rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells made of dna and proteins contain the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells
Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome is
maintained by histones
![Page 3: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
3 forms of a chromosome› Chromatin – ball of
yarn› Chromatid – half of
an x, sometimes bent
› Chromosome – X Center of X is
called a centromere
![Page 5: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sex Chromosomes › Determine the sex of the organism› Males XY› Females XX› 2 out of 46 in the human cell
Autosomes› All the other chromosomes › 44 out of 46 in the human cell
![Page 6: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Chapter 8
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes
Section 1 Chromosomes
![Page 7: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Also called homologues 2 copies of the
chromosome› One from Mom; One from
Dad Have the same size Have the same shape Have the same
information (genes)
![Page 8: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Diploid › Cells that have
chromosomes in pairs
› Symbol 2n› Somatic cells or
body cells are like this
› Humans diploid number is 46.
Haploid› Cells that do not
have chromosomes in pairs
› Symbol 1n› Gametes are like
this Sex cells Sperm and egg cells
› Humans haploid number is 23.
![Page 9: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Section 2 Cell DivisionChapter 8
Cell Division in Prokaryotes, continued
• Binary fission is the process of cell division in prokaryotes.
![Page 10: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Asexual Reproduction› Production of
offspring from one parent
› Mitosis
Sexual Reproduction› Production of
offspring from 2 parents
› Meiosis
![Page 12: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
How do little elephants grow up to be BIG elephants?
![Page 13: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The process of asexual reproduction begins
after a sperm fertilizes an egg.
![Page 15: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Skin cancer - the abnormal growth of skin cells - most often develops on skin exposed to the sun.
Cell that reproduce by asexual reproduction reproduce constantly.
![Page 16: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Animated Mitosis Cyclehttp://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase & Cytokinesis
![Page 17: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• 3 phases• G1 – cell is growing• S – DNA is being copied• G2 – cell is preparing for mitosis
CELL MEMBRANENucleus
Cytoplasm
Nuclear MembraneAnd nucleolus are visible
CHROMATIN!
![Page 18: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
![Page 19: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide)• Chromosomes are visible• Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to
move to opposite end of the cell. • Spindle fibers form between the poles.
CentriolesSister chromatids
Spindle fibers
Nuclear membrane & nucleolus disappear by end of prophase
![Page 20: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Spindle fibers
Centrioles
![Page 21: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers at the centromere
Centrioles
Spindle fibers
CHROMOSOME
![Page 22: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
![Page 23: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell.
Centrioles
Spindle fibers
![Page 24: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
![Page 25: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Two new nuclei form. • Chromosomes appear as chromatin
(threads rather than rods).• Mitosis ends.
NucleiNuclei
Chromatin
Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are visible by end of telophase
Overlaps with cytokinesis!
![Page 26: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
![Page 27: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Division of the cytoplasm• Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells –
each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes.• Animal cells – form a cleavage furrow• Plant cells – form a cell plate, which becomes the cell wall.
![Page 28: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
![Page 30: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Plant Mitosis -- ReviewInterphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
![Page 31: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
IInterphasePProphaseMMetaphaseAAnaphaseTTelophaseCCytokinesis
IPMATIPMATCC
II PPrayray MMore ore AAtt TThe he CChurchhurch
![Page 32: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
![Page 33: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
![Page 35: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Section 2 Cell DivisionChapter 8
Control of Cell Division
• Cell division in eukaryotes is controlled by many proteins.
• Control occurs at three main checkpoints.
1. G1 checkpoint – check to see whether the cell is healthy and is large enough to divide
2. G2 checkpoint – check to make sure DNA is copied correctly
3. Mitosis checkpoint – if cell divided correctly, then signals are made to exit mitosis
![Page 36: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Chapter 8
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Control of the Cell Cycle
Section 2 Cell Division
![Page 37: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Section 2 Cell DivisionChapter 8
Control of Cell Division, continued
• When Control is Lost: Cancer– Cancer is uncontrolled growth of cells– Cancer may result if cells do not respond to
control mechanisms.– Can be caused by mutations in DNA
![Page 38: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Section 3 MeiosisChapter 8
Formation of Haploid Cells
• Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number in the original cell. • Start with 46 and end with 23
• Meiosis leads to four haploid cells (gametes) rather than two diploid cells as in mitosis.
• Done by germ cells• Meiosis produces haploid gametes.• Is considered sexual reproduction• Creates genetic diversity• Two divisions
![Page 39: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Section 3 MeiosisChapter 8
Meiosis I
• Meiosis I includes prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.
• Crossing-over, which is when portions of homologous chromosomes exchange genetics material, occurs during prophase I and results in genetic recombination.
![Page 40: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Homologous chromosomes (paired chromosomes) become visible
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
Spindle fiber starts to appear
Crossing over occurs – portions of the chromatid break off and attach to other homologous chromosome
![Page 41: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Chapter 8
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Tetrads and Crossing-over of Genetic Material
Section 3 Meiosis
![Page 42: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Homologous chromosomes (tetrads) line up at the equator and connect to spindle fibers at their centromeres
![Page 43: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Homologous chromosomes split and individual chromosomes move to poles
They assort independently of one another- independent assortment
![Page 44: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
There are 2 new cells at this point
Each new cell has half the number of chromosomes as the parent germ cell
So they are now haploid
![Page 45: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Has prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and telophase II
Exactly like mitosis Four new haploid cells result
› Four gametes› Depends on whether it is an animal or a
plant cell
![Page 46: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Chapter 8Section 3 Meiosis
![Page 47: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Spermatogenesis› Making of sperm
cells› Meiosis will result
in 4 mature sperm cells or spermatozoa
Oogenesis› Making of mature
egg cells, or ova› Meiosis will result
in 1 mature egg cell and 3 polar bodies that die
![Page 48: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Rod shaped structures inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells Made of DNA and proteins Contain the genes that make you, you! Shape of the chromosome](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110321/56649cda5503460f949a4223/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)