac Orthodox Church Malankara Syrian Orthodox ChurchMalankara Jacobite Church

281.7 Coptic and Ethiopian churches

See Manual at 270, 230.11–230.14 vs. 230.15–230.2, 281.5–281.9, 282

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281.72 Coptic Church (Coptic Orthodox Church)

281.75 Ethiopian Church (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church)

281.8 Assyrian Church of the East (Church of the East) Nestorian churches

Former heading: Nestorian churches

See Manual at 270, 230.11–230.14 vs. 230.15–230.2, 281.5–281.9, 282

Additional Relative Index entries:Chaldean Syrian Church (name by which church is known in India)

281.9 Eastern Orthodox churches


281.909 History, Historical, geographic, persons treatment, biography

281[.909 3] Geographic treatment in ancient world

Do not use for early church; class in 270

281[.909 4–.909 9]Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities in modern

world

Do not use for specific autocephalous, autonomous, independent churches; class in 281.94–281.99

281.94–.99 Specific autocephalous, autonomous, independent churches Treatment by

continent, country, locality

Add to base number 281.9 notation 4–9 from Table 2 for the country of the seat of the church, e.g., Russian Orthodox Church 281.947, Orthodox Church in America 281.973; then, for geographic treatment, add 0* and to the result add notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., Russian Orthodox Church in Canada 281.947071

281.947 Russia Russian Orthodox Church

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Class here Moscow Patriarchate, Russian Orthodox Church

281.947 7 Ukraine


Class here Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church

281.949 5 Greece


Class here Orthodox Church of Greece

281.949 6 Balkan Peninsula


281.949 61 Turkey in Eastern Europe


Class here Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (Church of Constantinople)

281.949 71 Serbia


Class here Serbian Orthodox Church

281.949 8 Romania


Class here Romanian Orthodox Church

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281.973 United States


Class here Orthodox Church in America (OCA)

Class specific Orthodox churches affiliated with a patriarchate or other national church with the patriarchate or church, e.g., Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America (eparchy of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople) 281.94961073

*Add 00 for standard subdivisions; see instructions at beginning of Table 1

282 Roman Catholic ChurchClass here the Catholic traditionalist movement, comprehensive works on Roman Catholic Church and Eastern rite churches in communion with Rome Class modern schisms in Roman Catholic Church in 284.8

For Eastern rite churches in communion with Rome, see 281.52 281.5-281.8See Manual at 270, 230.11-230.14 vs. 230.15-230.2, 281.5-281.9, 282

726 Buildings for religious and related purposes

726.62 Cathedrals of Eastern churches

For Eastern Orthodox cathedrals, see 726.63

726.63 Eastern Orthodox cathedrals

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Manual

230–280

Persons associated with Christianity

. . .

Class biographies of members of specific denominations and sects with the main branch of the denomination rather than with the most specific organization or area, e.g., a biography of a member of the Lutheran Church in America 284.1092 (not 284.133092 ); a biography of a clergyman of the African Methodist Episcopal Church 287.8092 (not 287.83 ); a biography of a Russian clergyman of the Eastern Orthodox Church 281.9092 (not 281.947092 ); collected biography of Catholics in the United States 282.092273

. . .

23

AppendixTest of approach given for 281.9*

Citation Subject analysis

DDC number

Bell, David N., 1943- Orthodoxy : evolving tradition / by David N. Bell.

Oriental Orthodox churches – Doctrines; Orthodox Eastern Church – Doctrines

230.16 or 230.19

Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, 1940- Selections. English. 2009 Cosmic grace + humble prayer : the ecological vision of the green patriarch Bartholomew I / edited by John Chryssavgis ; with a foreword by Metropolitan John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon. Rev. ed.

Orthodox Eastern Church – Doctrines

230.19

Pavle, Patriarch of Serbia. Kosovska iskus enja : ovu knjigu objavljujemo uz blagoslov Njegove Svetosti Patrijarha srpskog Pavla / Patrijarh Pavle ; [tekstove izabrala i priredila Nađa Andrejevic].

Srpska pravoslavna crkva – Sermons

252.0194971

Churches in-between : Greek Catholic churches in postsocialist Europe / edited by Stephanie Mahieu, Vlad Naumescu.

Catholic Church. Byzantine Rite – Former communist countries

281.520947

Insight : a newsletter of St. Thomas Indian Orthodox Church of South Florida, Inc.

St. Thomas Indian Orthodox Church of South Florida

281.6

Cheeran, Joseph, 1945- The Indian Orthodox Church of St. Thomas, AD 52-2009 / by Joseph Cheeran.

Orthodox Eastern Church – India – Kerala – History

281.6

Orthodox Christianity / Carl S. Tyneh, editor. [New ed.].

Orthodox Eastern Church

281.9

Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, 1940- Encountering the mystery :


281.9

24

understanding Orthodox Christianity today / His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew. Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, 1940- Selections. 2010 In the world, yet not of the world : social and global initiatives of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew / edited by John Chryssavgis.


281.9

Benz, Ernst, 1907-1978. Geist und Leben der Ostkirche. English The Eastern Orthodox Church : its thought and life / Ernst Benz.


281.9

Clark, Katherine. The Orthodox Church / Katherine Clark.


281.9

Clement, Olivier. Chiesa degli ortodossi. Spanish La Iglesia de los ortodoxos / Olivier Clement.


281.9

McGuckin, John Anthony. The Orthodox Church : an introduction to its history, doctrine, and spiritual culture / John Anthony McGuckin.


281.9

Theokritoff, Elizabeth Living in God's creation : the ecological vision of Orthodox Christianity.

281.9

Cavarnos, Constantine. Saint Mark of Ephesos : renowned Greek theologian of the late Byzantine period and eminent philosopher and church hymnographer : his life, character, thought, writings, and influence / by Constantine Cavarnos.

Eugenikos, Markos, Saint, ca. 1392-1445?

281.9092

Fu r mich sind alle Menschen Gottes Kinder Theologie, O kumene und geistliche Praxis bei Aleksandr Men’ / hrsg. von Igor Pochoshajew.

Men’, Aleksandr V.

281.9092

Archdeacon, Serge Jumati. Life & works of Saint Sergius of Radonezh : the hegoumen of Russia & a miracle maker / Serge Jumati Archdeacon ; translated by Guram Kochibrolashvili & Marijcke Tooneman.

Christian saints – Russia – Biography;Sergii, Radonezhskii, Saint, ca. 1314-1391 or 2.

281.9092

25

Shusherin, Ivan Kornilevich, ca. 1630-1690. From peasant to patriarch : account of the birth, upbringing and life of His Holiness Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia / written by his cleric Ioann Shusherin ; translated and annotated by Kevin Kain and Katia Levintova.

Orthodox Eastern Church – Russia – Bishops – Biography

281.9092

Sametz, William, 1926- My father the priest : the life and times of the Very Reverend Dr. Peter Sametz : founding missionary priest of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada / William Sametz.

Ukraïns’ka pravoslavna tserkva v Kanadi – History

281.9092

Farasiotis, Dionysios. Gourou, o neos, kai o Gerontas Paisios. English The gurus, the young man, and Elder Paisios / by Dionysios Farasiotis [pseud.] ; translated and adapted by Hieromonk Alexis (Trader) ; edited by Philip Navarro.

Paisios, Geron, 1924-1994;Church of Greece

281.9092

Our thoughts determine our lives : the life and teachings of Elder Thaddeus of Vitovnica / compiled by the St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood ; translated by Ana Smiljanic.

Clergy – Serbia – Biography;Christian life – Orthodox Eastern Church.

281.9092

Byford, Jovan. Denial and repression of antisemitism : post-communist remembrance of the Serbian Bishop Nikolaj Velimirovic / Jovan Byford.

Orthodox Eastern Church – Serbia – Bishops – Biography

281.9092

Skorobogat’ko, N. V. Russkie sviatye / N. V. Skorobogat’ko.

Russian Orthodox Church – History;Christian saints – Russia – History

281.90922

Lloyd-Moffett, Stephen R. (Stephen Robinson) Beauty for ashes : the spiritual transformation of a modern Greek community / Stephen R. Lloyd-Moffett.

Orthodox Eastern Church – Preveza – Greece – History

281.9094953

Kitromilides, Paschalis. An Orthodox commonwealth : symbolic legacies and cultural encounters in

Orthodox Eastern Church – History;

281.90949609

26

southeastern Europe / Paschalis M. Kitromilides.

Balkan Peninsula – Church history

Erickson, John H. Orthodox Christians in America : a short history / John H. Erickson.

Orthodox Eastern Church – North America – History

281.90973

Paprocki, Henryk. Prawosławie w Polsce / tekst, Henryk Paprocki ; fotografie, Piotr Sawicki ; [tłumaczenie, Jessica Taylor-Kucia] = The Polish Orthodox Church / text, Henryk Paprocki ; photographs, Piotr Sawicki ; [translation, Jessica Taylor-Kucia].

Orthodox Eastern Church – Poland – History

281.9438

Bremer, Thomas La croce e il Cremlino breve storia della Chiesa ortodossa in Russia Thomas Bremer.

Russian Orthodox Church

281.947

Garrard, John Gordon. Russian Orthodoxy resurgent : faith and power in the new Russia / John Garrard & Carol Garrard.


281.947

Hedda, Jennifer. His kingdom come : Orthodox pastorship and social activism in revolutionary Russia / Jennifer Hedda.


281.947

Robson, Roy R. Old believers in modern Russia / Roy R. Robson.

281.947

Stoeckl, Kristina. Community after totalitarianism : the Russian Orthodox intellectual tradition and the philosophical discourse of political modernity / Kristina Stoeckl.


281.947

Stricker, Gerd Die Geschichte der Russischen Orthodoxen Kirche in der Diaspora / Gerd Stricker.

Russische Orthodoxe Kirche im Ausland

281.947

Pliguzov, Andrej I. Documentary sources for the history of the Rus' Metropolitanate / Andrei Pliguzov.

281.947009

Skorobogat’ko, N. V. Russkaia pravoslavnaia kul’tura / N. V. Skorobogat’ko.

Russkaia pravoslavnaia tserkov’ – History

281.947009

27

Kozelsky, Mara. Christianizing Crimea : shaping sacred space in the Russian Empire and beyond / Mara Kozelsky.

Russian Orthodox Church – Ukraine – Crimea – History

281.9470477109

Marsden, Thomas Afanasii Shchapov and the significance of religious dissent in imperial Russia, 1848 - 70 / Thomas Marsden.

Russisch-Orthodoxe Kirche – Geschichte –1848-1870

281.94709034

Bodnarchuk, Lisa, 1961- Behind the altar : secrets of a Minister's daughter / Lisa Bodnarchuk.

St. Demetrius Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Toronto, Ont.) – Clergy – Family relationships

281.94770713541

Orthodox Christianity in 21st century Greece : the role of religion in culture, ethnicity, and politics / [edited by] Victor Roudometof and Vasilios N. Makrides.

Orthodox Eastern Church – Greece – History – 21st century

281.9495009

Oakes, Meliton-Richard. The Greek Orthodox Cathedral Church of All Saints, Camden Town, London / Meliton-Richard Oakes.

Greek Orthodox Cathedral Church of All Saints (London, England) – History;Church architecture – England – London

726.50942142

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