Scientists & Inventors Biography Project

4-Page Report With Optional Poster

Write your original biography of a scientist or an inventor (the focus for this month is on Black History). The report must be 2 pages typed (size 12 font and single spaced) and also have a bibliography of sources attached. You can choose any of the scientists below or those located at: http://www.famousscientists.org/list/ . The sources should include 2 books and no more than 5 websites. Correctly cite your sources by visiting: http://www.easybib.com/ or http://www.plagiarism.org/citing-sources/cite-sources/ in order to be sure that you give proper credit for the work of others. Pictures can be included on an additional page. Points given will be based on the quality of the work.

(4 pages total - including 2 pages of text in the format and style learned in your writing class, 1 page of pictures, and 1 page of sources)

Optional Poster can be on a science board from the dollar store or on an 11” x17” or larger poster board.

Starting Lists for Well-Known Scientists and Inventors

African-American and African Scientists and Inventors

https://webfiles.uci.edu/mcbrown/display/faces.html

Amos, Harold First African-American department chair at Harvard Medical School

Alcorn, George Edward, Jr.

Invented a method of fabricating an imaging X-ray spectrometer

Andrews, James J.

Put forth the Andrews–Curtis conjecture in group theory with Morton L. Curtis, still unsolved

Leonard C. Bailey

Folding bed

Ball, Alice Augusta

Extracted chaulmoogra oil for the treatment of Hansen's disease (leprosy)

Banneker, Benjamin

Wooden clock (1753); assisted in survey of the original boundaries of the District of Columbia (1791); authored almanac and ephemeris (1792–1797)

Banyaga, Work

Augustin on diffeomorphisms and symplectomorphisms

Bashen, Janet

First African-American woman to receive a patent for a web-based software invention, LinkLine, an Equal Employment Opportunity case management and tracking software

Bath, Patricia

First African-American female physician to receive a patent for a medical invention; inventions relate to cataract surgery and include the Laserphaco Probe, which revolutionized the industry in the 1980s, and an ultrasound technique for treatment

Beard, Andrew

Janney coupler improvements; invented the car device #594,059 dated November 23, 1897; rotary engine patent #478,271 dated July 5, 1892

Bell, Earl S.Invented chair with sliding skin (2004) and the quantitative display apparatus (2005)

Benjamin, Miriam

Invented "Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels"; second African-American woman to receive a patent

Berry, Leonidas

Gastroscope pioneer

Bharucha-Reid, Albert T.

Probability theory and Markov chain theorist

Black, Keith Brain tumor surgery and research

Blackwell, David

First proposed the Blackwell channel model used in coding theory and information theory; one of the eponyms of the Rao–Blackwell theorem, which is a process that significantly improves crude statistical estimators

Blair, Henry Second black inventor to issue a patent; invented early spark plug

Boahen, Kwabena

Silicon retina able to process images in the same manner as a living retina

Boone, SarahIroning board allowing sleeves of women's garments to be ironed more easily

Bouchet, Edward

First African-American to receive a Ph.D. in any subject; received physics doctorate from Yale University in 1876

Bowman, James

Pathologist and geneticist; Professor Emeritus Pritzker School of Medicine; first tenured African-American professor at the University of Chicago Division of Biological Sciences

Boykin, Otis Artificial heart pacemaker control unit

Brady, St. Elmo

Published three scholarly abstracts in Science; collaborated on a paper published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry

Branson, Herman

Protein structure research

Brooks, Charles

Street sweeper truck and a type of paper punch[citation needed]

Brooks, Phil First US patent for a disposable syringe[citation needed]

Henry Brown Invented fire safe

Brown, Oscar E.

Received a patent for an improved horseshoe [43]

Burr, John Albert

Rotary-blade lawn mower patent

Cardozo, P. William

Sickle cell anemia studies; in October 1937 he published "Immunologic Studies in Sickle Cell Anemia" in the Archives of Internal Medicine; many of the findings are still valid

today

Carson, BenPediatric neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins University; first surgeon to successfully separate craniopagus twins

Carver, George Washington

Discovered hundreds of uses for previously useless vegetables and fruits, principally the peanut

Charles W. Chappelle

Designed long-distance flight airplane; the only African-American to invent and display the airplane at the 1911 First Industrial Air Show held in conjunction with the Auto Show at Grand Central Palace in Manhattan in New York City; president of the African Union Company, Inc.

Chappelle, Emmett

Valuable contributions to several fields: medicine, biology, food science, and astrochemistry

Clark, MamieConducted 1940s experiments using dolls to study children's attitudes about race

Clark, Kenneth

First Black president of the American Psychological Association

Crosthwait, David, Jr.

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; received some 40 US patents relating to HVAC systems

Curtis, James H (Nick)

Organic ionogen for aluminum electrolytic capacitors, cationic dialdehyde polysaccharides for wet strength paper and others, US Patent Office US Pat #3609467 US Pat #3547423 and others

Dabiri, JohnExpert on jellyfish hydrodynamics and designer of a vertical-axis wind farm adapted from schooling fish

Daly, Marie Maynard

First black American woman with a Ph.D. in chemistry

Dean, MarkLed the team that developed the ISA bus, and led the design team responsible for creating the first one-gigahertz computer processor chip

Drew, Charles Developed improved techniques for blood storage

Du Chaillu, Paul

Explorer; first modern European outsider to confirm the existence of gorillas, and later the Pygmy people of central Africa; identified as white throughout life, but his mother was a Réunionnais mulatto ; settled in America and considered it his country by adoption; the full aspects of his ancestry were not uncovered until

1979, and are still little known today

Easley, Annie

Work at the Lewis Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

Ellis, Clarence "Skip"

First African American with a Ph.D in computer science; software inventor including OfficeTalk at Xerox PARC

Ezerioha, Bisi Drag racing engineer and driver

Ferguson, Lloyd Noel

Chemistry doctorate, first received (1943, University of California, Berkeley)

Fryer, Roland G., Jr.

Inequality studies

Gates, Sylvester James

Work on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory

Goode, Sarah E.

Cabinet bed invention; first African-American woman to receive a patent in the United States

Gilbert, Juan E.

Awarded the first Presidential Endowed Chair at Clemson University in honor of his accomplishments

Grant, George F.

The first African-American professor at Harvard, Boston dentist, and inventor of a wooden golf tee.

Griffin, Bessie Blount

Amputee self-feeding device

Hall, Lloyd

Harris, James A.

Co-discovered Rutherfordium (element 104) and Dubnium (element 105) at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory

Holley, KerrieCo-creator of Service-Oriented Modeling and Architecture, SOMA and the Service Integration Maturity Model (SIMM)

Jarvis, Erich Duke University neuroscience bird songs studies

Johnson, Isaac

Held patent for improvements to the bicycle frame, specifically so it could be taken apart for compact storage

Johnson, Lonnie

Invented Super Soaker while researching thermal energy transfer engines; worked with NASA; holder of over 80 patents

Jones, Frederick McKinley

Invented refrigerated truck systems

Julian, PercyFirst to synthesize the natural product physostigmine; earned 130 chemical patents; lauded for humanitarian achievements

Just, ErnestProvided basic and initial descriptions of the structure–function–property relationship of the plasma membrane of biological cells

Kittles, Rick Work in tracing the ancestry of African Americans via DNA testing

Kountz, Samuel L.

Organ transplantation pioneer, particularly renal transplant research and surgery; author or co-author of 172 articles in scientific publications

Latimer, Lewis

Worked as a draftsman for both Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison; became a member of Edison's Pioneers and served as an expert witness in many light bulb litigation lawsuits; said to have invented the water closet

Lawson, JerryDesigner of Fairchild Channel F, the first programmable ROM cartridge-based video game console

Lee, Raphael Carl

Paul and Aileen Russell Professor, Pritzker School of Medicine; MacArthur Fellow, Searle Scholar, founder and Chairman, Avocet Polymer Technologies, Inc.; founder and Chairman, Renacyte BioMolecular Technologies, Inc; discovered use of surfactant copolymers as molecular chaperones to augment endogenous injury repair mechanisms of living cells; holder of many patents covering scar treatment therapies, tissue engineered ligaments, brain trauma therapies, and protective garments[citation needed]

Lynk, Beebe Steven

Teacher at West Tennessee University

Mahoney, Mary

First African American to study and work as a professionally trained nurse in the United States [105]

Matzeliger, Jan

Shoe assembly Machine

McBay, HenryHis discoveries allowed chemists around the world to create inexpensive peroxide compounds

McCoy, ElijahInvented a version of the automatic lubricator for steam engines,McCoy learned a great deal of his skills from a mechanical apprenticeship when he was age fifteen .

McWhorter, John

Specializes in the study of creole language formation

Montgomery, Benjamin

Designed a steam operated propeller to provide propulsion to boats in shallow water

Moore, Willie Hobbs

First African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Physics (University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1972) on vibrational analysis of secondary chlorides

Nmezi, Murphy

Advances in path analysis and structural equation modeling

Nriagu, Jerome

Studies toxic metals in the environment; originator of the lead poisoning thesis of the decline of the Roman Empire

Ogbu, John Uzo

Ethnic studies in education and economics

Olukotun, Kunle

Early advocate and researcher of multi-core processors

Oyekan, Soni Inventions in oil refining

Poindexter, Hildrus

Work on the epidemiology of tropical diseases, including malaria

Petters, Arlie Work on the mathematical physics of gravitational lensing

Quarterman, Lloyd Albert

Manhattan Project, worked with Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi

Renfroe, Earl

Rillieux, Norbert

Inventor of the multiple-effect evaporator

Robinson, Larry

Investigated possible role of arsenic in the death of Zachary Taylor; interim president of Florida A&M University

Russell, Jesse Wireless communications engineer

Sammons, Walter

Patent for hot comb

Sowell, Thomas

Economist, social theorist and political philosopher

Steele, Claude

Stereotype threat studies

Stiff, LeePresident of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics from 2000 to 2002

Snyder, Window

Security engineer at Microsoft, Mozilla, and Apple

Temple, Lewis

Inventor of the toggling whaling harpoon head

Thomas, Vivien

Blue baby syndrome treatment in the 1940s

Turner, First person to prove that insects can

Charles Henry

hear and can distinguish pitch, that cockroaches can learn by trial and error, and that honeybees can see color; first African-American to receive a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago

Tyree, Bernadette

Program Director at National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases[citation needed]

Tyson, Neil deGrasse

Researcher and popular educator in astronomy and the sciences

Walker, Arthur B. C., Jr.

Developed normal incidence multilayer XUV telescopes to photograph the solar corona

Walker, C. J. Created black cosmetic products

Washington, Warren M.

Former chair of the National Science Board

West, James E.

Co-developed the foil electret microphone

Wilkins, J. Ernest, Jr.

Entered University of Chicago at age 13; Ph.D at 19; worked on the Manhattan Project; wrote over 100 scientific papers; helped recruit minorities into the sciences

Williams, Daniel

Performed the first successful open-heart surgery in the United States

Woods, Granville

Invented the synchronous multiplex railway telegraph

Wright, Jane C.

Noted for her contributions to chemotherapy and for pioneering the use of the drug methotrexate to treat breast cancer and skin cancer

Wright, Louis T.

Led team that first used Aureomycin as a treatment on humans

Young, Roger Arliner

First African-American woman to receive a doctorate degree in zoology

James WestLisa StevensAprille EricssonWarren WashingtonMaydianne AndradeWilliam M. JacksonOluyinka O. OlutoyeBruce OvbiageleAgnes DayEstella AtekwanaShaundra B. DailyApril SavoyStephon Alexander

Latino-American and Hispanic Scientists & Inventors

Martha E. Bernal (1931-2001), Mexican-American clinical psychologist, first Latina to receive a psychology PhD in the United States

Antonia Novello (1944-), Puerto Rican physician, 14th Surgeon General of the United States, first woman and first Hispanic to hold the position

Sarah Stewart (1905-1976), Mexican-American microbiologist; discovered the Polyomavirus

Helen Rodríguez Trías (1929-2001), Puerto Rican American pediatrician, advocate for women's reproductive rights

Lydia Villa-Komaroff (1947-), Mexican-American cellular biologist; third Mexican American woman in the United States to receive a PhD in the sciences

Rodolfo Llinas (1934-) Colombian American neuroscientist.

Arab-American and Middle Eastern Scientists & Inventors

Farouk El-Baz (Egyptian), scientist who worked with NASA to assist in the planning of scientific exploration of the MoonElias James Corey (Lebanese), winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize in ChemistryCharles Elachi (Lebanese), director of the Jet Propulsion LaboratoryAli Said Faqi (Somali), leading scientist and researcher in toxicologyMona Hanna-Attisha (Iraqi), pediatrician, public health advocate and Flint Water Crisis whistleblowerAli H. Nayfeh (Palestinian), scholar in mechanicsNawal M. Nour (Sudanese), obstetrician and gynecologistMohammad S. Obaidat (Jordanian), computer science/engineering academic and scholar

Mohammed Adam El-Sheikh (Sudanese), executive director of the Fiqh Council of North AmericaFawwaz T. Ulaby (Syrian), professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, former Vice President of Research for the University of MichiganElias Zerhouni (Algerian), former director of the National Institutes of HealthAhmed Zewail (Egyptian), winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Asian-American and Asian Scientists & Inventors

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 1983 Nobel laureate in Physics.Min Chueh Chang, Co-inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill.Shiing-Shen Chern, mathematician and winner of the 1983 Wolf Prize for his work in differential geometry.Steven Chu, Nobel laureate in Physics in 1997 for research on cooling and trapping atoms using laser light and former United States Secretary of Energy.David D. Ho, HIV/AIDS researcherHar Gobind Khorana, shared the Nobel laureate in “Physiology or Medicine” in 1968 for work in genetics and protein synthesis.Tsung-Dao Lee, received the 1957 Nobel Laureate in Physics for work in particle physics along with Chen Ning Yang.Yuan T. Lee, 1986 Nobel Prize winner in ChemistryShuji Nakamura, 2014 Nobel Laureate in PhysicsYoichiro Nambu, 2008 Nobel laureate in PhysicsSanta J. Ono, President, University of Cincinnati, immunologist and vision scientistCharles J. Pedersen, 1987 Nobel laureate in Chemistry.Ching W. Tang, inventor of the organic light-emitting diode(OLED) and the hetero-junction organic photovoltaic cell (OPV). Winner of the 2011 Wolf Prize in Chemistry.Terence Tao, mathematician, 2006 Fields Medal winner.Samuel C.C. Ting, 1976 Nobel laureate in physics for discovering the existence of a new particle called j/psi.Roger Y. Tsien, 2008 Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, for the discovery of the green fluorescent protein.

Daniel Tsui, 1998 Nobel laureate in Physics for contributions to the discovery of the fractional Quantum Hall effect.Chien-Shiung Wu, winner of the 1978 Wolf Prize in Physics. First woman to be elected president of American Physical Society.Chen Ning Yang, received the 1957 Nobel Laureate in Physics for work in particle physics along with Tsung-Dao Lee.Shing-Tung Yau, mathematician, 1982 Fields Medal winner.

Female Scientists

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_science

Many More Scientists

http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/hundred-scientists.pdf

Alvarez, Luis: Dinosaur death by meteorite impactAmpère, André-Marie: Founded electromagnetic theoryAnaximander: An ancient scientific revolutionArchimedes: The greatest scientist ever?Aristarchus: First to say that Earth orbits the sunAristotle: Genius and enduring errorsAvogadro, Amedeo : A founder of atomic-molecular chemistry

Bacon, Francis: The Scientific Method

Banaker, Benjamin: astronomer, clock makerBell, Alexander Graham: Inventor of the telephoneBernoulli, Daniel: Aerodynamics, kinetic theory & riskBohr, Aage : Explained the structure of the atomic nucleusBohr, Niels: Quantum mechanics & the atomBoyle, Robert: The birth of chemistryBrahe, Tycho : The nobleman who changed scientific historyBrahmagupta: Discoverer of zeroBunsen, Robert: Discoverer of elements & antidote to arsenic

Cajal , Santiago Ramón y : Father of modern neuroscience

Carver, George Washington: agricultural scienceChadwick, James: Discovered the neutronChandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan : Black hole formationChargaff, Erwin: Chargaff’s rules paved way to DNA’s structureCopernicus, Nicolaus: Started the scientific revolution

Cousteau, Jacques: Marine pioneer, inventor, Oscar winnerCrick, Francis: DNA’s structure & replication mechanismCurie, Marie: Discoverer of elements. Radioactivity pioneer

Dalton, John: Dalton’s Atomic Theory is the basis of chemistryDarwin, Charles: Evolution by natural selectionDescartes, René: New mathematics and the need for skepticismDirac, Paul: The Dirac Equation, antimatter, and QED

Drew, Charles: developed first blood bank

Emeagwali, Philip : geology and petroleum

Einstein, Albert: Theories of relativity and E = mc2

Empedocles: Devised the four elementsEratosthenes: Accurately calculated Earth’s size 2,500 yr ago

Everett, Ernest Hart: biologist, egg fertilization and cells

Faraday, Michael: Experimental genius; electromagnetic pioneerFermat, Pierre de: So much more than his famous last theoremFibonacci: Rebirth of Western mathematicsFisher, Ronald: Statistician; and greatest biologist since Darwin?Fleming, Alexander: Discovered penicillin and moreFranklin, Benjamin: Proved electricity is a force of natureFranklin, Rosalind: The structure of DNA

Galen: Shaped medicine for 1,500 yearsGalileo: The father of modern science

Gauss , Carl Friedrich : The last master of all mathematicsGibbs, Willard: Father of chemical thermodynamicsGoodall, Jane: Discoveries in chimpanzee behavior

Harvey, William: Explained blood circulation for the first timeHenry, Joseph: Master of electromagnetic scienceHertz, Heinrich: Discovered radio waves and photoelectric effectHilbert, David: Driving force in 20th century mathematicsHooke, Robert: Discovered cells; revealed the microscopic worldHorner, Jack: New horizons in dinosaur researchHutton, James: Founded modern geology

Jemison, Mae: astronaut and physician

Joliot-Curie, Irene: The first artificial radioactive elements

Kepler, Johannes: Solved the mystery of the planetsKwolek , Stephanie : Inventor of kevlar

Lavoisier, Antoine: Revolutionized chemistryLawrence, Ernest: Invented the cyclotron; founder of big scienceLeeuwenhoek, Antonie van : The father of microbiologyLehmann, Inge: Discovered our planet’s solid inner coreLinnaeus, Carolus: Organized our view of the natural worldLovelace, Ada: Mother of computing science

Marcet , Jane : Inspirational chemistryMaxwell, James Clerk: Unified electricity, magnetism & lightMcClintock, Barbara: Jumping genes & crossing chromosomesMeitner, Lise : The discovery of nuclear fissionMendel, Gregor : Founder of the science of geneticsMendeleev, Dmitri: The periodic table discovered in a dream

Morgan, Garrett: traffic signals, and gas mask patentsMoseley, Henry: Discovered the periodic table’s true basis

Newton, Isaac: Gravity, light, the laws of motion and calculusNobel, Alfred : Invented dynamite and those prizesNoether , Emmy : Unlocked a secret of the universe

Oersted , Hans Christian : Discovered electromagnetism

Pasteur, Louis: Father of microbiologyPauling, Linus: Maverick giant of chemistryPerey , Marguerite : Discovered franciumPlanck, Max: Father of quantum theoryPythagoras: The first rigorous mathematics

Raman, C. V.: Molecular vibration and quantum lightRamanujan, Srinivasa : The purest mathematicsRutherford, Ernest: Discovered the atomic nucleus and proton

Schwann, Theodor: Cell theorySeaborg, Glenn: Record breaking discoverer of elementsShoemaker, Gene: First astro-geologist. Comet discoverer

Thales of Miletus: The first scientist in historyThomson, J. J.: Discovered the electron

Urey, Harold: Deuterium and the building blocks of life

Vesalius, Andreas: Founded modern anatomyVirchow, Rudolf: Discovered diseases strike by attacking cellsVolta, Alessandro: Electrical pioneer. Inventor of the battery

Wallace, Alfred R.: Discovered evolution by natural selectionWatt, James: Father of the industrial revolutionWegener, Alfred: Discovered continental drift

Williams, Daniel Hale: prototype for open heart surgeryWinogradsky , Sergei : Discovered chemosynthetic life forms

Yang, Chen-Ning: Thought the unthinkable; broke parity

Rubric – For All Science Posters

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1

Biography Elements as Shown on Next Page

The poster includes all required elements as well as additional information.

All required elements are included on the poster.

All but 1 of the required elements are included on the poster.

Several required elements were missing.

Labels

(“3 feet away” applies to full size posters)

All items of importance on the poster are clearly labeled with labels that can be read from at least 3 feet away.

Almost all items of importance on the poster are clearly labeled with labels that can be read from at least 3 feet away.

Many items of importance on the poster are clearly labeled with labels that can be read from at least 3 feet away.

Labels are too small to view OR no important items were labeled.

Graphics - Relevance

All graphics are related to the topic and make it easier to understand. All borrowed graphics have a source citation.

All graphics are related to the topic and most make it easier to understand. Some borrowed graphics have a source citation.

All graphics relate to the topic. One or two borrowed graphics have a source citation.

Graphics do not relate to the topic OR several borrowed graphics do not have a source citation.

Attractiveness The poster is exceptionally attractive in terms of design, layout, and neatness.

The poster is attractive in terms of design, layout, and neatness.

The poster is acceptably attractive though it may be a bit messy.

The poster is distractingly messy or very poorly designed. It is not attractive.

Grammar There are no grammatical/mechanical mistakes on the poster.

There are 1-2 grammatical/mechanical mistakes on the poster.

There are 3-4 grammatical/mechanical mistakes on the poster.

There are more than 4 grammatical/mechanical mistakes on the poster

The required biography elements are shown in a sample on the next page. The frames that follow can be used for a poster…….if you do one

in addition to your 4 page report…..or create your own layout.