USH2 UNIT 2: FACTORS THAT LED TO EXPANSION

Lesson 2.1: MINERS, RANCHERS, AND NATIVE AMERICANS

Unit Overview

The purpose of this unit is to understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time.

Activating

What do you already know about how Native Americans were impacted as a result of westward expansion?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTYOQ05oDOI3-2-1

Frayer Model: Homestead Act

SETTING THE STAGE MINING AND RANCHING ATTRACTED SETTLERS TO

WESTERN TERRITORIES THAT SOON HAD POPULATIONS LARGE ENOUGH TO QUALIFY FOR STATEHOOD. PEOPLE MINED FOR GOLD, SIVER, AND LEAD, OR SHIPPED LONGHORN CATTLE TO THE EAST.

BOOMTOWNS THROUGHOUT THE 1800’S, TINY FRONTIER TOWNS WERE

TRANSFORMED INTO SMALL CITIES THESE BOOMTOWNS WERE OFTEN ROWDY PLACES W/

RAMPANT CRIME AND LAWLESSNESS SELF APPOINTED VOLUNTEERS, CALLED VIGILANCE

COMMITTEES WERE OFTEN ONLY LAW ENFORCEMENT

MINING LEADS TO STATEHOOD EARLY MINERS HAD EXTRACTED ORE BY HAND CALLED

PLACER MINING LATER, MINERS SPRAYED HILLS OR MOUNTAINS W/ HIGH

PRESSURE WATER CALLED HYDRAULIC MINING AFTER 1884, MOST MINING COMPANIES SHIFTED TO

QUARTZ MINING = MINERS TRAVEL DOWN SHAFTS AND EXTRACT

AP 1 = Talking Heads

1’s = explain to 2’s what they learned about Boomtowns

2’s = explain to 1’s something they learned about mining.

RANCHING AND CATTLE DRIVES CATTLE RANCHING PROSPERED ON GREAT PLAINS THANKS

TO OPEN RANGE LARGE, FEDERALLY OWNED GRASSLAND WHERE

RANCHERS COULD GRAZE CATTLE FOR FREE THE LONGHORN, A BREED OF CATTLE FROM TEXAS, HAD

ADAPTED TO LIFE ON THE PLAINS, MAKING RANCHING BIG

THE LONGDRIVE BEGINS DURING THE CIVIL WAR, CATTLE WAS SLAUGHTERED AS

FOOD FOR ARMIES = PRICE SHOT UP AFTER WAR RR’S HAD REACHED THE PLAINS, MAKING IT WORTHWHILE

FOR RANCHERS TO DRIVE CATTLE NORTH TO RR’S 1866 = FIRST LONGDRIVE TO SEDALIA, MO, MANY CATTLE

PERISHED, BUT SURVIVORS SOLD FOR 10 TIMES TEXAS $ MANY TRAILS, SUCH AS CHISHOLM TRAIL, SOON OPENED

UP BETWEEN TEXAS AND TOWNS IN KANSAS AND MONTANA

THE END OF THE OPEN RANGE “RANGE WARS” EVENTUALLY BROKE OUT AMONG

RANCHERS, FARMERS, AND SHEEP HERDERS THE OPEN RANGE WAS SOON FENCED OFF = BARBED

WIRE OVER SUPPLY OF CATTLE AND BLIZZARDS IN 1886 AND

1887 LED TO THE END OF THE OPEN RANGE

AP

The Homestead Act

Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862, the Homestead Act encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.

AP: THINK PAIR SHARE

HOW DID THE HOMESTEAD ACT CONTRIBUTE TO AMERICAN EXPANSION?

FARMING THE PLAINS THE HOMESTEAD ACT ENCOURAGED SETTLERS TO MOVE

TO THE GREAT PLAINS. ALTHOUGH LIFE WAS DIFFICULT, SETTLERS DISCOVERED THAT WHEAT COULD BE GROWN ON THE GREAT PLAINS USING NEW TECHNOLOGY. BY 1890 THERE WAS NO LONGER A TRUE FRONTIER IN THE UNITED STATES.

PLOWS AND REAPERS IN 1837 JOHN DEERE ENGINEERED A PLOW THAT WOULD

CUT LABOR IN HALF CYRUS MCCORMICK’S REAPER (1834) ALLOWED FARMERS

TO HARVEST FAR MORE GRAIN

AP : Create a test question about Farming the Plains

NATIVE AMERICANS

AS SETTLERS ENTERED THE NATIVE AMERICAN LANDS ON THE GREAT PLAINS, CLASHES GREW MORE COMMON. CONFLICTS CONTINUED AS THE GOVERNMENT TRIED TO FORCE NATIVE AMERICANS ONTO RESERVATIONS AND ENCOURAGED THEM TO ASSIMILATE INTO THE CULTURE OF THE UNITED STATES.

NATIVE AMERICANS ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN EARLY TRAVELERS AND NATIVES

WERE ACTUALLY RARE AS TRAFFIC INCREASED OVER TIME, TENSIONS ROSE=

CONCERN OVER BUFFALO TREATY OF FORT LARAMIE (1851) MEANT TO ENSURE

PEACE BY ALLOWING SETTLERS TO PASS THROUGH FOR PAYMENTS

A DOOMED PLAN FOR PEACE IN 1867 CONGRESS FORMED THE INDIAN PEACE

COMMISSION PROPOSED TO CREATE TWO LARGE RESERVATIONS PLAN FAILED = MANY NATIVES REFUSED TO MOVE, THOSE

WHO DID FACED MISERABLE CONDITIONS

THE LAST NATIVE AMERICAN WARS BY THE 1870’S, NATIVES BEGAN LEAVING THE

RESERVATIONS IN DISGUST THEY JOINED OTHERS TO HUNT BUFFALO ON THE OPEN

PLAINS = AGAINST THE LAW BUT BUFFALO BEGAN TO DISAPPEAR = MIGRANTS,

HUNTERS, RR COMPANIES KILLED OFF THE BUFFALO

BATTLE OF LITTLE BIGHORN THE GOVERNMENT SENDS LT. COL. GEORGE A. CUSTER TO

OPPOSE THE SIOUX WHO HUNTED IN MONTANA ON JUNE 25, 1876, CUSTER ATTACKED LAKOTA AND

CHEYENNE WARRIORS ALONG THE LITTLE BIGHORN RIVER ALL BUT ONE OF 210 SOLDIERS WERE KILLED BY THE

WARRIORS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60yLVrhksWk

TRAGEDY AT WOUNDED KNEE NATIVE AMERICAN RESISTANCE CAME TO A FINAL AND

TRAGIC END ON A LAKOTA SIOUX RESERVATION AGAINST ORDERS, SOME LAKOTA CONTINUED TO

PERFORM THE GHOST DANCE THIS RITUAL CELEBRATED THE HOPE FOR SETTLERS TO

LEAVE FEDERAL AUTHORITIES BLAMED CHIEF SITTING BULL FOR

HIS DEFIANCE AND WENT TO ARREST HIM HE DIED IN GUNFIRE, AND LAKOTA PURSUED TO

WOUNDED KNEE CREEK ABOUT 25 SOLDIERS AND 200 LAKOTA DIED

THE DAWES ACT SOME OPPESED TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANS HELEN HUNT JACKSON’S BOOK “A CENTRUY OF

DISHONOR”, DESCRIBED INJUSTICES SOME BELIEVED NATIVES SHOULD ASSIMILATE IN 1887 CONGRESS PASSED THE DAWES ACT= GAVE EACH NATIVE AMERICAN FAMILY 160 ACRES TO FARM GRANTED CITIZENSHIP AFTER 25 YEARS OF FARMING ACT FAILED DUE TO LAND BEING NOT ALWAYS GOOD FOR

FARMING OR RANCHING NATIVES DOOMED DUE TO THEIR RELIANCE ON THE

BUFFALO FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, SHELTER

AP: THE DECLINE OF NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE

Assignment

ATSU Heartland 3 2 1

Learning Log

Today I learned…….