so far in this unit we have discussed hydrocarbons and their isomers we have also learned about...
TRANSCRIPT
Organic ReactionsSubstitutionElimination
AdditionEsterification
Organic Reactions So far in this unit we have discussed
hydrocarbons and their isomers
We have also learned about organic compounds with different functional groups
Throughout this we have learned naming rules for each
Now we are going to focus on several types of organic reactions
Types of Organic Reactions
There are many types of organic reactions
We are only going to focus on a few.› Substitution› Elimination› Addition› Esterification
Substitution Any reaction in which one atom is
replaced by another
Used to place a halogen onto an alkane
The products are always a halocarbon and the acid of the halogen
Reaction requires ultraviolet light to initiate the reaction› This provides the energy needed to form
the excited state
Substitution - Example
ethane + chlorine chloroethane + hydrochloric acid
The Cl atom will replace a H atom resulting in an alkyl halide and the acid of the halogen (hydrochloric acid)
Substitution
You can also have an alcohol react with a halogen resulting in an alkyl halide and water
Ethanol + hydrochloric acid chloroethane + water
Elimination
Any reaction in which atoms are eliminated from another molecule
Done in three ways:› Elimination of H2
› Elimination of HX› Elimination of H2O
Loss of H2
Called dehydrogenation
Occurs in the presence of a base (eg. NaOH) and heat
ethane ethene + hydrogen
Loss of HX Alkyl halides undergo elimination reaction
This is known as dehydrohalogenation
Occurs in the presence of a base
Base extracts H+ and X- will leave; resulting in double bond formation
Loss of H2O
Alcohol can undergo elimination via the loss of water
Known as dehydration
a) Acid protonates the OH group, water leaves and C+ remains behind
b) An adjacent H+ leaves next leaving electron pair to form double bond
Addition Takes place with unsaturated compounds which
are usually more reactive than saturated compounds
Takes place with double and triple bonds
Two atoms are added across the electron rich bond
Four types of addition:› Addition of X2 (halogen)
› Addition of H2
› Addition of H2O
› Addition of HX (hydrogen halide)
Addition of Halogen Normally occurs in dissolved solvents
such as CCl4
Alkenes form dihaloalkanes
Alkynes produce dihaloalkenes or tetrahaloalkanes
ethene + chlorine 1,2-dichloroethane
Addition of Hydrogen Catalysts used such as Pt, Pd or Ni Known as hydrogenation Alkene becomes alkane Alkyne becomes alkene or alkane
ethene + hydrogen ethane
ethyne + hydrogen ethene
ethyne + (2 mol) hydrogen ethane
Addition of Water Occurs in the presence of an acid Know as hydration Alkene becomes alcohol Alkyne produces ketone or aldehyde
ethene + water ethanol
Addition of Hydrogen Halide HX = HCl or HBr or HI (NOT HF)
Alkene becomes alkyl halide
Alkynes form monohalo alkenes or dihalo alkanes (with halogen on the same C)
Rule for adding H and X› The halogen (X) will always add to the
more substituted carbon atom – the carbon that is bonded to the most carbon atoms
1-propene + hydrobromic acid 2-bromopropane
Step1: 1-propyne + hydrobromic acid 2-bromo-1-propene
Step 2: 2-bromo-1-propene+ hydrobromic acid 2,2-dibromopropane
Esterification Alcohol + organic acid water + ester
Used to make perfumes, scents and flavours
Combination reaction which involves dehydration
Alcohol becomes the alkyl group and the acid becomes -oate
propanol + ethanoic acid
propyl ethanoate + water