, Spread of Renaissance ideas to Germany, England, Switzerland, France, Belgium, and Holland

, Economic prosperity in England and Netherlands led to artistic renewal

, Religion was emphasized in the North, Social reform through Christian

values and living were hallmarks, Pietism emergedmore religious

devotion

Christian HumanismChristian HumanismChristian HumanismChristian Humanism, Thinkers and writers in the north

used Hebrew and Greek texts of the bible to research the past

, Many northern humanists went to Italy to study then returned with new ideas

, Thirst for knowledge, art, and engineering transferred to N. Europe

, Renaissance strongest in Germanic areas and Low Countries

The Spread of the Renaissance

The Spread of the Renaissance

A series of battles between French, Spanish, and Italian city-states led to the spread of ideas and values

Teachers migrated out of Italy Students returned to home country

after studying in Italy European merchants penetrated into

Italy Christian missionaries traveled

Europe

The Printing PressThe Printing PressThe Printing PressThe Printing Press 1445--Johann Gutenberg invented printing

press with moveable type (Mainz, Germany) precursors: rise of schools & literacy

(demand for books); invention of cheap paper

by 1500, printing presses running in more than 200 cities in Europe and over 15 million books in circulation

, What effect did the printing press have on the Renaissance and its people?, rulers in church & state now had to deal with more

educated, critical public; also powerful tool of religious/political propaganda

Christian Humanism & Reform

Christian Humanism & Reform

Emphasized study of the Bible and church fathers

More interested in providing guidance on personal behavior

Emphasized education Power of humans to reform

institutions (Church) and moral behavior

Many will become leaders of Reformation

Leaders of Northern Humanism

Leaders of Northern Humanism

Thomas More (England)—wrote Utopia (“nowhere”) described a perfect society free of war, poverty, and intolerance Utopia possible by

following Christian ideals

Executed by King Henry VIII

Erasmus (Dutch)Erasmus (Dutch)Erasmus (Dutch)Erasmus (Dutch) most influential northern

humanist—educational and religious reformer

Translated Greek and Latin versions of Bible for “purer” version

In Praise of Folly—satirizes clergy’s worldly ambitions

Emphasized tolerance and education

Wanted reform of church, not abandonment like Luther

Renaissance Art in Renaissance Art in Northern EuropeNorthern Europe

Renaissance Art in Renaissance Art in Northern EuropeNorthern Europe

, Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art.

, But, Italian influence was strong., The differences between the two cultures:

Italy change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity.

No. Europe change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church.

, More princes & kings were patrons of artists.

Characteristics of Northern Characteristics of Northern Renaissance ArtRenaissance Art

Characteristics of Northern Characteristics of Northern Renaissance ArtRenaissance Art

, The continuation of late medieval attention to details.

, Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”].

, Interest in landscapes., More emphasis on middle-class

and peasant life., Great skill in portraiture.

Van Eyck -Van Eyck -Adoration of the Adoration of the LambLamb, , Ghent Altarpiece, 1432Ghent Altarpiece, 1432Van Eyck -Van Eyck -Adoration of the Adoration of the

LambLamb, , Ghent Altarpiece, 1432Ghent Altarpiece, 1432

Van Eyck:Van Eyck:

The The CrucifixionCrucifixion

&&

The Last The Last JudgmentJudgment 1420-14251420-1425

Van Eyck:Van Eyck:

The The CrucifixionCrucifixion

&&

The Last The Last JudgmentJudgment 1420-14251420-1425

Giovanni Giovanni Arnolfini Arnolfini and His and His

WifeWife

(Wedding (Wedding Portrait)Portrait)

Jan Van Jan Van

EyckEyck

14341434

Jan van EyckJan van Eyck - Giovanni - Giovanni Arnolfini & His WifeArnolfini & His Wife

(details)(details)

Jan van EyckJan van Eyck - Giovanni - Giovanni Arnolfini & His WifeArnolfini & His Wife

(details)(details)

Rogier van der Weyden Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)(1399-1464)

Rogier van der Weyden Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)(1399-1464)

The The DepositioDepositio

nn

1435 1435

van der Weyden’s van der Weyden’s DepositionDeposition (details) (details)van der Weyden’s van der Weyden’s

DepositionDeposition (details) (details)

Quentin Massys (1465-Quentin Massys (1465-1530)1530)

Quentin Massys (1465-Quentin Massys (1465-1530)1530)

, Belonged to the humanist circle in Antwerp that included Erasmus.

, Influenced by da Vinci.

, Thomas More called him “the renovator of the old art.”

, The Ugly Dutchess, 1525-1530

Massys’ Massys’ The Moneylender & The Moneylender & His WifeHis Wife, 1514, 1514

Massys’ Massys’ The Moneylender & The Moneylender & His WifeHis Wife, 1514, 1514

Jean Clouet – Jean Clouet – Portrait of Portrait of Francis IFrancis I, 1525, 1525

Jean Clouet – Jean Clouet – Portrait of Portrait of Francis IFrancis I, 1525, 1525

The School of The School of FontainebleauFontainebleauThe School of The School of FontainebleauFontainebleau

, Gallery [right] by Rosso Fiorentino & Francesco Primaticcio

, 1528-1537

Germain Pilon (1525-1590)Germain Pilon (1525-1590)Germain Pilon (1525-1590)Germain Pilon (1525-1590)

, The Deposition of Christ, Bronze, 1580-1585.

Lucas Cranach the Elder Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553)(1472-1553)

Lucas Cranach the Elder Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553)(1472-1553)

, Court painter at Wittenberg from 1505-1553.

, His best portraits were of Martin Luther (to the left).

Lucas Cranach the ElderLucas Cranach the ElderLucas Cranach the ElderLucas Cranach the Elder

Old Man with a Young Old Man with a Young WomanWoman

Amorous Old Woman with Amorous Old Woman with a Young Mana Young Man

Matthias Grünewald’s Matthias Grünewald’s The The CrucifixionCrucifixion, 1502, 1502

Matthias Grünewald’s Matthias Grünewald’s The The CrucifixionCrucifixion, 1502, 1502

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), The greatest of

German artists., A scholar as well as

an artist., His patron was the

Emperor Maximilian I., Also a scientist

Wrote books on geometry, fortifications, and human proportions.

, Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits.

, Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.

Dürer – Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared RobeCollared Robe, 1500, 1500Dürer – Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared RobeCollared Robe, 1500, 1500

Dürer Dürer

The Last The Last SupperSupper

woodcut, woodcut, 15101510

Dürer Dürer

The Last The Last SupperSupper

woodcut, woodcut, 15101510

Durer – Durer – The Triumphal ArchThe Triumphal Arch, , 1515-15171515-1517

Durer – Durer – The Triumphal ArchThe Triumphal Arch, , 1515-15171515-1517

Dürer Dürer

FourFourHorsemenHorsemen

of theof theApocalypsApocalyps

ee

woodcut, woodcut, 14981498

Dürer Dürer

FourFourHorsemenHorsemen

of theof theApocalypsApocalyps

ee

woodcut, woodcut, 14981498

Hans Holbein, the Younger Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)(1497-1543)

Hans Holbein, the Younger Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)(1497-1543)

, One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England.

, While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus. Erasmus Writing, 1523

, Henry VIII was his patron

from 1536., Great portraitist noted

for: Objectivity &

detachment. Doesn’t conceal the

weaknesses of his subjects.

Artist to the TudorsArtist to the TudorsArtist to the TudorsArtist to the Tudors

Henry VIII (left), 1540 Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the future Edward and the future Edward VI (above), 1543.VI (above), 1543.

Holbein’s, Holbein’s, The The AmbassadorsAmbassadors, 1533, 1533

Holbein’s, Holbein’s, The The AmbassadorsAmbassadors, 1533, 1533

A SkullA Skull

Multiple PerspectivesMultiple PerspectivesMultiple PerspectivesMultiple Perspectives

The English Were More The English Were More Interested in Architecture Interested in Architecture

than Paintingthan Painting

The English Were More The English Were More Interested in Architecture Interested in Architecture

than Paintingthan Painting

Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more

medieval in style].medieval in style].

Burghley House for William Burghley House for William CecilCecil

Burghley House for William Burghley House for William CecilCecil

The largest & grandest house The largest & grandest house of the early Elizabethan era.of the early Elizabethan era.

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Tower of BabelTower of Babel, , 15631563

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Tower of BabelTower of Babel, , 15631563

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Mad MegMad Meg, 1562, 1562Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Mad MegMad Meg, 1562, 1562

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, The BeggarsThe Beggars, , 15681568

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, The BeggarsThe Beggars, , 15681568

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Parable of the Parable of the Blind Leading the BlindBlind Leading the Blind, 1568, 1568

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Parable of the Parable of the Blind Leading the BlindBlind Leading the Blind, 1568, 1568

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Niederlandisch Niederlandisch ProverbsProverbs, 1559, 1559

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Niederlandisch Niederlandisch ProverbsProverbs, 1559, 1559

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, The Triumph of The Triumph of DeathDeath, 1562, 1562

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, The Triumph of The Triumph of DeathDeath, 1562, 1562

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Hunters in the Hunters in the SnowSnow, 1565, 1565

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Hunters in the Hunters in the SnowSnow, 1565, 1565

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Winter SceneWinter Scene, , 15651565

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Winter SceneWinter Scene, , 15651565

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, The HarvestersThe Harvesters, , 15651565

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, The HarvestersThe Harvesters, , 15651565