Millennium Development Goals

By: Hailee Black and Randy HathewayCountries: Angola and Nepal

Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

Target #1: Halve the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 a day

Target #2: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people

Target #3: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

Angola Proportion of people earning less than $1 a day dropped from

68% in 2001 to 37% in 2009 Although this is a positive statistic, there are still major issues in the

country dealing with poverty The number of poor citizens living in urban areas in 2009 was

roughly 19%, while the rural areas had roughly 58% of poor citizens living there

The poor are concentrated in rural areas, therefore, the fight against poverty must be intensified in these rural areas

52% of Angolans ate fewer than 3 meals the day before being surveyed, with big differences between urban and rural areas

WILL THE GOAL BE REACHED? Since the millennium development goals have been implemented as

goals in the UN, Angola has made drastic changes regarding extreme poverty and hunger. I believe that by 2015, Angola can achieve the goals of the 1st millennium development goal. Since they know the areas in the country where they need to focus to reduce poverty and hunger, I believe that they will be able to accomplish their goal.

Nepal Over 30% of Nepal’s population lives in

poverty( less than $14 a month)› That number increases to 45% more in

rural areas Many families have more children than

they can afford, making it more difficult for them to survive

Nepal’s HDI is 0.463› Nepal is one of the poorest countries in

the world; however, their situation has improved drastically over the last 20 years

Achieve Universal Primary Education

Target #1: Ensure that children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling

Measured by three indicators:› Net enrollment rate in primary schools› Percentage of students starting first grade and reaching fifth grade› Literacy rate in 15 to 24-year-olds

Number of children enrolled in primary school in 2001 was 1, 269, 560 students. In 2009, the enrollment number was 3, 967, 886 students, which was a 206% increase.

Since 2000, there has been a constant increase in the net attendance rate in Angola

The growth in enrollments is different in urban areas and rural areas

Overall literacy rate in Angola in 2009 was 76% WILL THE GOAL BE REACHED?

› The education system in Angola has made huge progress over the years and has expanded in many directions regarding the capabilities of expanding. Even though Angola has improved the education with a program focused on building new schools, hiring and training new teachers, purchasing equipment and materials and distributing school meals, the progress of the system in creating a better school system is lower than expected. They are about 20% under where they want to be at this point in the improvement process, which makes me think the goal will not be reached by 2015. They have though made great progress in the education system in Angola.

Angola:

Nepal’s literacy rate is 60%› This is a huge increase from when it was only

5% fifty years ago Biggest problem is that there simply aren’t

enough schools for every child to attend School is only free through 6th grade

› Most families cannot afford to pay for schooling after 6th grade, but the situation is improving

The literacy rate of kids ages 15 to 24 has improved 34% in the last fifteen years, making it now 88%› The reason the overall literacy is lower is

because of older generations who are not literate

Nepal:

Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Target #1: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015.

The Action Plan on Education for All: of particular importance as the Government is committed to improving and ensuring access, permanence, learning quality and full participation of all Angolans in basic education, to eliminate disparities between boys and girls

In 2008-2009, 43% of women between 15 and 64 years old had non-agricultural employment

Out of the 220 seats in parliament, 85 of them were occupied by women

No gender gap at the primary level and the gender gap at the secondary level was insignificant

WILL THE GOAL BE REACHED? › Yes, I believe that they goal will be reached. From what it seems like based on

the information that I read, I feel like the goal has already been reached, if not it is very close to being reached. The facts seem to show that there isn’t much gender inequality present in Angola at this point, which is a great thing for this country.

ANGOLA:

Only half the women in the country are literate› That number decreases significantly in rural areas

Females are considered the lowest status in a household› 70% of women suffer form anemia or malnutrition and

are afraid to seek out medical treatment It is extremely common for women to be abused

through public and domestic violence Women are frequently subjected to rape, sexual

abuse in the workplace and at home and human trafficking

Due to all of these factors and conditions present in Nepal, it is very unlikely that we will see complete gender equality by 2015, or any time soon

NEPAL:

Reduce Child Mortality

Target #1: Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate. › Children born into poverty are almost twice

as likely to die before the age of five as those from wealthier families

› Children of educated mothersare more likely to survive thanchildren of mothers with no education

The mortality rate of children under five was 193.5 per 1,000 children in 2009. In 2001, the mortality rate of children under five was 250 per 1,000 children. › This rate has allowed Angola to no longer be a country with

one of the worst infant mortality rates but instead be considered a country with a moderate mortality rate

Target for reaching the goal is 104 deaths per 1,000 children Factors that have helped improve the infant and child

mortality rate in Angola: › Advances in health care, greater access to clean water,

more access to information about health care, and greater education for parents and mothers.

WILL THE GOAL BE REACHED? › Angola is only about 90 children per 1,000 children away from reaching their goal of

having their child mortality rate be 104 per 1,000 children. Because they are so close to reaching their goal and the fact that they still have a year and a half, I believe that Angola will be able to reach their goal of reducing the child mortality rate throughout the country.

Angola:

In 1960, the likelihood that a child would die before the age of five was 290(per thousand births) › It is now only 48, which is a significant

decrease Child malnutrition has gone from 72%

to 38% in the last ten years Although the situation in Nepal is not

ideal, it is improving quickly and Nepal could possibly reach the goal to reduce child mortality

Nepal:

Improve Maternal Health

Target #1: Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality rate› The maternal mortality ratio in developing

regions is still 14 times higher than in developed regions

Target #2: Achieve universal access to reproductive health› Only half of women in developing regions

receive the recommended amount of health care they need

29% of causes of death in women in Angola are linked to maternity 1,400 women per 100,000 who gave birth died while giving birth in 2006 The target goal is 350 women per 100,000 live births The use of contraception and family planning can help control disease

spread throughout the control and also the number of deliveries at the right time so that women are delivering babies when they are in good health

Only 18% of women aged 12 to 49 years had unplanned children. › This percentage, however, is higher in urban areas than in rural areas which is opposite

of other statistics To help improve maternal health:

› Significant progress is needed on access to primary health care› In skilled attendance during pregnancy and family planning› Prevent communicable diseases that allow the detection of maternal diseases

WILL THE GOAL BE REACHED? › I believe that the goal to improve maternal health in Angola will not be reached by

2015. The number of women who are die while giving birth is still too high to reach the goal with the next 18 months. Also, there is still too many diseases that are highly present in the country, too many young girls giving birth, and many other factors. The numbers of have improved since the development goals have been put into place, however, there is still much more that needs to be done in order to reach the goal of improving maternal health in Angola.

ANGOLA

Goal was to decrease the maternal mortality by 75%› This goal has already been passed which

shows that Nepal has improved significantly in this development goal

The current mortality rate for mothers during live birth is 170 per 100,000

Nepal is one of the few countries who will have met their maternal mortality goal by 2015

NEPAL

Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases

Target #1: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Target #2: Achieve, by 2010, universal

access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it

Target #3: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

Over 14,000 cases of HIV/AIDS in Angola in 2009, which is about 2% of the population between the ages of 15 to 49

210, 775 people in Angola lived with HIV in 2009, more than half being women 6,640 of those people died because of HIV in 2009 Malaria is endemic throughout Angola and is the leading cause of death Almost 3,000,000 cases of malaria were reported in 2009, which is 65% of the

most common diseases The fatality to malaria has fallen consistently over a period of time, stabilizing

at .3% a year 16.5% of malaria exists in urban areas of Angola and 18.4% exists in rural

areas One way to combat and treat malaria is through the use of mosquito nets

› About 18% of households in Angola owned at least one mosquito net treated with insecticide

The stable endemic level for malaria is in the center, northern and western zone of Angola, where most people live

WILL THE GOAL BE REACHED? › I believe that the goal of combating diseases in Angola will not be reached by 2015. The number of

people with disease has gone dramatically over the last couple of years; however, there are still many cases of disease such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and many more throughout Angola. They do not have the resources to fully fight these diseases and they don’t live in the best situations which would help to fight these types of diseases. There is still so much that needs to be done in the poverty and health aspects of Angola to combat these diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, etc.

Angola:

The infection rate of HIV/AIDS is less than 1%› HIV/AIDS is transmitted not only through

unprotected sex, but also through drug use and infected needles, which is more prevalent in Nepal

The number of people, of any age, who have tested positive for HIV/AIDS has gone from 75,000 to 59,000 in the last seven years› Nepal is putting forth the effort to stop the spread

of diseases and give people the treatment they need

The percentage of people receiving treatment is currently 30, while the goal is to reach 80

Nepal:

Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Target #1: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources

Target #2: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss

Target #3: Halve the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation

Out of the 53 million hectares considered as forests, only 2% were high productivity dense rain forests with rich biodiversity

42% of the population in Angola had access to drinking water in 2009, with it being more accessible in urban areas than in rural areas

About 60% of the households in Angola had access to proper sanitation

Many urban dwellers live in slums that have very poor living conditions and that also has a negative impact on the environment › 87% of urban dwellers live in a satellite town

The government drew up a plan to build one million houses by 20012, which was underway in 2009 and would help change the country’s current living conditions

WILL THE GOAL BE REACHED? › I do believe that the goals of ensuring environmental sustainability will be reached

by the year 2015. I believe that they have already been reached, and will only be better improved on by the end of 2015. The government has taken actions to help those who live in slums to try and help them have better living conditions. I was shocked at how many people in Angola have access to drinking water and proper sanitation. Even though those statistics are lower than most countries, I believe that they are good statistics for Angola.

ANGOLA

Multitude of environmental struggles present in Nepal: › Water pollution is a big problem› Air pollution is also poor

The burning of wood for fuel has led to many of Nepal’s issues along with industrial emission› People depend on the forest resources

With uncontrolled encroachment of forest for habitation and agriculture, this leaves the future of Nepal’s environment uncertain

NEPAL

Develop a Global Partnership for Development

Target #1: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system

Target #2: Address the special needs of least developed countries

Target #3: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States

Target #4: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries

Target #5: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries

Target #6: In cooperation with the private sector, make available benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications

Since conflict in Angola ended in 2002, the government has been dedicated to rebuilding the country in five different ways:› Physically, institutionally, macro-economically, politically, and socially

Angola now has financial institutions governed by law and monitored by the country’s central bank (macro-economical)

Proper regulations along with macroeconomic policies have enabled the country to increase by 13.4% of GDP a year› This growth occurred with a gradual improvement in living conditions

Although the inflation rate in 2010 was at 13%, the rate has been declining over the years. High inflation also shows the efforts that were made to stabilize the currency

Access to technology, especially landlines in homes and cell phones is very limited due to the disaster that the war caused in Angola. Communication infrastructures in Angola were destroyed and have not fully been rebuilt because of the difficulty to rebuild them, which has caused access to communication devices very limited.

WILL THE GOAL BE REACHED? › I believe that the goal of developing a global partnership will be reached in Angola by

2015. The government has already taken great measures to reach this goal. Although Angola will not really be able to help other countries develop themselves since that is what they are focusing right now, they have still taken steps to build relationships with other countries and have made it possible to have trade programs in place through a stable economy.

Angola:

Nepal relies heavily on official development assistance (ODA) to implement its development programmes and to reach the MDGs

The flow of foreign assistance to Nepal more than doubled between 2001/2002 and 2008/2009

In 2004, Nepal joined the World Trade Organization which was an important milestone for the country

Nepal needs to find ways to create work for the 300,000 young people entering the job market each year to help fight youth unemployment

Nepal: