-unlicensed-vamsi rm final for printouts 1

8/2/2019 -Unlicensed-Vamsi Rm Final for Printouts 1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/-unlicensed-vamsi-rm-final-for-printouts-1 1/12

Submitted to the faculty of Kensington College of Business,

University of Wales (2010-2011).

Submitted by: Vamshi Krishna. Siripuram

Kensington

college of

business ID: 13687

Subject : Research Methodology ( Part – 2)



INDEX

Page no

• Title 3

• Unit of analyses 3

• Research methodology 4

• Research Philosophy 6

• Research design 7

• Research strategy 8

• Time Horizon 8

• Data collection methods 9

• Limitations 10

• Conclusion 10

• References 11



• Title:

An evaluation of the emergency health care services at Medwin Hospitals, Mumbai and

developing risk management Strategies.

In the assignment 1, the preliminary review of literature, gaps in the authors views (existing

knowledge) have been identified thereby hypothesises have been designed for testing and in-

depth analyses which means the questions related to WHAT and WHY has been dealt in the

first phase and now the phase includes ‘’HOW’’ which deals with the procedures and methods

used to achieve the proposed topic.

• Unit of analyses:

The unit of analyses starts with the survey questionnaire where the primary data collected will

be analysed for authenticity, and after comparing all the answers collected, they will be

documented in the form of histograms and pie diagram which deals with all the necessary

aspects to provide better emergency services. Added to that two variable will be considered

( patient satisfaction and saving rate on the scale of 100 and response times on the scale 10 will

be considered to perform a chi square test) and that will reveal how important the emergency

services are. More over the 7/7 bombings in the UK case studies are considered individually as

they are already available on the official websites which explain how 21 out 52 victims have

died because of the ineffectiveness of emergency services had a disaster occur. So, all these

elements provide a conspicuous picture on the maintenance of emergency health care. To be

precise and specific I conclude by saying that Primary data is collected form Manipal hospital

and the secondary data is collected from various scholarly articles, books, newspapers and

journals. (Although they are not completely authentic and needs testing to trust).

Alternatives: There are posted surveys already on some of the websites, but they are not

updated from 2009 and I believe that, if I want authentic data which can contribute in-depth

knowledge to the conclusions and recommendations it is preferable to do it by myself.



3) Research Design and Methodology

3.1 Research Strategy:

The issues pertaining to health and emergency services can be prevented and tackled by putting

extra care and taking appropriate precautionary measures. As the conditions of emergency are

not easily predictable an effective strategy has to be designed and implemented. The issues in

providing emergency care services arise due to the deficiencies in the facilities, commitment of

top level management and service quality. Now, the responsibility of the researcher is to design

and implement an effective strategy such that conclusions can be drawn and recommendations

can be made. In some cases, unknown events may occur which will create great difficulty for

the researcher in data collection and analyses. Though, the data is obtained it may not be

accurate and easily trusted. According to Yin (1994), authenticity between the original and

collected data can be obtained through case studies which provide the hypothesis and

phenomenon. According to Saunders, et al, (2009), the responsibility holds on the researcher in

obtaining the desired objectives and in overcoming the hindrances required in the process of

collecting the data. So a case study approach will be considered in the initial phase of the

research, where various extenuating circumstances pertaining to emergency services will be

analysed with respect to the strategy to be designed and then the author’s views will be taken

into consideration to do a side by side analyses on the data.

3.2 Methodology (Onion approach)

The selection of methodology for conducting the research plays a very prominent role. The

starting phase to conduct a research is to select the best methodology possible as it gives a clear

picture on all the feasibility study aspects like what, why , how and where ( to start, to flow and

to end). The research structure will be influenced by the methodology through which data is

analysed. The methodology chosen should be appropriate for the scenario and the task

developed. The aims and objectives should always be on a track of analyses as the results

obtained will be based on the type and procedure implemented on the method. As the

recommendations are mostly dependent on effective and quality care with respect to emergency

service the research should go from a general basis to a specific category. It is very tedious toextract data from the qualitative analyses. There are some sort of complications involved in the



sections of questionnaires and grey literature. In these areas, the researcher has to put more

effort designing the appropriate strategy moving from general to more specific.

According to Saunders and Thornhill, (2000), if the methodology selected for a topic is best

suited then it provides the best results than any of the other approaches. Irrespective of all the

aspects pertaining to emergency care the Onion approach seems to be the best suited

methodology as its systematic steps make it unique to gain in-depth knowledge on all the

attributes, the flow of the research can be explained with in five layers of the Onion approach

which means it a step further than any of the other approaches. The interesting aspect is that all

requirements for this research have been covered in this research method.

Step 1: Research philosophy: Positivistic:

Although interpretivistic and realistic views are related to this project the edge lies with the

positivistic approach as it provides the required knowledge to derive the laws which are based

on the physical and natural state. In a field like emergency care no two authors will have

similar views and every author has his own style of strategy although unusual. So it is up to the

researcher to decide on which literature to trust, the best way is to analyse the data in a

positivistic way where the behavioural causes with respect to quantitative and qualitative data

which will thereby produce vectors and attributes on all the statistics and theory collected. Thisapproach will have the attitude of human knowledge and will not completely base on the

anticipations to evaluate the information. So, positivism in the context of emergency care will

regulate the questionnaire, strategy and collection process. Arguably this research falls in

between the interpretivistic and positivistic approach but undoubtedly it is more of positivistic

than interpretivisitc.



Step 2: Research design:

Deductive qualitative and quantitative analyses will be preferred as the topic of interest can

provide best results if the study deals from general (Review of literature on Health care,

realistic circumstances, case studies) to specific ( Emergency health care, conclusions and

recommedations).

In the previous submitted report (RM1), the researcher has given the introduction about the

topic, collected the data and has written the literature review. The additional responsibility on

the researcher is to make the report that should be clear and precise for the readers to

understand. According to Thietart et al (2003), achievement of the expected results is possible

through the research design characterised by clarity and simplicity. In this part of the report, the

researcher is going to put forward the flow of methodologies and the important role they play

in arriving at conclusions. The phenomenology and philosophy play their own unique roles.

The technique of interpretation has relation between the methods for capturing the people’s

experiences and the research phenomenon. The reasons for conducting the research and its

effects will be discussed later in the main reprot. It serves as a tool for managing the

department of emergency. According to Doyle, et al (2000), the in-depth understanding of the



emergency care services in an organisation can be achieved through the appropriate

methodology incorporated in the research work. According to Bryman, et al (2003), the

required data can be revoked by the individual’s conception preconception on the questions and

subjects. In this kind of scenario, data collected through qualitative methods will be very useful

for the in-depth identification of the issues, resolving them and providing a long term solution.

In some cases, data that is irrelevant and unexpected may occur at the stage of interpretation.

The researcher has taken the appropriate steps at the stage of analysis for mitigating these

problems. In terms of 2nd layer, the researcher will now discuss the importance of deductive

approach. The deductive flow will move from general to specific. Although the inductive

approach is used very rarely in this research, deductive is preferred irrespective of whether the

data is qualitative or quantitative. The following diagram depicts the flow of both approaches:



Step 3: Research strategies: As mentioned earlier surveys are preferred to collect the primary

data and they deal with the what, why , how and where, and even some case studies are also

preferred, the response rate might be low but the researcher is also planning to offer few

incentives to the patients as a decent gesture or a mark of appreciation but I will take the

valuable suggestions from my supervisor while going for approval of permissions.

Step 4: Time horizon:

The strategies of emergency care differ according to the situation so cross sectional time

horizon is considered and the co relation and chi square tests are performed on the cross

sectional basis to make proper recommendations at the end of the research.

Step 5: Data collection methods: Primary and Secondary Sources

There are many methodologies to collect the data and to conducting the research and it is

always tricky to select the best way. Selecting the most authentic way will yield good results as

the analytical and descriptive research may not be sufficient in some cases solely. The main

objectives in this research are to design a strategy for improving the emergency services such

that conclusions can be drawn and recommendations can be made. According to Swanson, et

al, (2005), if there is no availability of the previous studies about a particular topic, lots of

explanation has to be made by the researcher in detail for making the readers familiar with the

topic.

According to Robson (2002), both the sources of data primary as well as secondary should be

considered. The researcher is going to begin with collecting the secondary data which provided

authentic information and basics through various sources such as library, articles, journals,

internet and census. Then, the researcher focus on the collection of secondary data from the

sources like focus groups, questionnaires and surveys for making recommendations regarding

the strategy to implement for improving the emergency services and making conclusions. The

protocol of case study should be documented because the reliability of the data that is collected

can be known at the time of conducting the research. Database should be established for

ensuring the production of similar kind of results when the same methodology is repeated

again. According to Jidd and Kudder (2003), authenticity of the data should be achieved by



referring to various types of resources. The outcomes achieved should be acknowledged in

order to be far from being biased in the study. This can be achieved by re-interviews and re-

analysing.

The researcher mainly relies on the secondary sources of data. The information obtained will be

qualitative and non-numeric in nature. Quantitative data is also collected when required which is

through statistical figures. The researcher will be regularly in touch with the supervisor in order to

seek the valuable advice and suggestions regarding how to interview the patients. The researcher

will take the permission from the authorities of the management to enter the premises of the

hospital to conduct the research program as per the rules and regulation laid down by the hospital

management. The researcher will proceeded legally by taking the approval letter from the Ministry

of Health to conduct the research program at Manipal hospital.

Grey literature and limitations:

There will occur many challenges for the researcher and he need to take the appropriate steps for

resolving them in the research program. The information collected is documented in the native

language as the patients there are not proficient in English; they can understand but can’t reply

properly. The researcher will translate the language of documentation into English. The toughest

challenge for the researcher to face is in getting the permission from ministry of health for

conducting the research as they are very concerned about confidentiality and security.

The limitations in the strategy can be managed through a systematic strategy. Some of the

drawbacks include the following:

• There are some limitations in the information that is gathered about the hospital.

• The official websites lack the statistical data.

• Aspects are not easily interpretable as many sensitive issues have to be dealt with.

• As the availability of data is very large it has become a tough task for the researcher to

interpret the data.

The limitations can be avoided through an appropriate strategy by exploring the data in deep.

The process was already started by the researcher as the legal permissions from the ministry of

health and from the hospital is obtained.

Conclusion:



The researcher has investigated many approaches to conduct the research along with their

benefits and drawbacks. It was found that qualitative exploratory case study will be apt for the

present scenario. Methodologies for collecting the data are chosen accordingly. The reliability

and validity for being away from the bias are stated along with the ethics followed and

challenges faced by the researcher. As all the phases involved in the project are covered in theonion approach, the researcher has selected this approach as the starting point of research. Then

the combination of inductive and deductive approaches is used appropriately based on the

scenario. Finally, the questionnaires, interviews and surveys are conducted for gathering the

data which is used for the purpose of analysing. The conclusions are made and

recommendations are given for improving the quality in the services of emergency care.

REFERENCES:

• The College of Emergency Medicine A trainee’s guide to Specialty Training in

Emergency Medicine CEM Training Standards Committee July 2009.

• Goldstein, Jacob (2008-08-06). "Emergency Room Visits Hit Record High - Health

Blog - WSJ". The Wall Street Journal.

• Cydulka RK, Korte R.Career satisfaction in emergency medicine: the ABEM

Longitudinal Study of Emergency Physicians. Ann Emerg Med. 2008 Jun;51(6):714-

722.e1. Epub 8 April 2008.

• Gresser, Joseph (18 November 2009). "NC president found hospital a "pleasant

surprise"". Barton, Vermont: the Chronicle. pp. 21.

• Mayhew, Les; Smith, David (December 2006). "Using queuing theory to analyse

completion times in accident and emergency departments in the light of the

Government 4-hour target". Cass Business School. pp. 2, 34. Retrieved 2011-01-20.

• Division of Medical Sciences, Committee on Trauma and Committee on Shock

(September 1966), Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern

Society, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council.

• Meisel, Zachary (2005-11-08). "Ding-a-Ling-a-Ling— Ambulances can be dangerous

places.". Slate. Washington Post. Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC. Retrieved 2010-17-

25.

• "Tribute to R Adams Cowley , M.D.". University of Maryland Medical Center.

Retrieved 2005-12-30.

• "Careers: Paramedic science". Faculty of Health and Social Care Sciences, Kingston

University London and St George's, University of London.

http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2008/08/06/emergency-room-visits-hit-record-high/


http://www.cass.city.ac.uk/media/stories/story_96_105659_69284.html



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Business_School

http://www.slate.com/id/2129684/


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)

http://www.umm.edu/shocktrauma/history.html

http://www.healthcare.ac.uk/careers/paramedic-science/





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Business_School



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)

http://www.umm.edu/shocktrauma/history.html






• Edlin, R., Round, J., Hulme, C., McCabe, C. Cost-effectiveness analysis and the

efficient use of the pharmaceutical budget: the key role of clinical pharmacologists.

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 70(3):350-35.

• Menon, D., McCabe, C., Stafinski, T., Edlin, R. on behalf of the signatories to the

Consensus Statement. Banff Consensus Group. Principles of Design of Access with

Evidence Development Schemes: A Consensus Statement from the Banff Summit.

Pharmacoeconomics 28(2):109-111.

• Ratcliffe, J., Bekker, H., Dolan, P. and Edlin R. Examining the attitudes and

preferences of health care decision makers in relation to access, equity and cost-

effectiveness: a discrete choice experiment. Health Policy 90(1):45-57.

• Tsuchiya, A., Silva Miguel L, Edlin, R., Wailoo, A., Dolan, P. Procedural justice in

public health care resource allocation. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy

4(2):119-128.

• Czoski-Murray, C., Edlin, R., Lindley, J., McIntosh, S., Roberts, J. Evaluation of the

“Want2Work” Pilot. Report to the National Assembly for Wales.

• Royal College of Physicians of London. Type 1 Diabetes in Adults: National clinical

guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care. National

Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Royal College of Physicians: London.

(Health Economics input to Guideline Development and Consensus Reference Groups).

• Kirk M, Tonkin E, barr o, Genetics and learning disability practice: is it part of your

role? Learning Disability Practice, 9, 7, 33-36, 2006.

• Chen H-Y and boore JRP, Establishing a super-link system: spinal cord injury

rehabilitation nursing, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 57, 6, 639-648, 2007.

• Cousins w, Milner S, Drug Abuse and Parenting: The impact on Young Children in the

Social Care System in NI, Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies, 7, 1, 95-108, 2006.

• Hearns A and deeny P, The Value of Support for Aid Workers in Complex

Emergencies; a phenomenological study, Disaster Management and Response, 5, 2, 28-35, 2007.

• loane M, dolk H, Bradbury I and a EUROCAT Working Group, Increasing prevalence

of gastroschisis in Europe 1980-2002: a phenomenon restricted to younger mothers?

Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 21, 363-369, 2007.

• Fitzsimons d, Mullan D, Wilson J, Chew E, Conway B, Corcoran B, Gamble J, Hanna

L, McMullan G, McMahon M, Mullholland P, Stewart C & Stockdale P, The palliative

care needs of patients with heart failure from the perspectives of patients, carers and

clinical team, European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 5; Suppl 1:S35, 2006.



• Madigan S, Fleming P, Wright M, McCann SM, wright ME, MacAuley D, General

Practitioners involvement in enteral tube feeding at home: a qualitative study, BMC

Family Practice, 8, 29, 2007.

• McIlfatrick S, Hasson F, McKenna HP, Keeney S, Sinclair M, Poulton b, Managing

chronic disease: a case study of an innovative role in respiratory nursing practice,

Primary Health Care Research and Development, 8: 251-236, 2007.

• O’Halloran PD, Cran GW, Beringer TRO, Kernohan G, Orr J, Dunlop L, Murray LJ,

Factors affecting adherence to use of hip protectors amongst residents of nursing homes

– A correlation study, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44, 672-686, 2007.

• Armstrong BG, dolk H, Pattenden S, Vrijheid M, loane M, Rankin J, Dunn C, Grundy

C, Abramsky L, Boyd PA, Stone D, Wellesley D. Geographic Variation and localised

clustering of Congenital Anomalies in Britain. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology, 4,

14, 9pp, 2007.

-unlicensed-vamsi rm final for printouts 1

Documents