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BROADRICK SECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY 4 NORMAL (ACADEMIC)

MID-YEAR EXAMINATION 2017

COMBINED HUMANITIESPaper 3 Elective History

Additional Materials: Answer Paper

2120/03, 2194/03May 2017

1 hour 40 minutes

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name, class and index number on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.You may use a soft pencil for any rough working.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Section AAnswer all parts of Question 1.

Section BAnswer one question.Write all answers on the answer paper provided.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

Parent’s Signature:

This document consists of 6 printed pages.

Setter: Ms Rachel OngSection A (Source-Based Case Study)

Question 1 is compulsory for all candidates.

Study the background information and the sources carefully, and then answer all the questions.

You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources.

2

1(a) Study Source A.

Why do you think this cartoon was published in 1936?

Explain your answer, using details of the source. [5]

1(b) Study Source B.

Are you surprised by this source?

Explain your answer. [5]

1(c) Study Source C.

This source is written in 1923. Is it still useful as evidence about Hitler’s foreign policy

in the 1930s? Explain your answer. [6]

1(d) Study Sources D and E.

How different are the messages of these two accounts? Explain your answer. [6]

1(e) Study all the sources.

‘The appeasement policy was the reason for the outbreak of World War II in Europe.’

How far do these sources support this view? Use the sources and your knowledge to

support your answer. [8]

Broadrick Secondary School, Mid-Year Examination 2017, Sec 4N, Combined Humanities (History Elective)

3

Was the appeasement policy the reason for the outbreak of World War II in Europe?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Read this carefully. It may help you answer some of the questions.

As soon as Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he took several measures to abolish the Treaty of Versailles and pushed for a massive rearmament programme to build up Germany’s defences. In 1936, Rhineland was successfully remilitarised by Hitler and while the League of Nations condemned his actions, nothing else was done. Both Britain and France had suffered tremendous losses during World War I and were not militarily prepared for another war of a similar scale. On 29 September 1938, the Munich Agreement was signed and it was agreed that the whole of Sudetenland would be given to Germany. About a year later, when Germany attacked Poland on 1 September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany. World War II had begun in Europe.

Source A: A cartoon titled, “Stepping Stones to Glory”, published in a British newspaper on 8 July 1936. Hitler is seen walking on the backs of “Spineless Leaders of Democracy” towards his main goal of “Boss of the Universe”.


4

Source B: Adapted from a speech by a British Member of Parliament (Duff Copper) in a British parliamentary debate on 3 October 1938 on the Munich Agreement.

I have served 10 years in the Foreign Office, and I have always believed that Britain should make

our foreign policy plain to other countries, to let them know where we stand and what in certain

circumstances we are prepared to do. I believe that the great weakness in our foreign policy during

recent months and recent weeks has been that we have failed to do so. During the last four weeks

we have been drifting nearer into war with Germany, and we have never said, until the last

moment, and then in most uncertain terms, that we were prepared to fight. Thus, Hitler had been

assured and reassured in the opinion that in no case would Britain fight.

Source C: An adapted extract of Hitler’s views of the Treaty of Versailles as set out in his Mein Kampf (written in 1923).

So long as this Treaty stands, there can be no revival of the German people; no social reform of

any kind is possible! The Treaty was made in order to bring 20 million Germans to their deaths

and to ruin the German nation. But those who made the Treaty cannot set it aside. As its

foundation, our Movement formulated three demands:

1. Setting aside of the Peace Treaty.

2. Unification of all Germans.

3. Land and soil to feed our nation.

Source D: An adapted extract of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain who was commenting in a British parliamentary debate in October 1938 on the Munich Agreement that had been signed earlier.

I believe there are many who will feel with me that such a declaration, signed by the German

Chancellor and myself, is something more than significant. In our relations with other countries

everything depends upon there being sincerity and good will on both sides. I believe that there is

sincerity and good will on both sides in this declaration. No doubt I shall have plenty of critics who

will say that I am guilty of superficial optimism. I am too much of a realist to believe that we are

going to achieve our paradise in a day. But we have only laid the foundations of peace. The

superstructure has not even begun.


5

Source E: An account in 1938 by a British physicist and scientific military intelligence expert who played an important role in the defence of Britain in World War II (R.V. Jones) on the Munich Agreement.

I returned to London on the evening on Monday 26th September, and felt the tense calm of the

London streets as people steadied themselves for the seemingly inevitable war. Then came

Chamberlain's return with his pathetic scrap of paper and his "Peace in our time" speech. I was as

angry as a cat which has just been robbed of its mouse. Those who felt like that were a minority

among the almost over-excited majority who thought that Chamberlain had done a great thing.


6

Section B (Structured-Essay Questions)Answer one question

2. This question is on World War II in the Asia Pacific.(a) Describe Japan’s worsening relations with the USA during the Paris Peace

Conference (1918) and the Washington Naval Conference (1921). [8]

(b) Explain how each of the following helped to bring about Japan’s defeat in World War

II in the Asia Pacific:

(i) USA’s economic strength

(ii) Overextension of the Japanese empire. [12]

3. This question is on the development of the Cold War.

(a) Describe the aims of the military alliances formed by the USA (NATO) and the Soviet

Union (Warsaw Pact). [8]

(b) Explain how each of the following increased tensions between the USA and the

Soviet Union during the Korean War:

(i) Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950

(ii) National Security Council (NSC-68) report, 1950 [12]

-End of paper -

Copyright Acknowledgements:

Source A: http://images.slideplayer.com/8/2422327/slides/slide_11.jpgSource B: https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/munich.htmSource C: https://edsitement.neh.gov/sites/edsitement.neh.gov/files/worksheets/Hitlerspeech.pdfSource D: https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/munich.htmSource E: http://www.adespicabletruce.org.uk/page59.html


http://www.adespicabletruce.org.uk/page59.html

https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/munich.htm

https://edsitement.neh.gov/sites/edsitement.neh.gov/files/worksheets/Hitlerspeech.pdf

https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/munich.htm

http://images.slideplayer.com/8/2422327/slides/slide_11.jpg

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Suggested Answers to 2017 Sec 4 NA Elective History MYE 2017

1(a) Study Source A.

Why do you think this cartoon was published in 1936?

Explain your answer, using details of the source. [5]

L1 Provenance / Describing the source

E.g. The cartoonist wanted to show that Hitler was walking across the back of spineless democracy.

1

L2 Valid inference (sub-message only)

E.g. He wanted to show how the leaders of the democratic countries were actually allowing Hitler to take advantage of them.

2

L3 Context – because of what was going on at the time

E.g. He wanted to warn the people about how the democratic countries’ failure to stop Hitler would allow Hitler to take over territories in Europe. This is seen from the useless democratic countries which are seen as spineless and allowing Hitler to do whatever he wants in rearmament and in taking over Rhineland.

3

L4 Purpose + context of that time

Award 4m for answers based on purpose.

Award 5m for more developed answers (must have context of that time + intended outcome on audience)

E.g. This cartoon was published in 1936 because the cartoonist wanted to warn the British newspaper readers and possibly the British government about the evil ambitions of Hitler and his expansionist foreign policy that was going to take over Europe and the whole world and also how the useless democratic leaders were actually allowing it to happen to themselves. So the cartoonist was sending a sarcastic warning to Britain of a more daring and dangerous Hitler if it does not take any action to stop Hitler from pursuing his aggressive foreign policy. (4m) This is seen from the democratic countries bending over and spineless and allowing Hitler to do whatever he wants in rearmament and in taking over Rhineland. In the context of 1936, the appeasement policy of Britain and France had encouraged a more emboldened Hitler who wanted to invade more territories. (5m)

4-5


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1(b) Study Source B.

Are you surprised by this source?

Explain your answer. [5]

L1 Yes/No: describes content without explanation of surprising/not surprising

E.g. Yes, I am surprised to see a British official, Duff Cooper, debating about the Munich Agreement.

1

L2 Yes/No – gives inference, with or without fully developed explanation

Award 3m only for a fully developed inference with explanation or context of what was going on at that time.

E.g. Yes, I am surprised / No, I am not surprised to see a British official, Duff Cooper, debating about the Munich Agreement and voicing out his concerns over it. This is seen from, “I believe that the great weakness in our foreign policy during recent months and recent weeks has been that we have failed to do so.” (2m)ORE.g. Yes, I am surprised to see a British official, Duff Cooper, debating about the Munich Agreement and voicing out his concerns over it. He is not supporting his government’s ongoing appeasement policy to Hitler. This is seen from, “I believe that the great weakness in our foreign policy during recent months and recent weeks has been that we have failed to do so.” (3m)ORE.g. No, I am not surprised to see a British official, Duff Cooper, debating about the Munich Agreement and voicing out his concerns over it because he knows that there are problems within the appeasement policy as it is only assuring Hitler that they will not fight against him. This is seen from, “Thus, Hitler had been assured and reassured in the opinion that in no case would Britain fight.” (3m)

2-3

L3 Yes and No (both aspects of L2) 4

L4 Yes/No, explained by cross-reference to contextual knowledge or other sources

E.g. Yes, I am surprised that this British official, Duff Cooper is debating against the Munich Agreement and voicing out his concerns over it. He is not supporting his government’s ongoing appeasement policy to Hitler. This is seen from, “I believe that the great weakness in our foreign policy during recent months and recent weeks has been that we have failed to do so.” This is unexpected because the British government official and ongoing policy with regards to Hitler was that of an appeasement policy in the 1930s. Moreover, Chamberlain had already returned to Britain with securing peace with Hitler, so it is surprising that Duff Cooper is still against his government’s official policy.

5


9

ORE.g. No, I am not surprised because the British official, Duff Cooper, was merely voicing out his honest worries and fears of the appeasement policy emboldening Hitler to become more aggressive in his ambitions to take over the whole of Europe. He believes that this is the wrong move that will cause further problems for Britain. This is seen from Source B, “I believe that the great weakness in our foreign policy during recent months and recent weeks has been that we have failed to do so.” This is expected because coming from the context of October 1938, Chamberlain’s assurance to Britain and to the world that he has saved Europe with the Munich Agreement was not fully met with optimism by everyone in the British government. In fact, Hitler did break the Munich Agreement and invade Czechoslovakia a few months later in 1939. Thus, I am not surprised at all to see a British member of Parliament being worried about the failures of the appeasement policy towards Germany. (5m)


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1(c) Study Source C.

This source is written in 1923, is it still useful as evidence about Hitler’s foreign policy in the

1930s? Explain your answer. [6]

L1 Answer based on provenance or based on unexplained assertions

E.g. It is no use / It is still useful as evidence because it was written in 1923.

1

L2 Useful / Not useful based on source content (limited)

E.g. It is not useful as evidence because it says nothing about what was happening to Hitler’s foreign policy in the 1930s.

2

L3 Useful / Not useful based on valid inference, explained/developed

E.g. It is still useful as evidence because the Treaty showed how unfair the terms were for Germany to be forced to accept the Treaty so this led to Hitler’s plans for his expansionist policy in the 1930s. This is seen from Source C, “As its foundation, our Movement formulated three demands: 1. Setting aside of the Peace Treaty. 2. Unification of all Germans.3. Land and soil [Grund und Boden] to feed our nation.”

OR

E.g. It is no use as evidence because it only talks about Germany being made to accept the unfairness of the Treaty of Versailles and says nothing about Hitler’s foreign policy in the 1930s. This is seen from “So long as this Treaty stands there can be no resurrection of the German people; no social reform of any kind is possible!”

3

L4 Useful and Not useful, both explained/developed

Both elements of L3.

4

L5 Useful, because reliable, based on cross-referencing to contextual knowledge or another source

E.g. It is still useful as evidence because it is reliable in showing how the Treaty was used by Hitler as a justification to abolish it and formulate his plans for new social changes for Germany. This is seen from “So long as this Treaty stands there can be no resurrection of the German people; no social reform of any kind is possible!” This is supported by my contextual knowledge where when Hitler came to power, the first thing he did was to abolish the Treaty of Versailles as the first step in his foreign policy in 1933. Since my contextual knowledge supports Source C, it makes Source C reliable and hence useful.

5

L6 Useful, based on evaluation of Source C

E.g. It is still useful as evidence because although the source only shows the deep hatred Hitler had for the Treaty of Versailles, it is a reliable piece of evidence that suggests how Hitler had already long decided to abolish the treaty and expand

6


11

German’s territories to avenge its losses from the treaty. This is seen from Source C, “As its foundation, our Movement formulated three demands: 1. Setting aside of the Peace Treaty. 2. Unification of all Germans.3. Land and soil to feed our nation.” From the context of 1923 to 1930s, this was one of Hitler’s Twenty-Five Point Programme used as a basis to abolish the Treaty of Versailles and justifying his way to an aggressive foreign policy to expand Germany’s territories. Thus, Source C remains a very useful piece of evidence even though it was from 1923.

1(d) Study Sources D and E.

How different are the messages of these two accounts? Explain your answer. [6]

L1 Similarity/difference of provenance

E.g. Source D and Source E are different because one is from Chamberlain and the other is from R.V. Jones.

1

L2 Similarity or difference of content through valid matching

Note: Students who suggest similarity in are awarded a max. of L2/2m as they have failed to grasp the actual messages.

E.g. Source D and Source E are similar in their message that the Munich Agreement has brought about peace for Europe. From Source D, “But we have only laid the foundations of peace. The superstructure has not even begun.” And from Source E, “the almost hysterical majority who thought that Chamberlain had done a great thing.” (2m)

OR

Eg. Source D and Source E are different in their messages as Source D suggests that the Munich Agreement was a correct move as it has brought peace for Europe but Source E suggests that it was a wrong move as it will only bring about disaster for Europe. (2m) From Source D, “I believe that there is sincerity and good will on both sides in this declaration…But we have only laid the foundations of peace. The superstructure has not even begun.” But from Source E, “Then came Chamberlain's return with his pathetic scrap of paper and his "Peace in our time" speech. I was as angry as a cat which has just been robbed of its mouse.”(3m)

2-3

L3 Similarity and difference of content through valid matching

Both aspects of L2.

E.g. Source D and Source E are similar in that the Munich Agreement has brought about peace for Europe. From Source D, “But we have only laid the foundations of peace. The superstructure is not even begun.” And from Source E, “the almost hysterical majority who thought that Chamberlain had done a great thing.”

However, they are also very different as Source D suggests that the Munich Agreement was a correct move as it has brought peace for Europe but Source E suggests that it was a wrong move as it will only bring about disaster for Europe.

4


12

From Source D, “I believe that there is sincerity and good will on both sides in this declaration…But we have only laid the foundations of peace. The superstructure is not even begun.” But from Source E, “Then came Chamberlain's return with his pathetic scrap of paper and his "Peace in our time" speech. I was as angry as a cat which has just been robbed of its mouse.” (4m)

L4 Explains difference in messages

E.g. Source D and Source E are different in their messages as Chamberlain in Source D was out to justify / assure his British audience/those in the British government who opposed him that the Munich Agreement was a necessary and correct move as it has brought peace for Europe. However, the message by R.V. Jones in Source E was a criticism of Chamberlain’s Munich Agreement to be a wrong move as it will only bring about disaster for Europe. From Source D, “I believe that there is sincerity and good will on both sides in this declaration…But we have only laid the foundations of peace. The superstructure is not even begun.” But from Source E, “Then came Chamberlain's return with his pathetic scrap of paper and his "Peace in our time" speech. I was as angry as a cat which has just been robbed of its mouse.”

5

L5 Explains difference in messages + Chamberlain’s biasness to the appeasement policy and R.V Jones anger of the potential failure of the policy

E.g. Source D and Source E are different in their messages as Chamberlain in Source D was out to justify / assure his British audience/those in the British government who opposed him that the Munich Agreement was a necessary and correct move as it has brought peace for Europe. Coming from the Prime Minister himself during the troubled times of 1938, he was definitely trying to prevent an outbreak of war in Europe and so he would just highlight the positive outcome of the Munich Agreement.

However, the message by R.V. Jones in Source E was a criticism of Chamberlain’s Munich Agreement to be a wrong move as it will only bring about disaster for Europe. He was only of the small group of British who was very sure that it would be a failure and was frustrated about being unable to prevent it. From Source D, “ I believe that there is sincerity and good will on both sides in this declaration…But we have only laid the foundations of peace. The superstructure is not even begun.” But from Source E, "I was as angry as a cat which has just been robbed of its mouse. Those who felt like that were a minority among the almost hysterical majority who thought that Chamberlain had done a great thing.”

6

1(e) Study all the sources.

‘The appeasement policy was the reason for the outbreak of World War II in Europe.’

How far do these sources support this view? Use the sources and your knowledge to support your answer. [8]

L1 Writes about hypothesis, no valid source use 1


13

Eg. The appeasement policy was because the people were disgusted with war and did not support the idea of having another war.

L2 Yes OR No, supported by valid source use

Award 2 marks for one Yes or No supported by valid source use, and an additional mark for each subsequent valid source. Up to a maximum of 4 marks.

Yes, support the statement (A/B/E):

E.g. Yes, in Source A, it suggests that the appeasement policy did lead to the outbreak of war because the appeasement policy of democratic Britain and France had encouraged a more emboldened Hitler who wanted to invade more territories. This is seen from the useless democratic countries which are seen as spineless and allowing Hitler to do whatever he wants in rearmament and in taking over Rhineland. (2m)

E.g. Yes, in Source B, it suggests that the appeasement policy did lead to the outbreak of war because the British official, Duff Cooper, was voicing out his honest worries and fears of the appeasement policy emboldening Hitler to become more aggressive in his ambitions to take over the whole of Europe. He believes that this is the wrong move that will cause further problems for Britain. This is seen from Source B, “I believe that the great weakness in our foreign policy during recent months and recent weeks has been that we have failed to do so.” (3m)

E.g. Yes, in Source E, it suggests that appeasement policy did lead to the outbreak of war because R.V. Jones was furious about Chamberlain’s appeasement towards Hitler as he felt that it was a wrong move. From Source E, “Then came Chamberlain's return with his pathetic scrap of paper and his "Peace in our time" speech. I was as angry as a cat which has just been robbed of its mouse.” (4m)

OR

No, do not support the statement:

E.g. No, Source C implies that it was Hitler’s own ambitious foreign policy that led to the outbreak of war. The Treaty showed how unfair the terms were for Germany to be forced to accept the Treaty and this shaped Hitler’s plans for his expansionist policy in the 1930s. This is seen from Source C, “As its foundation, our Movement formulated three demands: 1. Setting aside of the Peace Treaty. 2. Unification of all Germans.3. Land and soil [Grund und Boden] to feed our nation.” (2m)

E.g. No, Source D implies that the appeasement policy as seen in the Munich Agreement signed with Hitler will lead to peace in Europe. From Source D, “I believe that there is sincerity and good will on both sides in this declaration…But we have only laid the foundations of peace. The superstructure is not even begun.” (3m)

2-4

L3 Yes AND No, supported by valid source use

Award 5m for one Yes and No supported by valid source use, and an additional mark for each subsequent valid source use up to a max of 7m.

5-8


14

Award 5m for Yes (using at least 1 source) + No (using at least 1 source)

Award 6m for Yes (using at least 2 sources) + No (using at least 1 source)ORAward 6m for Yes (using at least 1 source) + No (using at least 2 sources)

Award 7m for Yes (using at least 2 sources) + No (using at least 2 sources)

For L2 and L3, award up to 2 bonus marks (+1/+1) for use of contextual knowledge to question a source in relation to its reliability, sufficiency etc. The total mark for the question must not exceed 7 marks.

E.g. Both aspects of Level 2.

E.g. +1 bonus mark: However, if you examine Source D again, it is not reliable in insisting that the appeasement policy was a correct move in securing peace because coming from the British Prime Minister Chamberlain in 1938, he was trying to justify the appropriateness of signing the Munich Agreement so he would have definitely tried to highlight the positive outcome to the British people. He was very biased towards the successes of the appeasement policy. Chamberlain’s appeasement had clearly failed and this led to Hitler taking over the whole of Czechoslovakia, Poland and this marked the start of WWII in Europe.


15

2. This question is on World War II in the Asia Pacific.(a) Describe Japan’s worsening relations with the USA during the Paris Peace Conference

(1918) and the Washington Naval Conference (1921). [8]

L1 Describes WWII in Asia PacificAward 1 mark for detail, up to maximum of 2.

Answers which describes without focus on the question.

E.g. World War II broke out due to Germany, Italy and Japan (1m) waging war to gain more resources and territories. (2m)

1-2

L2 Identifies OR describes one factorAward 3 marks for each identified aspect up to a maximum of 5 marks.

E.g. Japan’s worsening relations with the USA during the Paris Peace Conference (1918) resulted in racial inequality for Japan. Japan had proposed a racial equality clause to be included in the League of Nations. (3m) This demand for racial equality was a result of discrimination against Japanese immigrants in the USA. (4m) However, Woodrow Wilson would not pass the proposal without unanimous agreement. This caused deep unhappiness for Japan as it felt that it was not given due respect and recognition by the Western powers. (5m)

3-5

L3 Describes both factorsAward 6 marks for describing both factors and additional marks for the depth of supporting information and the number of aspects covered.

E.g. Japan’s worsening relations with the USA during the Paris Peace Conference (1918) resulted in racial inequality for Japan. Japan had proposed a racial equality clause to be included in the League of Nations. This demand for racial equality was a result of discrimination against Japanese immigrants in the USA. The proposed clause called for the equality of all foreign immigrants to countries in the League, regardless of race or nationality. However, Woodrow Wilson would not pass the proposal without unanimous agreement. Britain and Australia did not approve it so it was rejected by the USA. This caused deep unhappiness for Japan as it felt that it was not given due respect and recognition by the Western powers. The Washington Naval Conference in 1921 was organised by the USA and called for a reduction in the naval forces if the major powers like Japan. (6m) Japan was unhappy that it had to reduce its naval strength much more that the USA and Britain. (7m) The Japanese felt that the agreement was unfair and biased against them and resented the treatment by the USA. (8m)

6-8


16

(b) Explain how each of the following helped to bring about Japan’s defeat in World War II

in the Asia Pacific:

(i) USA’s economic strength

(ii) Overextension of the Japanese empire.

[12]

L1 Writes about Japan’s defeat in World War II

Award 1 mark for each detail up to a maximum of 2.

E.g. Japan was defeated in 1945 (1m) after the dropping of the atomic bombs by the USA. (2m)

1-2

L2 Describes reasons

Award 3 – 4 marks for one described reason and 5 – 6 marks for two described reasons.

E.g. USA’s economic strength helped to bring about Japan’s defeat in World War II in the Asia Pacific. This is because the USA was the world’s largest industrial power in the war at that time. USA had many eager people to contribute to the manpower, especially after the Great Depression era. (3m) The American factories well out of range and its merchant ships were better protected by military convoys. (4m) In addition, Japan’s over extended empire brought about its defeat in WW2. This is because the Japanese empire had been overstretched. (5m) For instance, the Allied strategy of “island hopping” allowed them to successfully recapture key islands such as Guadalcanal and the Solomon Islands. (6m)

The entry of USA in 1941 helped to bring about Germany’s defeat in World War II in Europe. The USA was the world’s largest industrial power and there were many military equipment produced by the USA. The USA also sent vital military and non-military goods to other Allies. (3m) The USA also sent manpower such as military strategists and soldiers to Britain. (4m) The War on two fronts also brought about its defeat. Hitler made Germany fight a war with both its Western and Eastern Fronts. (5m) For instance, before Hitler could defeat Britain on its Western Front, he began his war with the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front. (6m)

3-6

L3 Explains reasons

Award 7 – 9 marks for one explained reason and 10 – 12 marks for two explained reasons.

E.g. USA’s economic strength helped to bring about Japan’s defeat in World War II in the Asia Pacific. This is because the USA was the world’s largest industrial power in the war at that time and it converted its economic industries to produce military equipment quickly. USA had many eager people to contribute to the manpower, especially after the Great Depression era. These willing citizens

7-12


17

proved to be far better workers than the forced labour and prisoners-of-war used by Japan. Thus, the Axis powers like Japan could not match the USA in terms of its efficiency in producing military supplies. (7m) Moreover, the continued American attacks had weakened Japan’s economy further. Japan’s factories had lesser resources because the Allies had crippled Japanese supplies of raw materials and production. In contrast, the American factories well out of range and its merchant ships were better protected by military convoys, hence protecting the USA’s economic strength. (8m) Women were also used in the boosting of the Allies industrial machine effectively. The USA had actively encouraged many women to contribute to the war efforts and these women contributed to the factories production of military equipment. (9m)

AND

E.g. Japan’s over extended empire brought about its defeat in WW2. This is because the Japanese empire had been overstretched and they could not defend it effectively making them weak against Allied attacks. (10m) By 1942, Japan had occupied nearly the whole of Southeast Asia, this was a large area to control and manage effectively. Furthermore, their resources were depleting and could not keep up with war efforts against the Allies. (11m) For instance, the Allied strategy of “island hopping” allowed them to successfully recapture key islands such as Guadalcanal and the Solomon Islands. The American forces made their first major attack on Japanese-occupied territory by regaining control of the Solomon Islands and New Guinea in order to remove the threat of Japanese conquest in Australia and Southern Pacific Ocean. The ineffective Japanese resistance enabled Allied powers to also reconquer Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Such victories of the Allies weakened Japan’s ability to continue defending their over-extended empire effectively.(12m)


18

3. This question is on the development of the Cold War.

(a) Describe the aims of the military alliances formed by the USA (NATO) and the Soviet

Union (Warsaw Pact).

[8]

L1 Describes the Cold War in Europe

Award 1 mark for detail, up to maximum of 2.

Answers which describes without focus on the question.

E.g. The Cold War was between the world’s two superpowers, the USA and the Soviet Union (1m) which emerged from the post-war vacuum. This gave them the opportunity to compete for a dominant role in reconstructing Europe. (2m)

1-2

L2 Identifies OR describes one factor

Award 3 marks for each identified aspect up to a maximum of 5 marks.

E.g. The USA initiated the set-up of NATO because it feared that the countries of Western Europe might deal with their own security concerns by negotiating independently with the Soviet Union. (3m) Hence, Truman aimed to form an American-European alliance that would commit the USA to further strengthen the security of Western Europe. (4m) Moreover, many Western European countries also feared the possibility of the Soviet Union spreading its communist influence in Europe through military means. (5m)

3-5

L3 Describes both factors

Award 6 marks for describing both factors and additional marks for the depth of supporting information and the number of aspects covered.

E.g. The aims of NATO was because the USA feared that the countries of Western Europe might deal with their own security concerns by negotiating independently with the Soviet Union. Hence, Truman aimed to form an American-European alliance that would commit the USA to further strengthen the security of Western Europe. Moreover, many Western European countries also feared the possibility of the Soviet Union spreading its communist influence in Europe through military means. Thus, besides forming bilateral military alliances between some former Allied countries, the aim of NATO was act as an effective counterbalance to the Soviet Union’s strength and influence. These Western European countries were hence interested in such a collective security agreement with the USA. All the member countries agreed to come to each other’s defence if they were attacked by an external party. With this, the USA formally abandoned its traditional policy of avoiding alliances that committed it to the defence of other nations. In addition, the Warsaw Pact was initiated by the Soviet Union which saw the formation of NATO as an immediate threat to its own security. (6m) The inclusion of West Germany in NATO in 1955 further heightened this perceived threat. Hence, the formation of the Warsaw Pact with its Eastern European satellite states in 1955 was merely a formalisation of this arrangement. The aim was also to act as the military complement to Cominform and Comecon. (7m) It was also to allow the Soviet Union to have a dominant influence on decisions made by the Warsaw Pact. While the Warsaw Pact pledged to defend any other member country which might be attacked by an external party, in reality its purpose was to defend the Soviet Union especially from

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Western Europe. (8m)

(b) Explain how each of the following increased tensions between the USA and the Soviet

Union during the Korean War:

(i) Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950

(ii) National Security Council (NSC-68) report, 1950 [12]

L1 Writes about tensions between the USA and the Soviet Union

Award 1 mark for each detail up to a maximum of 2.

E.g. The USA and the Soviet Union had no further need to remain allies after World War II. (1m) and each country sought to strengthen its own political and economic influence in Europe. (2m)

1-2

L2 Describes reasonsAward 3 – 4 marks for one described reason and 5 – 6 marks for two described reasons.

E.g. The Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950 increased tensions between the USA and the Soviet Union. This is because with the alliance, both China and Soviet Union promised to come to each other’s aid if either country was attacked. (3m) Moreover, the alliance meant that Mao could now commit his attention to the assistance of North Korea if the invasion of the South did not go smoothly. (4m) The NSC-68 report also increased tensions between the USA and the Soviet Union. The report concluded that the Soviet Union was set against the USA. (5m) The North Korean invasion of South Korea in June 1950 was perceived as part of a communist bid for global domination. (6m)

3-6

L3 Explains reasons

Award 7 – 9 marks for one explained reason and 10 – 12 marks for two explained reasons.

E.g. The Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950 increased tensions between the USA and the Soviet Union. This is because with the alliance, both China and Soviet Union promised to come to each other’s aid if either country was attacked. Moreover, the alliance meant that Mao could now commit his attention to the assistance of North Korea if the invasion of the South did not go smoothly. This worsened the tensions with the USA as the ‘loss’ of China to communism seemed to signal a tip in the balance of power in the Cold War in favour of the communists in the Asia-Pacific. The strengthening of the communist bloc in East Asia was becoming a more dangerous threat to the USA because of Soviet Union’s willing support to China and to North Korea. This created further threats to the USA’s sphere of influence because the Soviet spread of communist influence was now widening drastically even in the Far East. (9m)ANDE.g. The NSC-68 report also increased tensions between the USA and the Soviet Union. This is because the report concluded that the Soviet Union was set against the USA. It stressed the need for a drastic increase in American military capability in order to apply containment on a global basis. (10m) The North Korean invasion of South Korea in June 1950 was perceived as part of a communist bid for global domination and was seen as a timely confirmation of the analysis of Soviet intentions as set out in NSC-68. USA’s fears and insecurities were heightened against this backdrop of the Korean War. (11m) This created deeper tensions with the Soviet Union. The involvement of the USA in Korea was thus driven by its determination to apply containment beyond Europe on a global

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basis and the NSC-68 went on to influence American containment policy for the duration of the Cold War. (12m)


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