G.9HistorySemester I.

Q&A Revision Chapter 9

Terms, People, and Places

Match the following definitions with the terms listed below.

Autocrat Icon Kiev Ethnic group

Patriarch Steppe Golden Horde Golden Bull of 1222

1.A large group of people who share the same language and cultural heritage

Ethnic group

2. Open, treeless grassland

Steppe

3.Highest church official in the Eastern Orthodox Church

Patriarch

4.Sole ruler with complete authority

Autocrat

5.Mongol armies that invaded Russia

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Golden Horde

6.Charter limiting royal power signed by the Hungarian king

Golden Bull

7.Holy image of a saint or other religious figure

Icon

8.Center of the first Russian state

Kiev

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Main Ideas

Section 1 (pp. 282–288)

9.Summarize how the Byzantine Empire became rich and successful.

It had a strong central government, powerful military, and location on prosperous trade routes.

10. Describe the schism between the Orthodox Church and the Church in Rome.

The Byzantine Church rejected the Pope’s authority and differed from Rome in using religious icons and con- ducting masses in Greek.

Section 2 (pp. 289–293)

11. How did the Rus, other Viking groups, and the Byzantine empire affect the rise of Kiev?

Vikings settled among the Slavs and contributed to, and were absorbed into, the local culture. The Viking Rus ruled Novgorod; Rus lands later expanded to include Kiev. The Byzantines influenced religion and culture.

12. What were the effects of the Mongol rule of Russia?

Their high taxes caused the rise of serfdom; Mongol rule cut Russia off from Western Europe; the Mongols’ absolute power influenced the development of autocratic rule.

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13. Describe the achievements of Ivan the Great.

He recovered Russian territories and expanded Moscow’s control, adopted Byzantine court rituals, and built the framework for absolute rule in Russia.

Section 3 (pp. 294–297)

14. How did the Balkans become home to such a diverse mix of peoples?

Its location made it a crossroads for migration.

15. How did Poland-Lithuania become the largest state in Europe?

Poland’s Queen Jadwiga married Duke Jagiello of Lithuania in 1386.

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Chapter Focus Question

16. How did the Byzantine Empire preserve the heritage of Greece and Rome and help to shape the cultures of Russia and Eastern Europe?

It blended ancient Greek, Roman, and Christian influences with other traditions of the Mediterranean world. Trade brought Kiev into the Byzantine orbit, and Byzantine Christianity took hold in Russia. Byzantine missionaries exercised strong cultural influences throughout the Balkans and Eastern Europe, and Byzantine culture spread as war, migration, trade, and the use of absolute power united the empire.

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Critical Thinking

16.Draw Conclusions:

The Byzantine Empire preserved part of the heritage of the Roman Empire. Why was this important?

It allowed later peoples to benefit and learn from the heritage of the Roman Empire.

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17.Synthesize Information:

Why was Justinian such a successful ruler?

He was determined to increase the strength and prosperity of the Byzantine Empire and to revive ancient Rome.

18.Analyze Visuals:

What aspects of Constantinople appear most prominent in this map? Why does the artist emphasize those?

Its domes and architecture; to show Constantinople’s greatness

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20. Test Conclusions:

(a) Patriotic Russians called Moscow the third Rome. Why do you think they did so?

They regarded Rome as the height of civilization and power and wanted others to regard Moscow in the same way.

(b) Do you think Moscow was truly the heir to Rome? Why or why not?

(b) Sample: While influential during this period, Moscow never became the cultural, economic, and political leader that Rome had been.

21. Analyze Information:

How did absolute power develop in Russia?

Ivan III built the framework for absolute rule; Ivan IV

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centralized royal power and introduced Russia to a tradition of extreme absolute power.

22. Geography and History:

How did the location and geographic features of the Balkans affect its history?

Its location on the Black Sea exposed it to the influence of the Byzantine and Otto- man empires.

23. Recognize Cause and Effect:

Why did many Jews migrate to Eastern Europe?

They were expelled by several Christian nations in Western Europe and persecuted by others.

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