Agricultural Soil Science

The science dealing with soils as a natural

resource on the surface of the Earth.

http://soils.usda.gov/education/facts/careers.html

Archaeology

The branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people

and their cultures

http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=archeology

Astronomy

The scientific study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets,

comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside

the Earth's atmosphere

http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Astronomy

Atmospheric Chemistry

Study of the chemical composition of the natural atmosphere, the way gases,

liquids, and solids in the atmosphere interact with each other and with the earth's surface and associated biota,

and how human activities may be changing the chemical and physical characteristics of the atmosphere.

http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~sander/chem-intro.html

Climatology

The scientific study of climate. Part of meteorology which studies processes of

climate formation, distribution of climates over the globe, analysis of the causes of

differences of climate(physical climatology), and the application of

climatic data to the solution of specific design or operational problems (applied

climatology).

http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/climatology.html

Environmental Soil Science Soil Science deals with soils as an

environmental resource. It includes soil characterization, classification, and

mapping, and the physical, chemical, hydrologic, mineralogical, biological, and microbiological analysis of soil.

http://becomeasoilscientist.blogspot.com/p/definition-of-soil-science.html

Gemology

Gemology, the study and science of gems, can be as much an anthropological

study as it is a mineralogical one. Gemstones, because of their remarkable beauty, durability and rarity, have been

granted a significance that helps us understand the history of mankind.

http://gemologyproject.com/wiki/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Gemology

Geochronology

Aging of artifacts based on the age of

the geological formations in which

they are located.

Geomicrobiology

Study of the interactions of (micro)organisms and

materials in their environments.

http://www.groundwaterscience.com/free-article-library/well-performance-maintenance-and-rehabilitation/geomicrobiology/menu-id-134.html

Glaciology

Study of ice in the environment. Important components are seasonal snow, sea ice, glaciers, ice sheets and frozen ground. The extent of

these types of ice reflects the present and past climate.

http://www.ess.washington.edu/surface/Glaciology/what.html

Hydrology

Science that encompasses the occurrence, distribution, movement and properties of the waters of the

earth and their relationship with the environment within each phase of

the hydrologic cycle.

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html

Hydrometeorology

The study of the occurrence, movement, and changes in the state of water in the atmosphere. The term is also used in a more restricted sense, especially by hydrologists, to mean the study of the exchange of water between the atmosphere

and continental surfaces. This includes the processes of precipitation and direct

condensation, and of evaporation and transpiration from natural surfaces. Considerable

emphasis is placed on the statistics of precipitation as a function of area and time for

given locations or geographic regions http://www.ecomii.com/science/encyclopedia/hydrometeorology

Limnology

Study of inland waters – lakes (both freshwater and saline), reservoirs,

rivers, streams, wetlands, and groundwater – as ecological systems

interacting with their drainage basins and the atmosphere.

http://www.aslo.org/limnology.html

Marine Biology

Study of life in the oceans and other saltwater environments such as

estuaries and wetlands. All plant and animal life forms are included from the microscopic picoplankton all the way to

the majestic blue whale, the largest creature in the sea—and for that

matter in the world.

http://marinebio.org/oceans/marine-biology.asp

Meteorology

Study of the changes in temperature, air pressure,

moisture, and wind direction in the troposphere.

http://www.wxdude.com/page1.html

Mineralogy

Mineralogy is a branch of the earth sciences that is concerned with

studying minerals and their physical and chemical properties. Within

mineralogy there are also those who study how minerals are formed, where they are geographically located, as well

as their potential uses.

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-mineralogy.htm

Oceanography

The study of the deep sea and shallow coastal oceans: biology, chemistry, geology

and physics together.

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/academic/careers/oceanography.html

Paleoclimatology

Study of climate prior to the widespread availability of records of temperature,

precipitation and other instrumental data. NOAA is particularly interested in the last few thousand years because this is the

best dated, best sampled part of the past climatic record and can help us establish the range of natural climatic variability in

a period prior to global-scale human influence.

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/primer.html

Paleontology

Study of ancient or prehistoric life on earth. Its main goal is to investigate

the evolution of plant and animal species as well as the earth's ancient ecosystems and climate as a whole.

Although concerned with life, paleontology is actually a branch of

geology; the study of physical nature.

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-paleontology.htm

Petrology Petrology is the scientific study of rocks.

A petrologist is a scientist who examines rocks to determine their origin,

composition, and geologic history. By studying rocks, one can learn about past

climates and geography, the past and present composition of the Earth, and

conditions within the interior of the Earth.

http://www.enotes.com/science-fact-finder/metals-other-materials/what-petrology-what-does-petrologist-do

Seismology

Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves

that move through and around the earth. A seismologist is a scientist

who studies earthquakes and seismic waves.

http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/waves.html

Speleology

Speleology is a scientific discipline that is concerned with all aspects of caves, cave systems and other karst features, their make-up, structure,

physical properties, history, life forms, and the processes by which they form and change over time.

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20061024222712AAdcV27

Volcanology

A branch of geology that deals with volcanism (the

study of volcanoes). 

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/what-volcanology.html