Republic of EcuadorPosition Paper

2016 ESMOAS Summit of the Americas

Republic of Ecuador Position Paper for the 2016 ESMOAS Summit of the Americas

I. GENERAL STATEMENTThe Republic of Ecuador is deeply honored to participate in this year’s Summit of

the Americas to be able to contribute to a sustainable future development of the western hemisphere. Recognizing the substantial impact of this supreme organ of the OAS, the delegation of Ecuador expresses its optimism towards the cooperation between its fellow delegates to improve hemispheric educational, economic, social, and political standards. Recalling Article 1 of the Charter of the Organization of American states, as a member, the Republic of Ecuador reestablishes its commitment ”to promote its solidarity, to strengthen its collaboration, and to defend its sovereignty, its territorial integrity, and its independence.” (Organization of American States, 1948).

Bearing in mind that Ecuador is a relatively small nation in comparison to the majority of its fellow OAS member states with its 283,561 km2 and a GDP per capita of 6,248.1 USD, the nation is still the 69th largest export economy in the world (The World Bank Group, 2016). Between 2009 and 2014, the exports of Ecuador have increased at an annual rate of 11.7 %. Due to the flourishing Amazon rainforest in the lowland as well as the diversity of natural resources, Ecuador is a proud provider of mainly Crude Petroleum, Bananas, Crustaceans, Processed Fish, and Gold. Being substantially dependent on its Crude Petroleum resources, which have accounted for more than half of the country’s export earnings, the delegation of Ecuador emphasizes the value of maintaining strong international relations. (Simoes, 2016) Furthermore, it would like to show its appreciation towards the OAS approach to globalization and the essential need for sensible and sound international trade policies. Standing by the OAS role in advancing the goals for increased trade shared by the countries of the Americas, the delegation of Ecuador offers its support to the fellow OAS member states that includes, but is not limited to, economic integration strengthening the trade competitiveness of the region. (Organization of American States, 2016)

Located in the Western South America, Ecuador is exposed to the effects of climate change and severe natural disasters. As late as in April of this year, the country suffered from a catastrophic earthquake resulting in collapsed structures and the end of 272 people’s lives (Ellis, Karimi, Ansari, & Gallon, 2016). Acknowledging the devastation caused by Hurricane Matthew in October, the delegation of Ecuador would like to express its deepest of sympathies to all those affected by the hurricane. The many natural disasters throughout time have affected the basic living standards of the Ecuadorian population greatly, adding to the already existing problems of poverty. However, the delegation of Ecuador affirms and highlights its government’s tremendous amount of time and effort put into reducing poverty in recent years. President Rafael Correa took office in 2006 and has since increased public investment from 21 % of the GDP to a remarkable 41 % in 2012. Moreover, the United Nations Development Program representative in Ecuador, Diego Zorrilla, has praised the Ecuadorian government for its heavy investments in education, healthcare, social security, and job creation. (TeleSUR, 2014)

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“Ecuador has state policies in these fields and thus seeks to reduce persistentvulnerabilities that occur throughout the life cycle”. (Zorrilla, 2014, quoted in TeleSur).By implementing various programs and taking strategic actions, the Ecuadorian

government has achieved the goals to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability, and develop a global partnership for development. (United Nations Statistics Division, 2016).

Keeping this in mind, the delegation of Ecuador is determined to support its fellow delegates, confirming the statement with Article 43 of the OAS charter ”In order to strengthen and accelerate integration in all its aspects, the member states agree to give adequate priority to the preparation and carrying out of multinational projects and to their financing, as well as to encourage economic and financial institutions of the interAmerican system to continue giving their broadest support to regional integration institutions and programs.”. (Organization of American States, 1948)

Determined to further develop the western hemisphere and utilize its full potential, the delegation of Ecuador hereby invites its fellow delegates to discuss the issues currently facing the region to ensure the betterment of the hemisphere.

II. PARTICULAR STATEMENTS

A. Committee: General Committee (GC- Heads of State)

Topic 1: Reducing the Rate of Violence against Women

Ecuador acknowledges the importance of addressing gender related violence and inequality and has dedicated enormous efforts over the last 15 years to place itself as a world reference regarding this matter. The efforts include the process of modernizing its constitution and addressing this topic without bias and the delegation of Ecuador is looking forward to continue the eradication of all the other gender related injustices.

The republic of Ecuador places itself at the world average in the UN 2010 world demographics report on the subject of violence against women both on the chart for inter partner violence in a lifetime as well as on the chart for inter partner violence within the last 12 months. The republic of Ecuador has become a reference in gender equality policies as stated by the World Economic Forum, which places Ecuador as the second in Latin America in matter of said policies (Presidencia Republica del Ecuador, 2015). The World Economic Forum states in its report of gender violence that Ecuador prioritizes the attention to women that are particularly vulnerable and face some type of exclusion and conducts policies oriented to eliminate the gender gaps and ambiguities in its laws.

In the world scale of the World Economic Forum on “gender equality”, Ecuador occupied the place 142 in 2006, and by 2014 the country had ascended to the 21st place of the chart, which takes the percent of the enrollment of women on all levels of education

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as well as the participation in public administration into consideration. (Presidencia Republica del Ecuador, 2015)

The republic of Ecuador has, at the moment, equity in the seats of the supreme court of justice, as well as in the national assembly. The overall salary gap has reduced 59 % from 2005 to 2012. The regional UN women’s issues director, Moni Pisani, has stated that Ecuador is one of the Latin American countries that has done the most to gather real and reliable information about women’s situations in society.

The republic of Ecuador has 8,087,914 women, which represent 50.5 % of the population according to the national statistic census institute, which also states that 1,069,988 of those women are household providers (Inec, 2016). Since 2014 the integral penitentiary organic code or Coip (codigo organico integral penal) typifies the gender equality and discrimination based on gender or orientation for its legal and penitentiary purposes.

Ecuador has in sight greater plans for the policies and laws that abide the gender related issues and as primary in-the-near future plan insists that is needed a modern and more accurate way to pin point, address, and prevent gender violence for is in this particular stance where the government and institutions find its limitations, in the information gathering and statistic interpretation for a more accurate decision making and get closer to the objectives of our country and our continent.

Topic 2: Achieving Universal Access to Basic Health Services

The republic of Ecuador recognizes the importance of having access to basic health services as a right no one should lack, especially in this region where the health situation is impacted mainly by political and social problems, including the levels of poverty, limited access to health services, and low health insurance (Pan-American Health Organization, 2001).

The access to basic health services among the world is a priority to this delegation considering the fact that our population is most likely to keep growing; this tendency can also be observed in the global population growth (CIA World Factbook, 2016). Thus, the delegation of Ecuador recognizes the importance of introducing a stronger culture of health.

The delegation of Ecuador firmly believes that the efforts of the governments should be focused on the improvement of the quality of the life of the citizens in the hemisphere, this referring to provide adequate treatment and develop a culture of prevention by demanding the proper health care utilization to the leaders.

The Americas have been recognized for reaching common objectives that benefit the hemisphere as a whole. For this reason, the Republic of Ecuador is convinced that the combined efforts of all the participating members can make transcendental achievements such as when the American continent became the first continent to eradicate vaccine-preventable diseases as, for instance, Smallpox in 1971, Polio in 1994, Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) by 2015 (PAHO, 2015). These events required

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decades of mixed efforts. The most recent one took over ten years when in 2003, the countries collectively set the goal to eliminate the transmission of Rubella by 2010. This achievement was recognized during a meeting at the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) in April 2015.

The implications of the conditional cash transfer program in Ecuador that requires participants’ children to attend school and have medical check-ups, is an initiative that has developed an educational attainment and healthcare among poor children that is remarkable (CIA world fact book, 2016). Furthermore, it demonstrates that a sustainable development begins with education for these topics (UNESCO, 2014).

B. Executive Secretariat for Integral Development (SEDI)

Topic 1: Reducing the Number of Young People Not Studying or Working

The Republic of Ecuador strongly believes that investing in education is one of the best areas where a country should spend because the young generation represents our future.

Nowadays, the current quantity of young people not studying or working in our continent is 20 million people (Pahoorg, 2016). As for Ecuador, 21 % of the population between 15 and 19 years old fits in this category, and the main reasons behind this rate are pregnancy at early age and economic conditions in which 60 % of the teenagers live in poverty. (Confederation of Employers’ Organizations 2014)

Responding to these urgent needs, Ecuador has invested 20 billion USD in the last year in this sector, providing another 18,000 young ones with education, according to the CEOE. In 2015 Ecuador designated 9.44 billion USD, 2.12 % of its GDP, to higher education. This investment, according to the Secretary of Higher Education, Science, Technology, and Innovation, results in a public university system quality, more than 10,000 scholarships to study in the best universities in the world, in order to build Ecuador’s knowledge (René Ramírez, 2015).

Additional efforts put into practice are: “Programa nuestros niños”, where the main idea is to develop our children between 0 to 6 years old suffering from poverty. (Oeies, 2016).

In Ecuador, the Ministry of Education established as a mission “to guide and strengthen elementary school of 10 years, with the universalization of first, eighth, ninth and tenth year of elementary school with equity, quality and coverage on the basis of a pedagogical proposal that meets the needs of the knowledge and information society”.. (UNICEF, 2010).

Ecuador currently has 95 % of boys and girls from 5 to 14 years old in the school system. From that percentage, 92 % assist to elementary school. Also 93 % of mestizo whites go to elementary school (UNICEF, 2010).

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The Delegation of Ecuador wants to continue to extend those numbers and continue the path towards total educational coverage.

Ecuador is compromised with education and the youth of the Americas and looks forward to cooperate in this year’s conference to bring opportunities to those in need.

Topic 2:  Improving Energy Efficiency on a Hemispheric Level

The Republic of Ecuador considers the energy efficiency to be an important topic in our country’s agenda considering the importance that this sector has in our economy and trade.

Ecuador has been an exporter of energy since a few years ago, its frequent consumers are Colombia and Peru, which are its neighbor countries. By exporting energy to these countries Ecuador makes 50-80 million USD from Peru and 200 million USD from Colombia. In Ecuador, the oil sector accounts for more than half of the country’s export earnings and approximately two-fifths of public sector revenues (The World Factbook, 2014). The Minister of Electricity and Renewable Energy, Esteban Albornoz Vintimilla, attended to the forum “Global Youth Leadership” in which he promoted the numerous projects that Ecuador has to reach the objective of energy development. These projects give a better service in the country and it gives initiative to be responsible with our renewable sources and care for the environment. (Esteban Albornoz Vintimilla, 2016).

Ecuador has created 9 projects in the last few years that prove the advance of renewable energy projects in Coca Codo Sinclair, Minas San Francisco, Delsitanisagua, Manduriacu, Mazar Dudas, Toachi Pilaton, Quijos, Sopladora and Villocano. These projects will allow Ecuador to generate renewable energy in a faster and healthier way; Ecuador projects by themselves make 15,725.27 GWh every year (La Hora, 2016). In the past 9 years the coverture of the electric service has increased by a factor of 97 % (goal reached in 2014), with a decrease in lost levels of energy that in 2007 were over 25 % and now they are down to 12 %. Ecuador was ranked 14th with 1.14 score points in the index of investment of energy 2012 (El Universo, 2012).

Ecuador’s government initiatives are very ambitious; by looking for an increase of the share of crude oil revenue for the state, which has contributed to near-stagnant oil production as output, has stayed within a close range over the past 10 years (Joseph Green, 2015). Ecuador’s energy mix is largely dependent on oil, which represented 79 % of the country’s total energy consumption in 2013. Hydroelectric power was the second largest energy source, and natural gas and non-hydro renewable fuels are also important to Ecuador’s energy mix (British Petroleum, 2014).

To Ecuador, it is important to keep finding new and more efficient ways to use our resources. That is why they have been involved in many projects to find better ways to make renewable energy and would like to share with the rest of the hemispheric countries.

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C. Secretariat for Multidimensional Security (SMS)

Topic 1:  Hemispheric Standards for Gun Safety & Regulation

The Republic of Ecuador is aware of the violent situation that is going on in the hemisphere because of the effects of gun trafficking and agrees that this is a complex subject that needs to be addressed correctly and carefully to avoid more deaths. Ecuador is aware of the realities of gun trafficking in the region caused by drug cartels, the revolutionary armed forces of Colombia (FARC) and other groups that have an impact on this illegal market in the region, although Ecuador has acted consequently.

Ecuador is doing its best to address this issue. Some of the efforts are reflected in their legislation on this matter: the law for weapons, explosives and accessories “LEY SOBRE ARMAS, MUNICIONES, EXPLOSIVOS Y ACCESORIOS” controls fabrication, exportation, and importation of guns in the country since 1982 to ensure safety inside the country (Ministerio Fiscal General de la República de Ecuador, 1980).

In our country, manufacturing guns has been severely restricted since 2012. Nowadays the Gun Control Unit that belongs to the arm forces of Ecuador is in charge of keeping our country safe from guns in the wrong hands. They coordinate carry and ownership permits as well as gun inspection to remove those that are damaged or imply an extra danger for the people around it. Approximately 24 out of 200 guns that are examined every week in the country are decommissioned and destroyed (Ministerio de la defense nacional, 2016).

By 2013 and the beginning of 2014, Ecuador’s Armed Forces recovered 4,530 illegal firearms. These achievements were made by the National Police and other private companies that are trying to eliminate this weapon of violence in the country.

Nations, just like Ecuador, are fighting against a big monster that has been here for a long time and that is not afraid to show its face now. The delegation of Ecuador realizes that laws are not always enough because people find a way around them. In Ecuador there are around 250,000 illicit weapons, a high number for a country whose laws are strict and followed by most of the people. (UNSCAR, 2015)

The Republic of Ecuador believes that nations should come together in the process of fighting weapon traffic and start creating awareness among the youth as well as adults, so that they recognize that a life without violence is better, and also creating regulations that give harder punishments to those who disobey the law.

The Republic of Ecuador invites the members of the OAS to not give up in this fight, just like Ecuador has destroyed plenty of weapons that were circulating in the country up until 2012. The OAS members should implement a better system to their organizations and fight hand in hand with other nations.

Topic 2:  Multidimensional Approaches to Combating Juvenile Delinquency

The Republic of Ecuador acknowledges the ongoing issue regarding juvenile delinquency in the world and its long-term effect on society as a whole. It is of great

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importance to keep in mind that the juveniles of the societies of the OAS experience violence in the forms as both victims and perpetrators. The hemispheric youth homicide rates have risen by almost an incredible 50 % since the 1980s, which is a result of the increase in the availability of guns and drug markets. (The World Bank, 2005) Ecuador recognizes that juveniles involved in criminal activities have a high risk of developing more severe criminal behavior in their adulthood and must therefore be prevented at the early stages of youth.

Although there have been previous attempts within the OAS to implement crime prevention programs, the region has continued to suffer from a high rate of criminal activities throughout the years. The United Nations (UN) states that it is essential to understand the reasons behind juvenile involvement in criminal activity in order to design effective prevention programs.

The delegation of Ecuador is grateful for the current efforts to fight juvenile delinquency in the OAS member states. However, due to the increased rate of juvenile delinquency within the region, the UN has found the efforts to be categorized by lack of systematic action as well as the absence of focusing on the completion of the task effectively involving effective social work with the tragically affected adolescents. (The United Nations, 2003) The delegation of Ecuador would furthermore like to highlight the fact that the OAS has previously stated that the current challenge of the hemisphere regarding this matter is in fact the implementation of the recommendations set forth in the Final Report adapted by the United Nations General Assembly on the Study on Violence Against Children. The report stresses the importance of prioritizing violence prevention, promoting non-violent values, and rising awareness to eliminate permissive attitudes towards violence. (The Organization of American States, 2016)

Children and adolescents in America ranked violence as the number one issue of concern during the First Pan American Forum in Lima 2009. The violence is derived from culture, evident in families, in educational institutions, and in society. (The Organization of American states, 2016) The Government of Ecuador addresses some of the causing factors of this major issue through its national multidimensional plan to prevent poverty by providing the citizens with education, work opportunities, social security, health and nutrition, and accommodation (Ministerio Coordinador de Seguridad, 2016).

The Delegation of Ecuador believes that this matter must be discussed both multidimensionally as well as multilaterally in order to design strategy to combat juvenile delinquency that can be successfully implemented by the OAS member states.

Standing by the national vision of public security to guarantee the citizens’ right to a society of good living, the Republic of Ecuador understands that utilizing the potential of the youths are essential to ensure a future sustainable development in the region (Ministerio Coordinador de Seguridad, 2016). The Delegation of Ecuador thus stresses the importance of a collaboration between the member states of the OAS to decrease the long-term crime rates in the western hemisphere by preventing children from falling into juvenile delinquency.

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D. Secretariat for Strengthening Democracy (SSD)

Topic 1:  Addressing Racial Discrimination and Violence

The Republic of Ecuador recognizes the existence of racial discrimination and violence. And the delegation of Ecuador believes that, through cooperation among its fellow member states of the OAS, betterment of the lives of those who have been abused and physically maltreated can be achieved.

The delegation of Ecuador is deeply concerned with the amount of discrimination against women and ethnic groups in Latin America. At the end of 2003 over half (51 %) of the complaints filed in Quito concerned physical maltreatment; psychological maltreatment was denounced in 47 % of the cases registered. There is a growing problem within the hemisphere that must not be ignored.

To address the needs of Americas’ own people in crisis, the best option for them is to make programs and take care of new politics.

The CONAMU (Consejo Nacional de las Mujeres) is an institutional, state system responsible for guaranteeing, implementing, and requiring the recognition of women’s rights. It was consolidated at 1997 as the oversight organ for government policies with a gender perspective. The republic of Ecuador implements a number of measures to transform the social system that was at the core of social exclusion. Those measures target, in particular, the civil and political rights of those living in discrimination and violence. Ecuador strongly believes in inter-culturalism, which can help to restructure the social system. Inter-culturalism had at its core the inseparability and equality of rights, which in practice meant no discrimination, among other things (UNESCO, 2015).

This will be beneficial to the people, to Ecuador and its neighbors. Ecuador is firmly convinced of the fundamental role of civil society. However, self-proclaimed human rights defenders who travelled to international fora were not an image of the Ecuadorian society, nor did they represent anyone beyond the members of their groups and the interested parties that financed those groups. Ecuador has a vibrant civil society, with over seventy-seven thousand organizations, which were consulted for development projects, as well as legislative purposes.

The Republic of Ecuador believes that the dedication and hard work brought forth by their fellow members of the OAS can change the status of racial discrimination and violence in the Americas. Fully understanding and addressing the dynamics that sustain inequalities in Ecuador requires us to go beyond official representations, to eradicate this problem. The Delegation of Ecuador is more than willing to collaborate with their fellow delegates to ensure a better future for all the people that are being abused in any case.

Topic 2:  Promoting Civil Registration & the Right to Identity

The delegation of Ecuador understands the importance of civil registration and the right to identity. It believes that it is a common problem in our hemisphere that needs to be addressed. Every citizen in member states should have a name and a voice; member states should be able to take care of them.

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In 2012, the delegation of Ecuador collaborated with the delegation of Colombia and of Peru, in addition with the OAS, The OAS Universal Civil Identity Project of the Americas (PUICA by its Spanish initials), Consejo Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Registro Civil y Estadísticas Vitales (CLARCIEV), Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil del Perú (RENIEC), and Dirección General de Registro Civil Identificación y Cedulación de Ecuador (DIGERCIC). This organization promotes the civil registration. In addition, in these reunions the delegations and the OAS have gained many important advances.

The delegation of Ecuador considering that AG/RES. was adopted in the General Assembly of the year 2008. 2362 (XXXVIII-O/08) Inter-American program for the Universal Civil registration and right to identity. This program entrusts the General Secretariat of the OAS to assist member states in their efforts to achieve universality and accessibility of civil registry, and to comply with the goal of universal birth registration by 2015.

According to OAS and PUICA studies, 10 % of the children in the hemisphere do not have civil identification. This has brought problems to the population around the hemisphere, as member state do not have proof of the existence of some of their inhabitants; for instance, children that lack civil identification are excluded from basic services and are not protected from a variety of violations. (OAS, 2016).

Ecuador is concerned that the OAS and PUICA support member states in their efforts to eradicate under registration of the right to civil identity for all persons in the region. Having five objectives “universalization and accessibility of civil registration and the right to identity, strengthening policies, public institutions and legislation, participation and awareness, identification of best practices, and international and regional cooperation”. (OAS, 2016)

Ecuador recognizes that the General Secretary will continue working with the Inter-American Development bank (IDB) and The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), so that they can warn about the problems of the lack of registration and inform the communities about this program.

The delegation of Ecuador considers that the General Secretary will work in a coordination with El Instituto Interamericano del Niño, la Niña y Adolescentes (IIN), an organization from the OAS that specializes in children and teenagers, will help with the universal registration of birth certificates and promote the right to identity.

Ecuador firmly believes that the objectives the different organizations have proposed and achieved will help for the future of the hemisphere. It also believes that by collaborating with the other delegations, the American states will be able to promote the establishment of effective mechanisms of international and intergovernmental cooperation, which will certainly improve the member states’ politics and laws for this different programs to achieve this important task.

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