Chapter/Sections1-42-43-44-65-46-67-38-79-410-711-412-513-614-468 SECTIONS

CHAPTER 1.1 VOCABULARYgovernment________________________________________________________________________________________public policies________________________________________________________________________________________legislative power________________________________________________________________________________________executive power________________________________________________________________________________________judicial power________________________________________________________________________________________constitution________________________________________________________________________________________dictatorship________________________________________________________________________________________democracy________________________________________________________________________________________Aristotle________________________________________________________________________________________state________________________________________________________________________________________population________________________________________________________________________________________territory________________________________________________________________________________________sovereignty________________________________________________________________________________________force theory________________________________________________________________________________________evolutionary theory________________________________________________________________________________________theory of the divine right of kings________________________________________________________________________________________social contract theory________________________________________________________________________________________Thomas Hobbes________________________________________________________________________________________John Locke________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 1.1 OUTLINEThe Need for Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Basic Powers of Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government as Human Invention________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The State________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Population________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Territory________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sovereignty________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Force Theory________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Evolutionary Theory________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Divine Right of Kings Theory________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Social Contract Theory________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________People Agree to Form a State________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Form a More Perfect Union________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Establish Justice________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Insure Domestic Tranquility________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Provide for the Common Defense________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Promote the General Welfare________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Secure the Blessings of Liberty________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Patriotism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Government in the Citizen’s Daily Lives________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 1.2 VOCABULARYdemocracy________________________________________________________________________________________Abraham Lincoln________________________________________________________________________________________autocracy________________________________________________________________________________________oligarchy________________________________________________________________________________________theocracy________________________________________________________________________________________unitary government________________________________________________________________________________________federal government________________________________________________________________________________________confederation________________________________________________________________________________________presidential government________________________________________________________________________________________parliamentary government________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 1.2 OUTLINEDemocracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Direct Democracy and Indirect Democracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Republic________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Dictatorship________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Authoritarian Dictatorship________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Oligarchy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Autocracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Theocracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Tribal and Other Republics________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Centralized Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Great Britain________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Central and Local Governments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________United States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Alliance of Independent States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Confederate States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The European Union________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Separation of Powers Between Branches of Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Written Constitution________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Parliamentary Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Advantages and Disadvantages of Presidential and Parliamentary Systems________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 1.3 VOCABULARYPatricians________________________________________________________________________________________plebians________________________________________________________________________________________feudalism________________________________________________________________________________________sovereignty________________________________________________________________________________________legitimacy________________________________________________________________________________________divine right of kings________________________________________________________________________________________colonialism________________________________________________________________________________________mercantilism________________________________________________________________________________________Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet)________________________________________________________________________________________William Blackstone________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 1.3 OUTLINEAthens: The First Democracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Roman Republic________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Feudalism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Structure of the Feudal System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Roman Catholic Church________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Commerce Revolution________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Influence of Towns________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Rise of Monarchies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Power of Absolute Monarchs________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Power, Authority, and Legitimacy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Forms of Legitimacy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________European Colonialism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The High Cost of Colonial Tarde________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Power Comes from the People________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Major Enlightenment Figures________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________John Locke________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Thomas Hobbes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________David Ricardo________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Baron de Montesquieu________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________William Blackstone________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Jean Jacques Rousseau________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 1.4 VOCABULARYmajority rule________________________________________________________________________________________compromise________________________________________________________________________________________citizen________________________________________________________________________________________free enterprise system________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 1.4 OUTLINEFoundations of Democracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Worth of the Individual________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Equality of All Persons________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Majority Rule, Minority Rights________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Necessity of Compromise________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Insistence upon Individual Freedom________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Responsibilities, Duties, and Obligations of Citizenship________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Being a “Good Citizen”________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Making a Difference________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Democracy and the Free Enterprise System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How the System Works________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government and the Free Enterprise System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 2.1 VOCABULARYlimited government________________________________________________________________________________________representative government________________________________________________________________________________________due process________________________________________________________________________________________charter________________________________________________________________________________________proprietary________________________________________________________________________________________bicameral________________________________________________________________________________________unicameral________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 2.1 OUTLINEOrigins of American Constitutional Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ordered Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Limited Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Representative Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Magna Carta________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Petition of Right________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The English Bill of Rights________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Three Types of Colonies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Royal Colonies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Proprietary Colonies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Character Colonies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 2.2 VOCABULARYconfederation________________________________________________________________________________________Albany Plan of Union________________________________________________________________________________________delegates________________________________________________________________________________________duties________________________________________________________________________________________Samuel Adams________________________________________________________________________________________Patrick Henry________________________________________________________________________________________Thomas Jefferson________________________________________________________________________________________popular sovereignty________________________________________________________________________________________George Washington________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 2.2 OUTLINEBritish Colonial Policies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Growing Colonial Unity________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Early Attempts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Albany Plan________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Stamp Act Congress________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The First Continental Congress________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Second Continental Congress________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Nation’s Founding Fathers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________First Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Declaration of Independence________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Jefferson’s Work________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Debates and Compromises________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Revolutionary Ideas________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The First State Constitutions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Drafting State Constitutions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Common Features________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 2.3 VOCABULARYratification________________________________________________________________________________________full faith and credit________________________________________________________________________________________Daniel Shays________________________________________________________________________________________Shays Rebellion________________________________________________________________________________________Alexander Hamilton________________________________________________________________________________________James Madison________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 2.3 OUTLINEThe Articles of Confederation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Simple Structure________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Congressional Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The States Under the Articles________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Major Weaknesses Surface________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Time of Troubles, the 1780s________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Demand for Stronger Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________First Steps Toward Change________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Call for Action________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 2.4 VOCABULARYFramers________________________________________________________________________________________quorum________________________________________________________________________________________veto________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 2.4 OUTLINEThe Framers Meet________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Delegates________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A New Generation in American Politics________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Delegates Adopt Rules of Procedure________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Two Plans of Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Virginia Plan________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The New Jersey Plan________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Debates and Compromises________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Connecticut Compromise________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Three-Fifths Compromise________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A “Bundle of Compromises”________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Constitution in its Final Form________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Fight for Ratification________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Federalists and Anti-Federalists________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Battle on Paper________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Nine States Ratify________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Virginia’s Ratification________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________New York, The Last Key State________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Inauguration of the New Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 3.1 VOCABULARYbicameral________________________________________________________________________________________inferior courts________________________________________________________________________________________rule of law________________________________________________________________________________________checks and balances________________________________________________________________________________________judicial review________________________________________________________________________________________unconstitutional________________________________________________________________________________________federalism________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 3.1 OUTLINEAn Outline of the U.S. Constitution________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sets the Rules________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Amendments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Article 1________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Historical________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Practical________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Theoretical________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Article 2________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Article 3________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Basic Principles________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Popular Sovereignty________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Limited Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Separation of Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________More Basic Principles ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Checks and Balances________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Judicial Review________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Federalism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 3.2 VOCABULARYamendment________________________________________________________________________________________formal amendment________________________________________________________________________________________ratification________________________________________________________________________________________executive agreement________________________________________________________________________________________treaty________________________________________________________________________________________electoral college________________________________________________________________________________________senatorial courtesy________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 3.2 OUTLINEFormal Amendment process________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________An Enduring Document________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Methods of Formal Amendment________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Federalism and Popular Sovereignty________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Proposing an Amendment________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Proposed Amendments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reasonable Time Limit ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The 27 Amendments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Bill of Rights ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Later Amendments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Change by Other Means________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Basic Legislation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Executive Action________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Court Decisions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Party Practices________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Custom and Usage________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 3.3 VOCABULARYdivision of powers________________________________________________________________________________________delegated powers________________________________________________________________________________________exclusive powers________________________________________________________________________________________expressed powers________________________________________________________________________________________implied powers________________________________________________________________________________________inherent powers________________________________________________________________________________________reserved powers________________________________________________________________________________________exclusive powers________________________________________________________________________________________concurrent powers________________________________________________________________________________________John Marshall________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 3.3 OUTLINEThe Founders Choose Federalism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balancing National and state Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is Federalism?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Federalism Defined________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Strengths of Federalism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Three Types of Federal Powers ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Expressed Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Implied Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Inherent Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Powers Denied to the Federal Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Powers of the Fifty States ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Powers Reserved to the States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Powers Denied to the States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Exclusive Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Concurrent Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Constitution Reigns Supreme________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Supremacy Clause________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Supreme Court and Federalism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 3.4 VOCABULARYenabling act________________________________________________________________________________________act of admission________________________________________________________________________________________grants-in-aid________________________________________________________________________________________categorical grants________________________________________________________________________________________block grants________________________________________________________________________________________project grants________________________________________________________________________________________interstate grants________________________________________________________________________________________extradition________________________________________________________________________________________Privileges and Immunities Clause________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 3.4 OUTLINEThe Nation’s Obligations Under the Constitution________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Republican Form of Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Making War, Keeping Peace________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Respect for Territorial Integrity________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Admitting New States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Congress and New States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Admission Procedure________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Conditions for Admission________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________States and Federal Government Sharing Resources________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Federal Grants-In-Aid________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Types of Federal Grants________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Forms of Federal Aid ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________State Aid to the National Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Constitution Reduces Interstate Frictions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Interstate Compacts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How the Law Crosses State Lines________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Exceptions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Marriage and Divorce________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Same-Sex Marriage________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Definition of Extradition ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Changes in Extradition Law________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Privileges and Immunities________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Unreasonable Distinctions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reasonable Distinctions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4.1 VOCABULARYdelegates________________________________________________________________________________________trustees________________________________________________________________________________________partisans________________________________________________________________________________________politicos________________________________________________________________________________________bills________________________________________________________________________________________floor consideration________________________________________________________________________________________oversight function________________________________________________________________________________________session________________________________________________________________________________________convene________________________________________________________________________________________adjourn________________________________________________________________________________________recess________________________________________________________________________________________prorogue________________________________________________________________________________________special session________________________________________________________________________________________franking privilege________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4.1 OUTLINEThe Role of Congress in a Democracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________National Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Congress: The Job________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Representatives of the People________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Current Trends________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Committee Members________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Servants of the People________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Personal and Political Background________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Terms and Sessions of Congress________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Terms of Congress________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sessions of Congress________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Special Sessions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Congressional Compensation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Salary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Non-salary Compensation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why Serve?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Politics of Pay________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4.2 VOCABULARYapportion________________________________________________________________________________________reapportion________________________________________________________________________________________single-member district________________________________________________________________________________________at-large________________________________________________________________________________________gerrymandering________________________________________________________________________________________off-year election________________________________________________________________________________________incumbent________________________________________________________________________________________continuous body________________________________________________________________________________________constituencies________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4.2 OUTLINEThe House________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Terms for Representatives________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reapportionment of Congress________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Growing Nation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reapportionment Act of 1929________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Congressional Districts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Gerrymandering________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Wesberry v. Sanders, 1964________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Partisan Gerrymandering________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________House Elections________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Setting the Date________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Off-Year Elections________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Qualifications for Office in the House________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Formal Qualifications________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Imposing Additional Standards________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Informal Qualifications________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Senate: Size, Election, and Terms________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Senate Size________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Election to the Senate________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Term of office________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Qualifications for Office in the Senate________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4.3 VOCABULARYexpressed Power________________________________________________________________________________________implied Power________________________________________________________________________________________inherent Powers________________________________________________________________________________________commerce Power________________________________________________________________________________________tax________________________________________________________________________________________public debt________________________________________________________________________________________deficit financing________________________________________________________________________________________bankruptcy________________________________________________________________________________________legal tender________________________________________________________________________________________copyright________________________________________________________________________________________patent________________________________________________________________________________________territory________________________________________________________________________________________eminent domain________________________________________________________________________________________naturalization________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4.3 OUTLINETypes of Congressional Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Delegated Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Expressed Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Commerce Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Limits on the Commerce Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Money Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Power to Tax________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Purpose of Taxes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Limits on the Taxing Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Borrowing Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Bankruptcy Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Currency Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Domestic Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Copyrights and Patents________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Postal Powers ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Territories and other Areas________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Weights and Measures________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Naturalization________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Judicial Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Congress and Foreign policy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The War Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The War Powers Resolution________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4.4 VOCABULARYconsensus________________________________________________________________________________________appropriate________________________________________________________________________________________acquit________________________________________________________________________________________perjury________________________________________________________________________________________censure________________________________________________________________________________________subpoena________________________________________________________________________________________successor________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4.4 OUTLINEThe Necessary and Proper Clause________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Strict vs. Liberal Construction________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Liberal Construction Prevails________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Doctrine in Practice________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Commerce Clause________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Limits on the Commerce Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The War Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Power to Investigate________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Recent Investigations________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Executive Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Appointments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Treaties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Impeachment________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Andrew Johnson________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Bill Clinton________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Richard Nixon________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Constitutional Amendments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Electoral duties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4.5 VOCABULARYSpeaker of the House________________________________________________________________________________________president of the Senate________________________________________________________________________________________president pro tempore________________________________________________________________________________________party caucus________________________________________________________________________________________floor leaders________________________________________________________________________________________party caucuses________________________________________________________________________________________majority leader________________________________________________________________________________________minority leader________________________________________________________________________________________whips________________________________________________________________________________________committee chair________________________________________________________________________________________seniority rule________________________________________________________________________________________standing committee________________________________________________________________________________________subcommittee________________________________________________________________________________________select committee________________________________________________________________________________________joint committee________________________________________________________________________________________conference committee________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4.5 OUTLINECongress Convenes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Opening Day in the House________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Opening Day in the Senate________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________State of the Union Message________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Presiding Officers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Speaker of the House________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The President of the Senate________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Party Officers ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Party Caucus________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Floor Leaders________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Committee Chairs________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Seniority Rule________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Criticism of the Seniority Rule________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Standing Committees________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Subcommittees________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The House Rules Committee________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Select Committees________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Joint and Conference Committees________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4.6 VOCABULARYbill________________________________________________________________________________________joint resolution________________________________________________________________________________________concurrent resolution________________________________________________________________________________________resolution________________________________________________________________________________________rider________________________________________________________________________________________pigeonholed________________________________________________________________________________________discharge petition________________________________________________________________________________________quorum________________________________________________________________________________________engrossed________________________________________________________________________________________filibuster________________________________________________________________________________________veto________________________________________________________________________________________pocket veto________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4.6 OUTLINEThe First Steps________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Public and Private Bills________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Introduction and First Reading________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Bill in Committee________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Subcommittee’s Work________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Committee Actions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Scheduling Floor Debate________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Purpose of Five Calendars________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Powerful Rules Committee________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Bill on the House Floor________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Debate________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Voting________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Final Steps________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Bill on the Senate Floor________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Filibuster________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Cloture Rule________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Modern Uses of the Filibuster________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________House-Senate Conference Committees________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The President Acts on a Bill________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Unorthodox Lawmaking and Emergency Legislation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 5.1 VOCABULARYpresidential succession________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 5.1 OUTLINE The President’s Many Roles________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Chief of State________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Chief Executive________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Chief Administrator________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Chief Diplomat________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Chief Legislator________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Commander in Chief________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Chief Economist________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Chief of Party________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Chief Citizen________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Qualifications for the Presidency________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Citizenship________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Age________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Residency________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Presidential Term of Office________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Presidential Succession and Disability________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Methods of Filling Vacancies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Order of Succession________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Disability of the President________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Filling the Disability Gap________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Transferring Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 5.2 VOCABULARYbalance the ticket________________________________________________________________________________________First Lady________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 5.2 OUTLINEThe Structure and Function of the Vice-Presidency________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Transformation of the Vice-Presidency________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Filling a Vice-Presidential Vacancy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The First Lady________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Champions for Many Causes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Evolving Role of the First Lady.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 5.3 VOCABULARYexecutive order________________________________________________________________________________________ordinance power________________________________________________________________________________________executive privilege________________________________________________________________________________________pocket veto________________________________________________________________________________________line-item veto________________________________________________________________________________________reprieve________________________________________________________________________________________pardon________________________________________________________________________________________commutation________________________________________________________________________________________amnesty________________________________________________________________________________________clemency________________________________________________________________________________________veto________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 5.3 OUTLINEThe Growth of Presidential Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Whig Theory________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Stewardship Theory________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reasons for Expansion________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Limits to Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Congressional Oversight________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Critics and Supporters________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Power to Execute the Law________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Executive Orders and Privilege________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Powers of Executive Privilege________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Powers of Appointment and Removal________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Appointees________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Recess Appointments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Removal Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Removal and the Court________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Powers of Clemency________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Notable Pardons________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Commutation and Amnesty________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Power to Recommend Legislation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Message Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Legislative Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Power of the Veto________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Signing Statements________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Line-Item Veto________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 5.4 VOCABULARYtreaty________________________________________________________________________________________executive agreement________________________________________________________________________________________recognition________________________________________________________________________________________persona non grata________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 5.4 OUTLINEThe President’s Diplomatic Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Power to Make Treaties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Checks and Balances: Treaties and the Senate________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Executive Agreements________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Power of Recognition________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Commander in Chief________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Making Undeclared War________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Congressional Resolutions to Balance Executive Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Uses of Military Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Limiting Presidential War Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6.1 VOCABULARYbureaucracy________________________________________________________________________________________bureaucrat________________________________________________________________________________________administration________________________________________________________________________________________staff agency________________________________________________________________________________________line agency________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6.1 OUTLINEWhat is a Bureaucracy?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Defining Bureaucracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Benefits and Drawbacks of Bureaucracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Executive Branch Bureaucracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How Units are Named________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Common Names________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Irregular Names________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Acronyms as Names________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Staff and Line Agencies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6.2 VOCABULARYexecutive Office of the President (EOP)________________________________________________________________________________________federal budget________________________________________________________________________________________fiscal year________________________________________________________________________________________domestic affairs________________________________________________________________________________________executive departments________________________________________________________________________________________secretary________________________________________________________________________________________attorney general________________________________________________________________________________________civilian________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6.2 OUTLINEStructure of the Executive Office of the President________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Role of the White House________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The National Security Council________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Office of Management and Budget (OMB)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Office of National Drug Control Policy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Council of Economic Advisors________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Roles of Other EOP Units________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Executive Departments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Executive Officers and Their Staffs________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Subunits in the Executive Departments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Executive Departments Today________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Cabinet and Its Functions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How the President Chooses Cabinet Members________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cabinets Today________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Role of the Cabinet________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6.3 VOCABULARYindependent agencies________________________________________________________________________________________independent executive agencies________________________________________________________________________________________civil service________________________________________________________________________________________patronage system________________________________________________________________________________________spoils system________________________________________________________________________________________draft________________________________________________________________________________________independent regulatory commissions________________________________________________________________________________________government corporations________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6.3 OUTLINEThe Purpose of Independent Agencies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Reasons Congress Created Independent Agencies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Independent Agency Umbrella________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Independent Executive Agencies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The National Science Foundation: Scientific Discoveries and Technological Innovations________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NASA – An Independent Executive Agency________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NASA’s Space Shuttle Program________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Office of Personnel Management (OPM)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Spoils System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Pendleton Act________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Today’s Civil Service________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Selective Service System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Draft Today________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Independent Regulatory Commissions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Structured for Independence________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Filling In for Congress________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Impact of Independent Agencies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government Corporations________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Differences Between Government and Private Corporations________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Varying Levels of Independence________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6.4 VOCABULARYforeign policy________________________________________________________________________________________domestic affairs________________________________________________________________________________________foreign affairs________________________________________________________________________________________isolationism________________________________________________________________________________________collective security________________________________________________________________________________________deterrence________________________________________________________________________________________cold War________________________________________________________________________________________containment________________________________________________________________________________________détente________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6.4 OUTLINEWhat Is Foreign Policy?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Beginnings Through World War I________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Monroe Doctrine________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Expanding Influence________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Latin America in the 1900s________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The United States and China________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________World War I________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________World War II to the End of the Cold War________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Collective Security________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Deterrence________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Cold War________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Truman Doctrine________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Conflict in Korea________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Vietnam War________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Détente: Successes and Failures________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Cold War Ends________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Today’s Foreign Policy Challenges________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Middle East________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Afghanistan and Iraq________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Libya________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6.5 VOCABULARYright of legation________________________________________________________________________________________ambassador________________________________________________________________________________________diplomatic immunity________________________________________________________________________________________passport________________________________________________________________________________________visa________________________________________________________________________________________foreign aid________________________________________________________________________________________regional security alliances________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6.5 OUTLINEThe Secretary of State________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________State Department Organization________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Right of Legation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________American Ambassadors________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Special Diplomats________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Diplomatic Privileges________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Passports and Visas________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What Is Foreign Aid?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Purposes of Foreign Aid________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NATO________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________History of NATO________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

NATO Today________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The United Nations (UN)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The United Nations Charter________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The General Assembly________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Security Council________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Economic and Social Council________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________International Court of Justice________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Secretariat________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The UN’s Work________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The UN and Non-Governmental Organizations________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The UN – U.S. Relationship________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6.6 VOCABULARYespionage________________________________________________________________________________________terrorism________________________________________________________________________________________DoD________________________________________________________________________________________FBI________________________________________________________________________________________DEA________________________________________________________________________________________CIA________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6.6 OUTLINEThe Department of Defense (DoD)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Framers and the Military________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Secretary of Defense________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Joint Chiefs of Staff________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Branches of the Military________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Army________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Navy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Air Force________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Director of National Intelligence (DNI)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Work of the DNI________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Agencies Controlled by the DNI________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balancing Security and Liberty________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Department of Homeland Security________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Work of the Department of Homeland Security________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Daunting Task________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 7.1 VOCABULARYinferior courts________________________________________________________________________________________jurisdiction________________________________________________________________________________________concurrent jurisdiction________________________________________________________________________________________plaintiff________________________________________________________________________________________defendant________________________________________________________________________________________original jurisdiction________________________________________________________________________________________appellate jurisdiction________________________________________________________________________________________judicial restraint________________________________________________________________________________________precedent________________________________________________________________________________________judicial activism________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 7.1 OUTLINEThe Courts and Democracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Creation of a National Judiciary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Dual Court System: Federal Courts and State Courts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The First Type of Federal Court: Constitutional Courts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Second Type of Federal Court: Special Court________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Jurisdiction in the Federal Court System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Subject Matter________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Parties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Exclusive Jurisdiction________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Concurrent Jurisdiction________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Original and Appellate Jurisdiction________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Role of Judges________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Selection________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Influences on the Selection of Judges________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________History Concerning Judgeships________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Judicial Philosophies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Terms of Judges________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Salaries and Duties of Federal Judges________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Federal Judges and Appointments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 7.2 VOCABULARYjudicial review________________________________________________________________________________________certificate________________________________________________________________________________________brief________________________________________________________________________________________majority opinion________________________________________________________________________________________precedent________________________________________________________________________________________concurring opinion________________________________________________________________________________________dissenting opinion________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 7.2 OUTLINEComposition of the Court________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Third Branch of Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Marbury v. Madison________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Overturning an Act of Congress________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How the Marbury Decision Affects the Supreme Court Today________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Two Types of Original Jurisdiction________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Choosing to Take Original Jurisdiction________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Appealing to the Supreme Court________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Writs of Certiorari________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Certifying Answers to Specific Questions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hearing Oral Arguments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Filing Briefs________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Solicitor General________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Meeting in Conference________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Announcing a Decision________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Majority Opinion________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Power of Precedent________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Concurring Opinions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Dissenting Opinions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 7.3 VOCABULARYcriminal case________________________________________________________________________________________civil case________________________________________________________________________________________docket________________________________________________________________________________________record________________________________________________________________________________________courts-martial________________________________________________________________________________________civilian tribunal________________________________________________________________________________________redress________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 7.3 OUTLINEFederal Judicial Districts and Judges ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Courts Focused on Terrorism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________District Court Jurisdiction________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________District Court Cases________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Final Decisions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Structure and Role of the Federal Courts of Appeal________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Appellate Court Judges________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Circuit-Based Appellate Court Jurisdiction________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit Jurisdiction________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________An Important Role________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Court of International Trade________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Military Justice – Special Courts and Commissions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Purpose of Military Courts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Military Commissions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Court of Federal Claims________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Methods of Compensation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Territorial Courts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The District of Columbia Courts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The United States Tax Court________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.1 VOCABULARYcivil liberties________________________________________________________________________________________civil rights________________________________________________________________________________________alien________________________________________________________________________________________process of incorporation________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.1 OUTLINEConstitutional Guarantees________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Civil Rights and Civil Liberties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Human Rights Policies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Limited Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Personal Interests and the Public Good________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________To Whom Are Rights Guaranteed?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Bill of Rights and the States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Extending the Bill of Rights to the States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Gitlow v. New York________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Blaine Amendment________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Impact on Fundamental Rights and Federalism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The 9th Amendment________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.2 VOCABULARYEstablishment Clause________________________________________________________________________________________Free Exercise Clause________________________________________________________________________________________parochial________________________________________________________________________________________Alexis de Tocqueville________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.2 OUTLINEProtecting Religious Freedom________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Separation of Church and State________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Religion and Education________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Aid to Parochial Schools________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Lemon Test________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Released Time and Student Groups________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Prayers and the Bible________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evolution________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Establishment Clause Cases________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Seasonal Displays________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Ten Commandments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Free Exercise Clause________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Limits on Free Speech________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Free Exercise Upheld________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.3 VOCABULARYlibel________________________________________________________________________________________slander________________________________________________________________________________________sedition________________________________________________________________________________________seditious speech________________________________________________________________________________________symbolic speech________________________________________________________________________________________picketing________________________________________________________________________________________prior restraint________________________________________________________________________________________injunction________________________________________________________________________________________shield laws________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.3 OUTLINEThe Right of Free Expression________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Unpopular Views, Libel, and Slander________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Public Figures and Slander________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Seditious Speech________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Alien and Sedition Acts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sedition Law of 1917________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Smith Act of 1940________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The 1st Amendment and Symbolic Speech________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Picketing________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Symbolic Speech Cases________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Acts of Dissent________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Campaign Contributions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Flag Burning________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Prior Restraint on Expression________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Prior Restraint and Publications________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Pentagon Papers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Court-Approved Prior Restraint________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Confidentiality________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Motion Pictures________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Radio and Television________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Commercial Speech________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Obscene Material________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Obscenity and the Mail________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Three-Part Test________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Internet and Free Speech________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.4 VOCABULARYassemble________________________________________________________________________________________petition________________________________________________________________________________________civil disobedience________________________________________________________________________________________content neutral________________________________________________________________________________________right of association________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.4 OUTLINERights of Assembly and Petition________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Civil Disobedience________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Time, Place, and Manner Rules________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Restrictions on Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Free Speech Zones________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Assemblies on Public and Private Property________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Gregory v. Chicago________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Recent Cases________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Private Property________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Freedom of Association________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.5 VOCABULARYdue process________________________________________________________________________________________procedural due process________________________________________________________________________________________substantive due process________________________________________________________________________________________police Power________________________________________________________________________________________search Warrant________________________________________________________________________________________eminent domain________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.5 OUTLINEUnderstanding Due Process________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Classic due Process Cases________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The 14th Amendment and the Bill of Rights________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Individual Rights and the Public Good________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Police Power and Civil Liberties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Protecting the Public________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Just Compensation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.6 VOCABULARYinvoluntary servitude________________________________________________________________________________________discrimination________________________________________________________________________________________probable cause________________________________________________________________________________________writs of assistance________________________________________________________________________________________exclusionary rule________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.6 OUTLINE Slavery and Involuntary Servitude________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The 13th Amendment: Section 1________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The 13th Amendment: Section 2________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Right to Keep and Bear Arms________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The 3rd and 4th Amendments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The 4th Amendment and Probable Cause________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The 4th Amendment and Arrests________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Automobiles and Cell Phones________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Exclusionary Rule________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Exclusionary Rule and the States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Mandatory Drug Testing________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The USA Patriot Act________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The 4th Amendment and Wiretapping________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Katz v. United States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balancing Security and Liberty________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Right of Privacy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Supreme Court’s Ruling in Roe v. Wade________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Challenges to Roe________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Twenty-first Century Cases________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.7 VOCABULARYWrit of habeas corpus________________________________________________________________________________________Bill of attainder________________________________________________________________________________________Ex post facto law________________________________________________________________________________________grand jury________________________________________________________________________________________indictment________________________________________________________________________________________presentment________________________________________________________________________________________information________________________________________________________________________________________double jeopardy________________________________________________________________________________________bench trial________________________________________________________________________________________Miranda rule________________________________________________________________________________________bail________________________________________________________________________________________preventive detention________________________________________________________________________________________capital punishment________________________________________________________________________________________treason________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8.7 OUTLINENo Imprisonment Without Just Cause________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Guantanamo Bay________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Congress – Legislators, Not Judges________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________No Retroactive Criminal Laws________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Right to a Grand Jury________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Guarantee Against Double Jeopardy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Speedy Trial________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Public Trial________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Trial by Jury________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Composition of the Jury________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Right to Adequate Defense________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Guarantee Against Self-Incrimination________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Applying the Guarantee________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Miranda v. Arizona________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Bail and Preventive Detention________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Limits on Bail________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Preventive Detention________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cruel and Unusual Punishments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8th Amendment Claims Upheld________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Capital Punishment and Treason________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________State Laws Struck Down________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Two-Stage Approach and Later Cases________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Continuing Controversy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Treason________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 9.1 VOCABULARYcitizen________________________________________________________________________________________jus soli________________________________________________________________________________________jus sanguinis________________________________________________________________________________________alien________________________________________________________________________________________naturalization________________________________________________________________________________________expatriation________________________________________________________________________________________denaturalization________________________________________________________________________________________deportation________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 9.1 OUTLINECitizenship in the United States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Natural-Born Citizens________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Leading Citizenship Case________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Complicated Citizenship Situations________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Naturalized Citizens________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Individual Naturalization________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Collective Naturalization________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Losing One’s Citizenship________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government Immigration Policies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Early Immigration________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Immigration Regulation Begins________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Quota System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Quota System Changes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Current Immigration Policies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________People Excluded from Immigrating________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Deportation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reasons for Deportation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government Policies on Undocumented Aliens________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Where Many Undocumented Aliens Live________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Where Many Undocumented Aliens Work________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Current Law________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Immigration Reform Stalls________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 9.2 VOCABULARYheterogeneous________________________________________________________________________________________immigrants________________________________________________________________________________________reservations________________________________________________________________________________________refugee________________________________________________________________________________________assimilation________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 9.2 OUTLINEA Heterogeneous Society________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________An Increasingly Diverse Society________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Discrimination in America________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Slavery and Discrimination________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Continued Discrimination Against African Americans________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________White Settlers Bring Discrimination________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Continued Discrimination Against Native Americans________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hispanic Americans________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Mexican Americans________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hispanic Americans from Islands________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Central and South Americans________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Discrimination Against Hispanic Americans________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Discrimination Against Asian Americans________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government Actions Against Asian Americans________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Diversity Among Asian Americans________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Discrimination Against Women________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Statistical Evidence of Discrimination________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Unequal Pay________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Movement Toward Fair Pay________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 9.3 VOCABULARYequal protection________________________________________________________________________________________discriminate________________________________________________________________________________________rational basis test________________________________________________________________________________________strict scrutiny test________________________________________________________________________________________segregation________________________________________________________________________________________Jim Crow laws________________________________________________________________________________________Separate-but-Equal Doctrine________________________________________________________________________________________integration________________________________________________________________________________________de jure segregation________________________________________________________________________________________de facto segregation________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 9.3 OUTLINEEqual Protection and Individual Rights________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government Regulation of Individual Liberty________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Reasoning Behind the Law________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Compelling Government Interest________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A History of Segregation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Plessy v. Ferguson________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Challenges to the Separate-but-Equal Doctrine________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Brown v. Board of Education________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Segregation by Neighborhood________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Other Types of Discrimination________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Equality________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Challenging Sex Discrimination________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Closer Look at Sex Discrimination________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 9.4 VOCABULARYAffirmative Action________________________________________________________________________________________quota________________________________________________________________________________________reverse discrimination________________________________________________________________________________________Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 9.4 OUTLINEThe History of Civil Rights Laws________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Civil Rights Act of 1964________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Civil Rights Act of 1968________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Title IX________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government Policies on Affirmative Action________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Is Affirmative Action Reverse Discrimination?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The First Major Affirmative Action Case________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Affirmative Action Cases Begin to Receive Strict Scrutiny________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Affirmative Action Regarded as a Temporary Measure________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.1 VOCABULARYsuffrage________________________________________________________________________________________franchise________________________________________________________________________________________electorate________________________________________________________________________________________disenfranchised________________________________________________________________________________________poll tax________________________________________________________________________________________gerrymandering________________________________________________________________________________________injunction________________________________________________________________________________________preclearance________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.1 OUTLINEThe Size if the American Electorate________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Struggle to Extend Voting Rights________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The 15th Amendment________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Lack of Enforcement________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Court Rulings Upholding Voting Rights________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Civil Rights Act of 1957________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Civil Rights Act of 1960________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Civil Rights Act of 1964________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Then and Now________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Preclearance Provisions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Voting Rights Act Extended________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Preclearance Invalidated________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.2 VOCABULARYaliens________________________________________________________________________________________transients________________________________________________________________________________________registration________________________________________________________________________________________poll books________________________________________________________________________________________purging________________________________________________________________________________________literacy________________________________________________________________________________________poll Tax________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.2 OUTLINEVoting Qualifications and the Federal Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Universal Criteria for Voting________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Citizenship Criteria________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Residence Criteria________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Laws and Court Actions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Age Criteria________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Youth Vote________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Voter Registration Process________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Registration Requirements________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Controversies Surrounding Registration________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Voted ID Laws________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Literacy Qualifications________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Grandfather Clauses________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Literacy Tests Banned________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Poll Taxes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Qualifications for Voting________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.3 VOCABULARYoff-year election________________________________________________________________________________________ballot fatigue________________________________________________________________________________________political efficacy________________________________________________________________________________________political socialization________________________________________________________________________________________gender gap________________________________________________________________________________________party identification________________________________________________________________________________________straight-ticket voting________________________________________________________________________________________independents________________________________________________________________________________________split-ticket voting________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.3 OUTLINEVoter Turnout in the United States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Non-voting________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ballot Fatigue________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why People Do Not Votes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “Cannot-Voters”________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Actual Non-voters________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Time-Zone Fallout and Other Factors________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Comparing Voters and Non-voters________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Studying Voter Behavior________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Factors That Influence Voters________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Sociological Factors and Political Attitudes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Income and Occupation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Education________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Gender, Age________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Religion, Ethnic Background________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Geography________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Population Shifts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Family and Other Groups________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Psychological Factors and Political Attitudes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Party Identification________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Candidates and Issues________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.4 VOCABULARYballot________________________________________________________________________________________absentee voting________________________________________________________________________________________coattail effect________________________________________________________________________________________precinct________________________________________________________________________________________polling place________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.4 OUTLINEFilling Elected Public Offices________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Extent of Federal Control________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Help America Vote Act________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________State Election Dates________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________An increase in Early Voting________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Election Dates and Coattail Effect________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Precincts, Polling Places, and Ballots________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Types of Ballots________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Australian Ballot________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sample Ballots________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Bed-Sheet Ballots________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Casting and Counting Ballots________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Counting Votes Electronically________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Voting by Mail________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Impact of the Internet________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.5 VOCABULARYpublic opinion________________________________________________________________________________________public affairs________________________________________________________________________________________mass media________________________________________________________________________________________peer group________________________________________________________________________________________opinion leader________________________________________________________________________________________mandate________________________________________________________________________________________interest group________________________________________________________________________________________public opinion poll________________________________________________________________________________________straw vote________________________________________________________________________________________universe________________________________________________________________________________________sample________________________________________________________________________________________random sample________________________________________________________________________________________quota sample________________________________________________________________________________________pundit________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.5 OUTLINEWhat is Public Opinion?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What Is “the Public”?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Public Opinion Relates Only to Public Affairs________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Expressed group Attitudes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Family, School, and Political Attitudes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Influence of Family________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Early Attitudes Influence Later Political Views________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Influence of School________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Influences Outside the Classroom________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Factors That Influence Political Attitudes and Actions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Influence of Mass Media________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Influence of Peer Groups________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Historic Events and Public Policy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Depression’s Effect on Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Impact of the 1960s and 1970s on American Politics________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ways to Measure Public Opinion________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Elections and Public Opinion________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How Accurately Do Interest Groups Reflect Public Opinion?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Media: Mirrors or Molders________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Voice of the People________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Public Opinion Polls________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Straw Votes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Limitations of Straw Polls________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Scientific Polling________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Work of National Pollsters________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How Polls are Designed and Administered________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Defining the Universe________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Constructing a Sample________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sampling and the Law of Probability________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Asking Well-Drawn Questions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Interview Process________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Analyzing Findings________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Poll Reliability________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.6 VOCABULARYmedium________________________________________________________________________________________public agenda________________________________________________________________________________________sound bite________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.6 OUTLINEThe Role of Mass Media________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Television________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Newspapers, the Oldest Mass Media________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Radio Then and Now________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Magazines, A Changing Media________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Rise of the Internet________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Social Media Phenomenon________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How the Media Affects Politics________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Re-emergence of the Partisan Press________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Electoral Politics________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Media’s Limited Influence________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Media and Public Affairs________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________In-Depth News________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.7 VOCABULARYinterest group________________________________________________________________________________________public policy________________________________________________________________________________________public affairs________________________________________________________________________________________labor union________________________________________________________________________________________lobbying________________________________________________________________________________________lobbyist________________________________________________________________________________________amicus curiae brief________________________________________________________________________________________grass-roots pressures________________________________________________________________________________________astroturf groups________________________________________________________________________________________propaganda________________________________________________________________________________________trade association________________________________________________________________________________________labor union________________________________________________________________________________________Capitol Hill________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 10.7 OUTLINEWhat Are Interest groups?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Interest Groups Shape Public Policy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Comparing and Contrasting Political Parties and Interest Groups________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Origins and View Points________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Madison and de Tocqueville________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Positive Aspects of Interest Groups________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Negative Aspects of Interest Groups________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why Do Individuals Join Interest Groups?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________An American tradition________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Based on Interests and Ideas________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Types of Interest Groups________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Interest Group Explosion________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Processes Used By Interest Groups – The Direct Approach________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Direct Approach________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Regulations________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Lobbying Congress________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Grass-roots Lobbying________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Internet and Interest Groups________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Interest Groups and Public Opinion________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Mass Media and Interest Groups________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Propaganda Techniques________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Interest Groups and Electioneering________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 11.1 VOCABULARYpolitical party________________________________________________________________________________________political spectrum________________________________________________________________________________________partisanship________________________________________________________________________________________single-member districts________________________________________________________________________________________plurality________________________________________________________________________________________bipartisan________________________________________________________________________________________consensus________________________________________________________________________________________coalition________________________________________________________________________________________ideological parties________________________________________________________________________________________single-issue parties________________________________________________________________________________________economic protest parties________________________________________________________________________________________splinter parties________________________________________________________________________________________ward________________________________________________________________________________________precinct________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 11.1 OUTLINEWhat Is a Political Party?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Role of Political Parties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Nominating Candidates________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Informing and Activating Supporters________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How Political Parties Inform People________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Bonding Agent Function________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Governing________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Watchdog Function________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Political Parties Help Make Democracy Work________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Two Party System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Historical Basis________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Unexpected Effects________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Force of Tradition________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Electoral System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Election Law Discourages Non-Major-Party Candidates________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The American Ideological Consensus________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________No Unbridgeable Political Divisions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How This Ideological Consensus Affects Political Parties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Multi-Party and One-Party Politics________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Multi-Party Politics Strengths and Weaknesses________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________One-Party Politics________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Third and Minor Parties in the United States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ideological Parties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Single-Issue Parties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Economic Protest Parties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Splinter Parties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Green Party________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why Third and Minor Parties Are Important________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Innovator Role Played by Minor Parties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Decentralized Nature of the Parties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Role of the Presidency________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Nominating Process________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The National Convention________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The National Committee________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Make-Up of the RNC and DNC________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The National Chairperson________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Duties of the National Committee________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Congressional Campaign Committees________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________State Organization________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Local Organization________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 11.2 VOCABULARYnomination________________________________________________________________________________________general elections________________________________________________________________________________________direct primary________________________________________________________________________________________closed primary________________________________________________________________________________________open primary________________________________________________________________________________________blanket primary________________________________________________________________________________________runoff primary________________________________________________________________________________________non-partisan elections________________________________________________________________________________________caucus________________________________________________________________________________________platform________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 11.2 OUTLINENominations: A Critical First Step________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Impact of the Nomination Process________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Methods of Nomination________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Self-Announcement________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Historical Examples________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Caucus________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Original Caucus________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Criticisms of the Caucus________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Convention________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Problems with the Convention________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Replacing the Convention________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Direct Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Using the Direct Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Forms of Direct Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Closed Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Open Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Blanket Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Versions of the Open Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Closed vs. Open Primaries________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Run-Off Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Non-Partisan Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Presidential Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evaluation of the Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Problems with the Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Problems with the Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Petition________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Filling Appointed Offices________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 11.3 VOCABULARYpresidential primary________________________________________________________________________________________winner-take-all contests________________________________________________________________________________________proportional representation________________________________________________________________________________________keynote address________________________________________________________________________________________swing voters________________________________________________________________________________________battleground states________________________________________________________________________________________district plan________________________________________________________________________________________proportional plan________________________________________________________________________________________national popular vote plan________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 11.3 OUTLINEPresidential Primaries________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________History of the Presidential Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A System with Many Variables________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Significance of Primary Timing________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Shifting Primary Styles________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Preference Primary________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Out of Power vs. In Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reform Proposals________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Presidential Caucuses________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Decline in Popularity________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Convention Arrangements________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Apportioning Delegates________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Convention Goals________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Opening the Convention________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Showcasing the Platform and the Party________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Nominating the Vice President________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Nominating the President________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Who Is Nominated?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Political Experience________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Prominence at Home________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Characteristics________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Shattering Barriers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Saturating the Country________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Targeting Key Voters________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Debates________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Who’s Watching?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Election Day________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Electoral College________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Choosing Electors________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Counting the Electoral Votes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Special Cases________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Flaws in the Electoral College________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The First Major Defect________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________When the Defect Becomes Reality________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Consistent Problem________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Second Major Defect________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Third Major Defect________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Objections to Election by the House of Representatives________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Proposed Reforms and Defense________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________District and Proportional Plans________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Direct Popular Election________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What About the Constitution?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Analyzing Proposed Reforms in Light of Goals________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Applying the Plans to Real Scenarios________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________States Against Direct Election________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________Other Arguments Against Direct Election________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The National Popular Vote Plan________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Could This Be the Answer?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Defending the Electoral College________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Stating the Electoral College’s Strengths________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 11.4 VOCABULARYpolitical action committee (PAC)________________________________________________________________________________________subsidy________________________________________________________________________________________Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)________________________________________________________________________________________Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)________________________________________________________________________________________soft money________________________________________________________________________________________Federal Election Commission (FEC)________________________________________________________________________________________super PAC________________________________________________________________________________________Presidential Election Campaign Fund________________________________________________________________________________________hard money________________________________________________________________________________________527 organizations________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 11.4 OUTLINEThe Price of an Election________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How Much Gets Spent?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What Does Campaign Money Pay For?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Individual Contributors________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Fundraising________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government Money________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reasons for Contributing________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Federal Finance Laws________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The History of Campaign Finance Reform________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

FEC Requirements________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Disclosure Requirements________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Disclosing Campaign Finances to the Public________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Limits on Individual Donations________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Contributions from Political Action Committees________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Limits on PAC Contributions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Campaign Spending Limits________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Presidential Election Campaign Fund________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Pre-Convention Campaigns________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________National Conventions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Presidential Election Campaigns________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The 2012 Presidential Race________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Minor Party Candidates________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hard Money and Soft Money________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Campaign Finance Reform________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Citizens United v. FEC________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 12.1 VOCABULARYcapitalism________________________________________________________________________________________factors of production________________________________________________________________________________________capital________________________________________________________________________________________entrepreneur________________________________________________________________________________________free enterprise system________________________________________________________________________________________free market________________________________________________________________________________________monopoly________________________________________________________________________________________law of supply and demand________________________________________________________________________________________Laissez-faire theory________________________________________________________________________________________Karl Marx________________________________________________________________________________________Socialism________________________________________________________________________________________Communism________________________________________________________________________________________collectivization________________________________________________________________________________________privatization________________________________________________________________________________________command economies________________________________________________________________________________________Adam Smith________________________________________________________________________________________Hugo Chavez________________________________________________________________________________________Josef Stalin________________________________________________________________________________________Mikhail Gorbachev________________________________________________________________________________________Fidel Castro________________________________________________________________________________________Mao Zedong________________________________________________________________________________________Great Leap Forward________________________________________________________________________________________Deng Xiaoping________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 12.1 OUTLINECapitalism and the Factors of Production________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Land________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Capital________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Labor ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Entrepreneurs________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The American Free Enterprise System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Private Ownership________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Individual Initiative________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Profit Motive________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Role of Competition________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Monopolies and Trusts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Constitutional Protections and Government Regulation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Laissez-Faire: The Theory________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What Is a Mixed Economy?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government Regulations and the Economy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government Involvement in the Economy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Mixed Economies Around the World

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Socialism, Communism, and Karl Marx________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Branching Out from Marxism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Socialism Today________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The High Price Tag of Socialism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Socialism in Developing Countries________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Communism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Stalin’s Communism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Decline of Communism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Special Case of China________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Great Leap Forward________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Deng Xiaoping and China Today________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Advantages of the Free Enterprise System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Comparison with Command Economies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 12.2 VOCABULARYpanic________________________________________________________________________________________gross domestic product (GDP)________________________________________________________________________________________inflation________________________________________________________________________________________deflation________________________________________________________________________________________recession________________________________________________________________________________________fiscal policy________________________________________________________________________________________monetary policy________________________________________________________________________________________open market operations________________________________________________________________________________________reserve requirement________________________________________________________________________________________discount rate________________________________________________________________________________________interest________________________________________________________________________________________John Maynard Keynes________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 12.2 OUTLINEThe Federal Government and the Domestic Economy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Federal Reserve System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A Key Regulatory Agency________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Role of the Department of Labor________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Key Goals for the Economy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Overall Economic Goals________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Full Employment________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Price Stability________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Economic Growth________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How Fiscal Policy Influences the Economy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Historical Use of Fiscal Policy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Another Use for Fiscal Policy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How Monetary Policy Influences the Economy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Key Function of the Fed________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Open Market Operations________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reserve Requirements________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Discount Rate________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Fiscal and Monetary Policies at the State and Local Levels________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 12.3 VOCABULARYfiscal policy________________________________________________________________________________________progressive tax________________________________________________________________________________________payroll tax________________________________________________________________________________________regressive tax________________________________________________________________________________________excise tax________________________________________________________________________________________estate tax________________________________________________________________________________________gift tax________________________________________________________________________________________inheritance tax________________________________________________________________________________________interest________________________________________________________________________________________customs duty________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 12.3 OUTLINEThe Power to Tax________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Limits on the Power to Tax________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Direct Tax Restriction________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Additional Limits on the Power to Tax________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Federal Taxes Today________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Taxes on Income________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Individual Income Tax________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Corporate Income Tax________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Social Insurance Tax________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Excise Taxes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Estate and Gift Taxes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Customs Duties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Non-Tax Revenues________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 12.4 VOCABULARYentitlements________________________________________________________________________________________controllable spending________________________________________________________________________________________uncontrollable spending________________________________________________________________________________________continuing resolution________________________________________________________________________________________deficit________________________________________________________________________________________surplus________________________________________________________________________________________demand-side economics________________________________________________________________________________________supply-side economics________________________________________________________________________________________public debt________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 12.4 OUTLINEFederal Expenditures________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Defense and the Public Debt________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Types of Spending________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “Controlling” Uncontrollable Spending________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Creating the Budget________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Importance of the Budget________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Executive Branch and the Budget________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Congress and the Budget________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Final Steps to Passing the Budget________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Borrowing and the Deficit________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Depression and Deficit Spending________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Keynesian Economics________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Borrowing Process________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Understanding the Public Debt________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 12.5 VOCABULARYglobalization________________________________________________________________________________________protectionism________________________________________________________________________________________tariff________________________________________________________________________________________import quota________________________________________________________________________________________trade embargo________________________________________________________________________________________NAFTA________________________________________________________________________________________IMF________________________________________________________________________________________G8________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 12.5 OUTLINEA Global Economy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Benefits of Trade________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________U.S. Imports and Exports________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________U.S. Trade Policies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Economic Resources and Foreign Policy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Trade Embargoes and Sanctions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Free Trade in North America________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Pros and Cons________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Trade Agreements________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Trade Alliances and Organizations________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The International Monetary Fund________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The World Bank________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The World Trade Organization and the G8________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Regional Trade Alliances________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Consequences of the Global Economy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Risks________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Tomorrow’s Marketplace________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 13.1 VOCABULARY separation of powers________________________________________________________________________________________checks and balances________________________________________________________________________________________popular sovereignty________________________________________________________________________________________limited government________________________________________________________________________________________fundamental law________________________________________________________________________________________statutory law________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 13.1 OUTLINEThe First State Constitutions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________History of the Florida Constitution________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Florida Constitution Today________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Basic Principles________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Civil Rights________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Governmental Structure________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Governmental Powers and Processes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Constitutional Change________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Miscellaneous Provisions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Procedures for Change________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Need for Reform________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 13.2 VOCABULARYpolice Power________________________________________________________________________________________constituent Power________________________________________________________________________________________initiative________________________________________________________________________________________referendum________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 13.2 OUTLINEThe Florida Legislature________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Organization and Size________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Qualifications and Election________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Qualifications________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Election Process________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Districts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Powers of Florida’s Legislature________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Lawmaking Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Non-Legislative Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Organization________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Terms of Office________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sessions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Presiding Officers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Lawmaking Process________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sources of Bills________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Committee System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Initiative________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Referendum________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 13.3 VOCABULARYitem veto________________________________________________________________________________________clemency________________________________________________________________________________________pardon________________________________________________________________________________________commutation________________________________________________________________________________________reprieve________________________________________________________________________________________parole________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 13.3 OUTLINEFlorida’s Plural Executive________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Qualifications________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Selection________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Term________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Succession________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Removal________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Compensation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Governor’s Executive Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Comparison to the Presidency________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Appointment and Removal Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Supervisory Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Budgetary Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Military Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Legislative Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Message Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Special Sessions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Veto Power________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Judicial Powers________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Clemency________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Miscellaneous Duties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Florida Cabinet________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Lieutenant Governor and Other Key Executive Officers and Agencies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 13.4 VOCABULARYcommon law________________________________________________________________________________________precedent________________________________________________________________________________________criminal law________________________________________________________________________________________felony________________________________________________________________________________________misdemeanor________________________________________________________________________________________civil law________________________________________________________________________________________justice of the peace________________________________________________________________________________________warrant________________________________________________________________________________________preliminary hearing________________________________________________________________________________________appellate jurisdiction________________________________________________________________________________________jury________________________________________________________________________________________information________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 13.4 OUTLINETypes of Law________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Constitutional, Statutory, and Administrative Law________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Common Law________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Equity________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Criminal and Civil Law________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Florida’s Court System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________County Courts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Circuit Courts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Magistrates________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________District Courts of Appeal________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Florida Supreme Court________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Unified Court Systems________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Jury System in Florida and the Nation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Grand Jury________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Information________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Petit Jury________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How Juries Are Selected________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Role of Judges________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How Judges Are Selected________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Pros and Cons of Election vs. Appointment________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Missouri Plan________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 13.5 VOCABULARYcounty________________________________________________________________________________________charter________________________________________________________________________________________special district________________________________________________________________________________________municipality________________________________________________________________________________________incorporation________________________________________________________________________________________charter________________________________________________________________________________________mayor-council government________________________________________________________________________________________strong-mayor government________________________________________________________________________________________weak-mayor government________________________________________________________________________________________commission government________________________________________________________________________________________council-manager government________________________________________________________________________________________zoning________________________________________________________________________________________metropolitan area________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 13.5 OUTLINECounties in Florida and Across the Nation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Size and Population________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What Do Counties Do?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Charter and Non-Charter Counties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________County Government Structure________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________County Elections________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Special Districts and School Districts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Florida’s Special Districts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________School Districts in Florida________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Local Governments Outside of Florida________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The New England Town________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Town Meetings________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Townships________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Pros and Cons of Townships________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Tribal Governments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________America’s Shift from Rural to Urban Living________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Creating Cities________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Forms of City Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Mayor-Council Form________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Commission Form________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Council-Manager Form________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________City Planning________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Order From Chaos________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________City Zoning________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Zoning Pros and Cons________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Municipal Functions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Suburban Boom________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Metropolitan Areas________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Regional Planning Council________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 13.6 VOCABULARYMedicaid________________________________________________________________________________________welfare________________________________________________________________________________________entitlement________________________________________________________________________________________sales Tax________________________________________________________________________________________regressive Tax________________________________________________________________________________________income Tax________________________________________________________________________________________progressive Tax________________________________________________________________________________________property Tax________________________________________________________________________________________assessment________________________________________________________________________________________inheritance Tax________________________________________________________________________________________estate Tax________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 13.6 OUTLINEEducation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Public Welfare________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Efforts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Public Safety________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Transportation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Resource Use and Management: A Case Study________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Services________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Principals of Taxation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Limits on Taxation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Sales Tax________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Income Tax________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Property Tax________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Inheritance or Estate Tax________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Business Tax________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Other Taxes________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Non-Tax Revenues________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Budgets and Borrowing________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Budget Process________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 14.1 VOCABULARYdemocratization________________________________________________________________________________________hard-liners________________________________________________________________________________________reformers________________________________________________________________________________________democratic consolidation________________________________________________________________________________________failed states________________________________________________________________________________________state-building________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 14.1 OUTLINETransitions to Democracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Examples of Transitions to Democracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Post-Soviet Democratic Transitions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Discontinuity in Democratic Transitions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Outcomes of Transitions to Democracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Democratic Consolidation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Failed States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Democratic Change and Continuity Today________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Human Rights Policies________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 14.2 VOCABULARYconstitutionalism________________________________________________________________________________________parliamentary system________________________________________________________________________________________coalition________________________________________________________________________________________ministers________________________________________________________________________________________shadow cabinet________________________________________________________________________________________common law________________________________________________________________________________________devolution________________________________________________________________________________________backbencher________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 14.2 OUTLINEA Legacy of Constitutionalism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government in the United Kingdom________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Parliament________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The House of Commons________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The House of Lords________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Prime Minister________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Cabinet________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Monarchy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Courts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Regional and Local Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Public Policy and Elections________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Crafting Legislation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Election Process________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Comparison to the United States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 14.3 VOCABULARYVladimir Lenin________________________________________________________________________________________Josef Stalin________________________________________________________________________________________party government________________________________________________________________________________________purge________________________________________________________________________________________Vladimir Putin________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 14.3 OUTLINEThe Bolshevik Revolution________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Soviet Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reform Led by Gorbachev________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Government in the Russian Federation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Executive Branch________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Presidency________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Prime Minister________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Legislature: Federal Assembly________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Constitutional Court________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Regional and Local Governments________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Political Parties________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Public Policy Creation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Comparison to the United States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 14.4 VOCABULARY authority________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 14.4 OUTLINEChina and Its History________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________China Under Mao________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reform and Repression________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________China’s Communist Party________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The National Government________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Judicial System________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Local Political Divisions________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Taiwan________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Comparison to the United States________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________