_______ – structural support and insulation

_________ – communicationSoma – cell body__________ – receiveAxon – transmit away_______________ – speeds up transmissionTerminal Button – end of axon;

secretes neurotransmitters_________________ – chemical messengers

Figure 3.1 Structure of the neuron

Hodgkin & Huxley (1952) - giant squidFluids inside and outside neuron Electrically charged particles (ions)Neuron at rest – negative charge on inside

compared to outside-70 millivolts – resting potential

Stimulation causes __________________ to open briefly

Positively charged ________ ions flow in Shift in electrical charge travels along

neuron The _____________ __________________ law

Figure 3.2 The neural impulse

Animation 3.1 Neuron and Neural Impulse

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_________ cleft Presynaptic neuron

Synaptic _______ Neurotransmitters

Postsynaptic neuron_________ sites

Animation 3.2 Synaptic Transmission

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Figure 3.3 The synapse

Voltage change at receptor site – _______________ (PSP)Not all-or-noneChanges the probability of the postsynaptic

neuron firing Positive voltage shift – ____________ PSP Negative voltage shift – ___________ PSP

Figure 3.4 Overview of synaptic transmission

One neuron, signals from thousands of other neurons

________________Patterns of neural activityInterconnected neurons that _____

together or sequentially Synaptic connections

__________ and creationSynaptic ________

Specific _________________ work at specific synapsesLock and key mechanism

_______ – mimics neurotransmitter action Antagonist – opposes action of a

neurotransmitter More than ___ neurotransmitters known at

present Interactions between neurotransmitter

circuits

Table 3.1 Common Neurotransmitters and Some of their Functions

__________________ (CNS)________ = toward the CNS________ = away from the CNS

Peripheral nervous system___________ nervous system_________ nervous system (ANS)

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Figure 3.5 Organization of the human nervous system

Figure 3.6 The central and peripheral nervous systems

Figure 3.7 The autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Damage studies/_________ Electrical stimulation (ESB) Brain imaging –

computerized tomography __________ emission tomography magnetic resonance imaging

________________ magnetic stimulation (TMS)

________ – vital functions – medulla, pons, and cerebellum

_________ – sensory functions – dopaminergic projections, reticular activating system

_________ – emotion, complex thought – thalamus, ____________ , limbic system, cerebrum, cerebral cortex

______ _____________ – two specialized halves connected by the _____________________ hemisphere – verbal processing:

language, speech, reading, writing______ hemisphere – nonverbal processing:

spatial, musical, visual recognition

Animation 3.7 Right Brain/Left Brain

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_____ Lobes:Occipital – vision________ - somatosensoryTemporal - auditory_________ – movement, executive control

systems

Figure 3.12 Structures and areas in the human brain

Figure 3.14 The cerebral hemispheres and the corpus callosum

Figure 3.15 The cerebral cortex in humans

Figure 3.16 Language processing in the brain

________ – chemical messengers in the bloodstream

______ glandsPituitary – “master gland,” growth hormone______ – metabolic rateAdrenal – salt and carbohydrate metabolism________ – sugar metabolismGonads – sex hormones

_________ – strands of DNA carrying genetic informationHuman cells contain ___ chromosomes

in pairs (sex-cells – 23 single)Each chromosome – thousands of genes,

also in pairs ____________ traits

_______ studies – does it run in the family? _______ studies – compare resemblance of

identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins on a _____

________ studies – examine resemblance between adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents

Figure 3.19 Genetic relatedness

Figure 3.20 Twin studies of intelligence and personality

Based on Darwin’s ideas of _______________ Reproductive success key

__________ – behavioral as well as physical____________ responseTaste preferencesParental investment and mating