1.  Overview 2.  Asian drug market chains

•  Opiates •  ATS

3.  Conclusions

Structure of presentation

1.  Overview 2.  Asian drug market chains

•  Opiates •  ATS

3.  Conclusions

Structure of presentation

1.  Based on 3 treaties: 1961, 1971, 1988

2.  Objectives:

1.  Protect public health

2.  Ensure controlled availability for medical / scientific purposes

3.  Restrict non-medical drug use 3.  Near-universal adherence

4.  Re-validated: 1998 (Gen. Assembly) and 2009 (CND)

The international drug control system

1.  Provide reliable data and trend analysis

2.  Promote norms, laws and conventions

3.  Provide technical assistance

4.  Promote regional cooperation

5.  Advocacy on international drug control system

Role of UNODC

Main findings

“Containment” has worked during past decade

•  Opiate cultivation declines globally

•  Coca/cocaine declines globally

•  Cultivation is limited to a few countries

•  Drug use stabilizes across globe

Warning signs

•  Resurgence of opium cultivation in SE Asia

•  Soaring production, trafficking, use of ATS in SE Asia

The Big Picture

Prevalence of illicit drug use has remained stable…

Problem drug use has remained stable…

Total users

Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, Vienna, June 2011.

180 185200 205 200

208

172

155 149

250 250

272

25 25 26

16 15

38 38 39

210

27

18

4.8% 4.7%4.9% 5.0%

4.8% 4.8%

4.0%

3.5%

5.8% 5.7%

6.1%

0.6% 0.6%

0.4% 0.4% 0.3%

0.9% 0.9% 0.9%

3.3%

0.6%

-­‐

50

100

150

200

250

300

late  199

0s

2001

/02

2003

/04

2004

/05

2005

/06

2006

/07

2007

/08

2008

/09

2009

/10

late  199

0s

2001

/02

2003

/04

2004

/05

2005

/06

2006

/07

2007

/08

2008

/09

2009

/10

million  drug

 users

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

annu

al  preva

lenc

e  in  %

 of  p

opulation  ag

e  15

-­‐64

No.  of  illicit  drug  users No  of  problem  drug  usersPrevalence  of  illicit  drug  use  in  % Prevalence  of  problem  drug  use  in  %  

Total users

Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, Vienna, June 2011.

180 185200 205 200

208

172

155 149

250 250

272

25 25 26

16 15

38 38 39

210

27

18

4.8% 4.7%4.9% 5.0%

4.8% 4.8%

4.0%

3.5%

5.8% 5.7%

6.1%

0.6% 0.6%

0.4% 0.4% 0.3%

0.9% 0.9% 0.9%

3.3%

0.6%

-­‐

50

100

150

200

250

300

late  199

0s

2001

/02

2003

/04

2004

/05

2005

/06

2006

/07

2007

/08

2008

/09

2009

/10

late  199

0s

2001

/02

2003

/04

2004

/05

2005

/06

2006

/07

2007

/08

2008

/09

2009

/10

million  drug

 users

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

annu

al  preva

lenc

e  in  %

 of  p

opulation  ag

e  15

-­‐64

No.  of  illicit  drug  users No  of  problem  drug  usersPrevalence  of  illicit  drug  use  in  % Prevalence  of  problem  drug  use  in  %  

Prevalence

Tobacco use versus illegal drug use at the global level

25%

0.6%

2.5%

4.8%

0%

10%

20%

30%

Current  use,  2006 Annual  prevalence,  2009 Current  use*,  2009 Problem  drug  use,  2009

Tobacco Illicit  drugs

* Past month use

Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.

Global tobacco use (age 15+ ) versus illicit drug use among the population

age 15-64

Cannabis is the most widely produced and consumed illicit drug worldwide…

Overall opium and coca cultivation trend is declining…

250,000

222,000

151,500

201,000213,000

185,900195,700

155,900

181,600167,600

158,800150,100

262,800

235,700

159,600

221,300214,800211,700

-

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

1990

1995

2000

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

1990

1995

2000

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Opium Poppy Coca

Hectares

Global opium poppy and coca cultivation, 1990-2010

2007-2010

Opium: - 17%

Coca: -15% Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.

2000-2010

Opium: -12%

Coca: -32%

1990-2010

Opium: -26%

Coca: -29%

Opium and cocaine production is falling…

Global opium production, 2005-2010

4100

6100

82007700

6900

3600

312

315

460

410

330

580

71

108

149

325

425

137

87

81206

198

2554620

6610

88908641

7853

4860

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

mt

A fg hanistan Myanmar Mexico Others Total

Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011. * For Mexico, in the absence of data for 2010, the estimate for 2009 was imputed to 2010.

Manufacture of ATS is increasing…

Source: UNODC, Annual Reports Questionnaire Data / DELTA.

Global ATS trends (2009): •  ATS seizures increase by 16% worldwide

•  Number of ATS labs busted increases by 26%

ATS seizures show dramatic increase (Index: 1998=100), 1995-2009

Source: UNODC, Annual Reports Questionnaire Data / DELTA.

190

178187

329

-­‐

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Inde

x  (199

8  =  10

0)

Cocaine Heroin  and  morphine Cannabis ATS

7,39

8

6,83

8

8,41

5

8,30

2

10,598

10,195

109

72

44

53

44

52-­‐

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

All  ATS Methamphetamine Amphetamine Ecstasy

Num

ber  o

f  disman

tled  ATS

 /  metha

mph

etam

ine    la

bs

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Num

ber  o

f  disman

tled  am

phetam

ine

and  ecstasy  labs 2007

2008

2009

Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.

Number of dismantled ATS laboratories, 2007-2009

One in 5 IDUs worldwide is HIV positive…

One in 2 IDUs worldwide is infected with Hep C…

Number of IDUs and HIV prevalence in SE Asia

•  New synthetic drugs like piperazines, mephadrone and synthetic cannabinoids (like “spice”), are emerging…

•  Non-medical use of prescription drugs like synthetic opioids, tranquillizers, prescription stimulants a growing health problem…

1.  Overview 2.  Asian drug market chains

•  Opiates •  ATS

3.  Conclusions

Structure of presentation

OPIATES in Asia

31,70028,50027,70021,500

32,800

130,300

160,000

38100

 108,700  

 150,100  

30001,9001,6001,500

 19,052    26,837  

 30,580  

12300012 3 ,0 0 0

157,000

193,000

165,000

104,000

63,67450,800

185,900

213,000

235,700

201,000

151,500142,100

 222,000  

237,800

281,600  262,800  

 195,700  

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Hectares

Myanmar Lao  PDR Afghanistan Rest  of  the  world Total

Global opium poppy cultivation, 1990-2010*

Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.

-17%*

* 2010: preliminary estimates

Main heroin trafficking routes and volumes, 2009

Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.

•  Increasing trafficking from AFG to China and SE Asia mainly via Pakistan (starting in 2005) (p.66)

Opium poppy cultivation and production in Myanmar, 2006-2010

315

460410

330

580

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

mt

\

21,500

27,700 28,500

31,700

38,100

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Cul

tivat

ion

(ha)

.

Cultivation in ha

Production in metric tons

Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.

Heroin seizures in E/SE Asia (2009)

•  An estimated of 65 mt of pure Afghan heroin was trafficked to the region [mainly via Pakistan] – 25 mt to South-East Asia and 40 mt to China. (p.73)

•  Heroin / morphine seizures 8.2mt (5.4mt in 2008) – first increase following 4 years of decline

Opiate use in E/SE Asia •  Majority of world’s opiate users live in Asia (p.24)

•  Heroin users = 2.8 – 5.0m (0.2 – 0.3% of adult population (p.50)

•  Heroin main drug consumed: China, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Viet Nam (p.84)

•  Heroin use stabilizing in E/SE Asia (p.50)

Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS)

Tableted methamphetamine (Yaba) Crystalline Methamphetamine (Yama)

Ecstasy (MDMA) Fake Ecstasy (BZP, ketamine, methamphetamine)

Amphetamine Group

Ecstasy Group

Notable locations of ATS manufacture and trafficking routes

Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.

ATS trafficking in E/SE Asia

•  250% increase in meth arrests in 2004-2009

•  Myanmar - spillover into neighbouring countries

•  Meth routed from Africa and IR Iran

ATS consumption in E/SE Asia

•  Expert perceptions = significant increase in use

•  Meth: highest in Philippines, Thailand (major market), Lao PDR

•  Meth: among top 3 drugs in China, Japan, Indonesia

1.  Overview 2.  Asian drug market chains

•  Opiates •  ATS

3.  Conclusions

Structure of presentation

Summary of WDR

“Containment” has worked during past decade

•  Opiate cultivation declines globally

•  Coca/cocaine declines globally

•  Cultivation is limited to a few countries

•  Drug use stabilizes across globe

Warning signs

•  Resurgence of opium cultivation in SE Asia

•  Soaring production, trafficking, use of ATS in SE Asia

E/SE Asia: supply concerns

1.  Opium resurgence in Myanmar 2.  ATS manufacture in the region is increasing 3.  Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar 4.  Increased links to Transnational Organized

Crime 5.  Lack of capacity and insufficient cooperation

across borders

E/SE Asia: demand concerns 1.  Stabilization in use of opiates 2.  Increase of use of methamphetamine (both pill and

crystalline forms) 3.  Young age of methamphetamine users 4.  Insufficient treatment services for ATS 5.  Continued injection of heroin 6.  Increased injection of methamphetamine 7.  High prevalence of HIV among IDUs

STRATEGIC RESPONSES: 1.  Prevention and treatment

2.  Injecting drug use and HIV

3.  Alternative development

4.  Law enforcement

5.  Judicial cooperation

Thank you

www.unodc.org/eastasiaandpacific