{.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the liilitations imposed by the subjects and experimentalcondition and on the basis of the results of this study, the followingconclusion was dra\rn.Weight-Jacket Group produced better performance rn 50 yard dashthen the other four groups.

REFERENCEa UppalA.K. and Jagdev Singh, "Compaiative Effect ofH€rness

Running. Weight-Jacket ^ Rlnning on Leg Strength.I-ength ofthe Stride and Sprinting Speed" SNIPES Journai6 (April 1986):47.Singh Jagdev. "Comparative E{Iects ofHarness Running andWeight-Jacket Running on I-eg Strength, Length of theStride arld Sprinting Speed". Unpublished Master's Thesis,Jiwaji University, 1982.RoyArunabha. "Comparahve of Accelemtion Running,Resistance Running and Sand Running on Spdnting Speed,Explosive Leg Strength and Length of the Stride"Unpublished Master's Thesis,. Jiwaji University, 1980.Hamak Harli'A. "The Effect of Selected ProsressiveResjstance Running Programme on Circulo-reabiratoryEfficiency Power and Free Running Speed." CompletedResea.rch in Health, Physical Education and Recreation 10{19681 i 98,Rogers Wm Dudley. "A Study to determine the effect of theweight offootball unifoms on speed and agility." Completedresearch in health, physical education and recreation 10(19681:111.

Lawman Ronald Grant. "Tow Training Method ofconditioning for the Development of Sprint Speed."Dissertation Abstracts International 37 (1977],t 4957 - 4954.Panny Giay Dee. "A study ot the effects ofresistance runningon speed, stuength, power, muscular endurance and agility"Dissertation Abstracts International 31 (February 1971) :

3937-4.

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PREVALENCE OF SELECTED POSTURALDEFORMITIES AMONG THE SCHOOL

CHILDREN OF RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OFSHIMLA

Preeti Sharraa

L aks hmib ai N atio naL u n, ",.o0 "r "no "!#"iilif.lcuatior (M.P), India.

Dr, L.N, Sarkat

Iakshmibai Natiornl Un "*n * rrr "r^ #ff"[rff .- 'Gw;lior (M.P), India.

ABSTRACTThe first objective of the study was to find out the prevalence ofs€lected postuml deformities i.e. kyphosis and flatfoot among theschool children of rural and urban areas of shimlalH. P. ) . The secondobjecrivewas ro fird outwhjch kLndof deformiryismoreprom nentin shimla. Kyphosis was measured by spondylometer and flatfootwas measured by pedograph. The data was analyzed throughpercentage t€chnique. In results it was found that fody threepercent children were postumlly deformed in rural part of shimla-And fif67 percent ofschoolchildren belonging to urbalx part of shimlaare suffering from one or other kind of postural d€formities. Oncomparing it was found that lvphosis was more prevalent deformitythan flat foot among school children of shimlaKeywolds : Kyphosis, Ftatfoot, School Children, Rural And Urban

INTRODUCTION"A thing ofbeauty is joy foreve!"

How tlue Keats observation is that beauty isjoy forever Good healthbasically dep€nds on good habits. Health and better structure ar€mutually dependent. The early years of childhood and adolescencein an individual's life are vital stages in the process of his growthand development. A child is most imprcssionable and most eagerand ready to l€arn during this period. So for the normal developmentof his mind and body, it is important to provide the rightopportunities in his early life.The word "postli re" comes from the Latin word "ponere" which meais'to put or place." The general concept of human posture refets to"the carriage oI the body as a whole, the attitude ofthe body, or the

a6)

position of the iimbs (the arms and lees)." Posture means theposition of body in space with special rcference to body parts. Postureconcerns the way an individual carries himself while sitting,standing, walking and lying. Posi\rre may be understood ftom thestadding point of an individual's own body and the rvay he uses,carries and hold's his body.

webster's New World M€dical Dictionary defines "neutral posture'as the stance which is attained "when th€ joints are not bent andthe spine is aligned and not twisted. ' A practical definition of correctposture is "proper manipulation of the joints to facilitate asustainable, comfortable, health-promoting updght position."

The word kyphosis refers to an exaggerated curvature of dorcalregion of the spine. It is a curving ofthe spine that causes a bowingor rounding of the back, which leads to a hunchback or slouchingposture. The word {1at foot means collapse of internal longitudinaland transverse arches of the foot combined with aversion. (J.L.Rathbons, 1946). Hence the present study was undertaken to:

l. Find out the percentage oflf/phosis among the school childr€nstudying in rural part of shimla.

2. Find out the percentag€ of flatfoot among the school childrcnstudying in urban part of shimla.

3. Find out which kind of deformify is more prevalent in shimla.

METHODOLOGYSample: A total of two hundred schoolchildren, hundred each fromrural and urban pads of shimla, Himachal Pradesh were seiectedrandomly as a sample of study. The age of the children were rangingtuom l0-12 yrs.

Selected Deforqrities: According to the literature, the two mostprevalent kind of postural deformiti€s were selected for the studyi.e. kyphosis and flatfoot.

Measurements: The Kyphosis was measured by Spondylometerand Flatfoot was measured with the help ofpaedograph.

Statistical techalque: To atalyze the data Descriptive statistics(percentage technique) was used.

RESULTS AND FINDINGSResults and findings of the data pedaining to the prevalence ofselected postuml deformities are grven and explained in Table i

Q7)

Most Prevale[t PosturalRunl and

Table-1Deformlties amo g the Children ofUtban Areas of Shimla

Name of PosturalDeformities

Percentage ofChildrenHaving Deformities

T ot^l Yo^ge

ofchildrenhaving

deformitiesRural(100)

Urban(100) R+U(200)

Flatfoot

Kyphosis

t7(t7%)

26(26%)

t9(t9%)

3t(3t%)

36(18%)

s7(285%)

Total 43(43%) 50(50%) e3(46.s%)*R+U= Rural+UrbarTable 1 reveals that in rural areas total forty three percent (43 %)children were having postural deformities out of which seventeenpercent (17% ) and twenty six percent {26%.} were having Flat footand Kyphosis respectively. While in urban a total of fifty percent(50%) children suffering frcm postural deformities out of whichnineteen percent{1g%) and thirty one percent (31%) were havingFlat foot and Kyphosis respectively.This tabie also depicts that the total number of kyphosis was filtyseven (57%) while the total number of Flatfoot was thirty six (36%)that clearly reveals that i<yphosis was the more prevalent deformityfound€rnong the school children ofrural and urban areas of shimla.

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONThis study shows that out of two hundred (200) selected studentsfor the survey, ninety tlree (93) schoolchildrcn (46.5%)were havingeither of the postuml deformity. This study supports the variousother similar kind of studies done by differcnt eminent rcsearchersofthe world.Similar to this study, Aiderman (1966) had conducted a survey studyand reported that ninety three percent ofsophomore girls at Belairhigh school, Houston, Texas, had postural faults. Similarly, CiortatI, Gotia DG (2008) had also reported that acquired deformations ofspinal corC (scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis) represents a frequentpatholos/ in child, their treatment is complex, with variable rcsultsivhich depend upon the various parameterc. Beulah France {1975)had stated after conducting a study that f€et grows for twenty years.

08\

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Il

At the age of five, forty one percent a.e headed in the wronedireclion more rhan half rhe children who rea.h the aee oi ren ar;future pedal cripples ro some degi-eFs.Through this study it was also found that kyphosis was moreprcvalent defomity than the flatfoot as its incidence was foundmore in numbers, The common r:eason for incidence of kvDhosismaj be the poor postural habir. maLnurririon, lack ol physicalexercise, improper training and tendency to lean forward especiallyin adolescent students due tovadous physiological changes takingplace in them during their this developmental stage.The reason for the occurrence of flatfoot is basically heredity andthis might be the reason for less occurrence of flat foot thanlg/phosis. The other major contributing factors may be use ofwrongfoot wears, overweight, malnutdtion, Iack of strength and physical

While doing this study lack of knowledge regarding prcper postureand postural deformities was found among the school children.The.efore it is recommended to make some quality progmmsregarding educating the posture and vadous other postural aspectsto the school children. As this will evade the chances of our vounpgeneration to be future cdppled.

REFERENCESa

a

aa

a

a

a

a

a

J.L. Rathbons, "Corrective Physical Education" {London W.B.Sounders Company, 1946) pf 3 1

Melba K. Alderman, " An Investigation of the Need ForPosture Education Among High Schooi Girls And SuggestedPlan oflnstruction To Meet These Needs", (Master's thesis,Unive6ity of Texas 1966)Ciartan and Gotia D.c. 'therapeutic algorithm ofidiopathicscoliosis in children' , rev med chir soc med nat lasi : 2008{Jan-March).Beulah Fmnce, "happy feet' herald ofhealth 45{Ap t 1975):6J.B. Cainett, 'Body Mechanics Education and Practica.l' {NewYork: the century company 1932) pg 36J.E. Goldthmith, 'Body Mechanics', 5th edition{Philadeiphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1952) pe129Billie Louise Crook, 'A scale For Measu ng the AnterioPosterior Posture Of Preschool Children", Res€archQuarterly 7(December 1936) pg 96A.Klein and L.C. Thomas, 'Posture and Physical Fitness' ,(children's burcau publication, Washington D.C. Govt.Printing Ofl]ce, 1931) pg 205Ceciie Asher, 'Postural Variations in Childhood', (LondonButterwoth and co. Ltd. 197q p aa..John M .Cooper and Ruth B. Glassow, kinesiolosr 3rd ed.(St Louis: the C.V. Mobsy Company, 19721pglBsURLAddress : w.tlrx. ncbi. nim. nih. sov

0e)

SURVEY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OFINDIAN WOMEN SOCCER PLAYERS

Trilok siugh chahatHectd,

DepannEnt of Phlsial Educatiott"Astha Educational hEtitute, Modi Nagar, Metrut (U.P.).

Pradeep singh chaha!

Lar.shmibai Nationat uni,","*.y "no ",IBoIIliii,Gualior lM.P), India.

ABSTRACTAn individual's socio-economic status may influenc€ hisopportunity for participation, his desire to excel his choice of activilyand his success. Therefore, the purpose ofthe study was to assessthe socio-economic status ofwomen soccer players oflndia. A totalof Fifty (N=50) women soccer players of India with age mnges 15 to19 years were selected from coaching camp organized by All IndiaFootball Fedention [A.LF.F.) held at l-€].shmibai National Universityof Physical Education (LNUPE), Gwalior as the subjects for thepurpose ol this study. A standardized questionnaire wasadministered to them in order to collect data regarding socio-economic status. The responses made by the subjects were cai.efuliytabulated and percentage ratio was calculated fo. all aspects andfactors of socio-economic status of subjects. Result showed thathighest individual score achieved for socio-economic status i3 53.Inwest individual score achieved is 32 and average score was 41.84.Further, the rcsults of the study also indicated that 46% womensoccer playerc come under lower socio economical status, 5470 ofwomen soccer players come under middle lower socio-economicalstatus, 07o of women soccer playels came under middle average,middle upper and high socio-economical status respectively. It canbe concluded that women soccer players suffers much morc incontext to socio economic statns and this might be the reason forftuitless performance of women's in sports and physical activities.

Key words: Socio-Economic Status, women soccer players andA.I.F.F,

INTRODUCTIONSport's is a social phenomenon of great magnitude. The generalcultuml setting, determines an individual's selection of the physicalactivity or sports. Sports is also recognized as an element ofculture,an individual's choice of an activity, level of participation and

iIt

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5

achievement level is not oniy due to his physical ability but varioussocial factors also exercise their influences in this direction. Ithas beeq felt that physique and possession of skills are not the beall and end all for a sportsman. Attitude, aptitude, intelligence,adjustment and personality of a player do help and speedup hissuccess. Socialization in sports roles is the resuit of the socialenvironment in which an individuai is brought up and the attitudeof those around him at least dudng his formative stage.l Anindividual's socio-€conqmic status may influence his opportunityfor participation, his desire to excel his choice of activity and hissuccess. However, as athletic prowess enhance social prcstige andacceptance, one in a low strata may be motivated to develop hisathletic prowess to gain social prestige and acceptance which isdenied to him otherwise being belonging to a low socio-economicstmta.2 The family seryes as a socializing agent for the learningof sport roles, it prcvides a structure frcm which ascdbed andachieved attributes impinge on a individual in a sport system; andit uses sport as an expressive micaocosm of the lal:ger society inits attempt to socialie children.3 Social environment is direcdvrelared to the a.hievement in sports, Some socreties don t allo;member ol the privilege group to reach such levels ofaccomplishment. The influence of the parents, siblings, interactionalso facilitates or inhibits socialization into sports roles. If a chiidis socialize inlo sport so thar participation or consumption becomesan integral facet ofhis or her life cycle. A number of social factorsplay an important role in influencing individual choice of aparticular profession or occupation or sports. These include paients'occupation, community background, income of the family, age,social status of the family. . Hence, the present study has beenformulated to assess the socio economic status of women soccerplayers of India with age ranges 15 to 19 years.

METHODOLOGYFor the purpose of this study total of Fifty {N=50) women soccerplayers of India \^'ith age ranges 15 to 19 years were selected fromcoaching camp organized by All India Football Federation (A.LF.F.)held at LNUPE, Gwalior as the subjects for the purpose of this study.The latest ' Socio-Economic Status Scale Questionnaire" preparedby Rajbir Singh, Radhey Shyam and Satish Kumar at (M.D.University, Rohtak) and supptied by National PsychologicalCorporation, Agra was employed to ascertain the socio-economicstatus ofthe subjects. Factors like education ofbrothers and sisterc,economic index, income, type of house lived in, materiaipossessions, cuiturai leve1 of family as judged by expenditure on

(31)

newspapers and magazine, the social prestige enjoyed etc. werecovered by this questionnaire. Another advantage of administrationof this questionnaire was that it is convenient to grade eachquestion objectively and also it enjoys high reliability (0.65 to 0.94)and validity {0.73 to 0.98). The questionnaire contained 25 socio-economical factors and was meant for both rural and urbanpopulation. Consent was taken from each subject willing toparticipate before the start of study. Subjects were frce to withdrawtheir names from study without asking for any reason. A11 subjectswerc administered and requested to fiil the questionnaire Eachstatement of the questionnaire describes different forms ofindiyidual's socio-economical status, Score was seen against eachrcsponse in the case of every question. The total score ofa subjecton the socio-economic status scale was the sum of the scoresobtained by him on all the items of the scale. The percentageratio was calculated for all aspects and factors of socio economicstatus of subj€cts. Total of the all raw scores of the 25 questionswas matched with the table of socio-economic class given in themanual supplied by the authors.

RESULTSIThe data collected was statistically analyzed and depicted below inTable.

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ISESI OF INDIAN WOMEN SOCCERPLAYERS

socroEcoNoMlc STATUS (SES) FREQUENCY

Lower SES

l,ower Middie SES

Average Middle SES

Upper Middle SES

SES

Above table reveals that 4670, 54o% and 0o% women soccer playerbelongs to lower socio-economic status, middie lower socio-economic status, and middle average, middle upper & high socio-economical status respectivelY.

DISCUSSION

Socioeconomic status is commonly conceptua-lized as the socialstanding or class ofan individual or group. It is often measured as

a combination of education, income and occupation 4 A combinafonof neighborhood, household, and individual factors ca:rr expiain

460/0

544/o

ovo

00/d

0'/o

Q2)

.{

socioeconomic inequalities in sports participation to a iarge extent.Interventions and policies should focus on ail the factorssimultaneously to yield a mar.imal rcduction of socioeconomicinequalities in sports participation. The results of the studyrcvealed that the maximum number ofwomen soccer player (50%)were came under Open/General category, 16% in OBC categor.yand 34% belonging to SC/ ST category. Maximum number ofwomensoccer players iived with nucieaL fanilies where as lesser in withjointfamilies. Only 12oZ ofwomen soccer players had large familiesof more than 10 members, Women soccer player in relation tofamily member's educational qualification abo.at 620/o ar'd 70a/ovr'omen soccer player responded for their grandfather's andgr.andmother's educational background. The players respond€dabout 100%, 9Oo/., a4yo ai:.d.64yo for their father. mother. brotherand sister's educational qualifications. However, the women soccerplayers responded 100% about their self educational background.Data rcvealed that 12y6, 16%a, 620/0 and lOoZ women soccer playerswere Graduate, 12th, 10th and 8th respectively. 87o women soccerplayers family were ea.ned more than 50,000 rupees per monthwhich was the highest option in the scale whereas 26yo worirerrsoccerplayers family were eamed less than 5000 rupees per monthwhile remaining (50%) earned between these mnges. 2470 womensoccer players and their family member were paying income ta-xwhile 76% women soccer piayers and their family members werenot paying any kind of tax. 20% families of women soccer playerswere saying 50,000 rupees per month, majority of families (44%)saved less than Rs. 1000 rupees per month, while 12% familieshad not saved alry amount. 27o women soccer player and their familyhave flxed deposit of2,00,000 to 5,00,000 rupees, majority ofwomensoccer players (3670) and their family had fixed deposits of5,000 to10,000 rup€es, whereas 10 women soccer players and their familyhad no fixed deposits. 47o women soccer players and theil familyspends more than 5000 rupees for different meais of entertainmentwhereas 60Z of women soccer players and their family were notspending any amount on means of entertainment. Maj o rity ofwomen soccer player and their family were living in own housewhereas only 6010 were living in rented and 10% were living ingovernment accommodation, Majority of women soccer players(6090) and Lheir family \ ere livinS in big house wirh 3 to 5 roomsand sr4?ll coultyard. Every women soccer player and their familyhad h6use with minimum 2 rooms. Most of th€ women soccerplayerc (42o/a) were living in village whereas only a few womensoccer player (10%)were having house in Town. 90% of the womensoccer players were having own house but they were living inrented or sovernment accommodation whereas 1070 of women

'l .

-\

soccer players were having their own houses and they were livingin rented or govemment accommodation. 47o women soccer playerhad more than 10 acre land for agdculturc purposes. Majority ofwomen soccer players (38%) have 2 to 5 acre agriculture landwhereas 449lo women soccer player had no ag cultuml property.Totai 4470 women soccer player had residential plots whereas 56010

women soccer player had no residential plots. 1470 women soccerplayer had possession of shops arld commercial propefty whereas867o women soccer player had not any shops or commelcial prcperry.None of the women soccer players had been a member of legislativeassembiy/council or Member of Parliament, board in State orCentral Government, office bearer of any social institution/organization, office beaier of any political party, office bearer ofany localbodies (gram panchayat, municipal committee, municipaicorporation, khap panchayat, union etc), Pujari, Molvi, Granthi inTemple, Gurudwara, Mosque etc. and office bearer of anygovernment or non-government educational association/society/body respectively. 2470 ofthe women soccer players were a memberof lor office b€arer) of reiigious bodies (i.e. Temple, Gurudwara,Mosque etc). 32% of the women soccer players were padicipatingregularly in academic/ social/ religious conferences/ semina6 /meetings etc. whereas 68010 of the women socc€r playerc wele notparticipating in any kind of activity. In the matter ofpossession ofgeneral transportation means and vehicle, 88% of the womensoccer players possessed. cycle, 44yo of the women soccer playerspossessed motorcycle ar\d,22o/o of the women soccer playerspossessed scooty/scooter. In the matter of possession of generalhousehold, most.of the women soccer playerc were having L.P.Q.connection, Radio, Mobile Phone, ColourTV, Fan and simple charr.Percentage ofthe population possessed the above thing werc 627o,62yo, B4o/o, 64o/o, 841o, aljd 74Vo respectively. But in the matter ofpossession of fax, microwave oven and internet were very low as2yo,6qo and 10% oniy. Majority of 709lo women soccer piayers werehaving ornament of gold whereas only 2470 ofwomen soccer playerhad other kind of ornaments except diamond, gold and siiver. Inthe matter of livestock 34% of women soccer players had cowwhereas 47o women soccer players had camel and goat. In thematter of poultry 26yo of womelr soccer playen had poultry forhousehold purpose and none of the women soccer players hadpoultry for commercial purpose. In the matter of fishery 6% ofwomen soccer players have possession of fish€ry of small scale,27o women soccer players had fishery on large scale and total B7o

of women soccer players had possession offishery. Above lindingsof the studv was also in partial consonant il.ith findings of StoneWillliamJames, Hasbrook Cynrha Ann and Grueau Richard S. Most

.i

Q4)

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important finding ofthis study was that 460Z women soccer playerbelongs to lower socio-economic status, 54% of women soccerplayers belong to middle lower socio-economical status. 07o ofwomen soccer players czrme under middle average, middle upperand high socio-economical status respectively. it can be concludedthat women soccer players suffers much more in context to socio-economic status and this might be the reason for frui essper{ormance of women's in sports and physica-l activities.

REFERENCESLoy Mc Phorson Kenyon, Sport and Social System, (AddisonWesley Publishing Company, 1978), p.227.Reuban B.Frost, Psycholoigical Concept Applied to PhysicalEducation and Coaching (l,opdon: Addison Wesley PublishingCompany, 1971), p.

Loy McPherson Kehyon, Spdrts and Social System (AddisonWesley Publishing Company; 1978), p. 94

Internet URL address: http: / /www.apa.org/ topics/socioeconomic-status/index.aspx, retdeved on may 15,2012.

Dubois Paul E., 'Participation in Sports and OccupationaiAttainment: A Comparative Study', Research Quarterly,49,41d974)t 421-429.Grueau Richard S., 'A socio-economic analysis ofcompetitions at the 1991 Canada Winter Games' Sportsand Social Order, (California Addison Weswly PublishingCompany, i965).Han Lee Seok, "Socio-economic Status and Parents ofRecreational Pursuits of Known Immigrant Preadolescentand Adolescent Youth in New York City", DissertationAbst.act International 51:4 (Oct. 1990).

Hasbrook Cynrha Ann,; "The Influence of Social ClassBackground on Childhood Sports Involvement' , DissertationAbstract International, 45: 1 1(May 1985):3301-A.

Jospher Judith A, 'The Relationship of Socio-economicStatus and Physical Fitness of Seiected Sixth Grade GirlsSiowo Balls, South Pakota", Completed Research in HealthPhysical Education and Recreation, 9(1959).

Lehman C.L., "The relationship of social class position andswimming proficiency" Completed Research in Health,Physical Education Recreation and Dance, 23 (194i).

a-{' 'a

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a

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economic groups", Dis351197qt476.

a Stone willliam James,

a

economic Status onResearch in Health,10(1966).

Williams WilbertSocio-economic Sin Elementary S Children". ComDleted Research in

influence of Race and Socio-sical Performance" Completedical Education, and Recreation

s, "The rclationship of Race andto Motor Ability and Athletic Skill

(30

A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF ADDITION OFDIAPULSE TO THE RICE PROTOCOL IN THE

TREATMENT OF ACUTEANKLE SPRAIN

Dr. V.D.Btndal,

"*'i#'iiitilif,l;ABSTRACT :

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of addition ofDiapulse to the RICE prctocol following acute ankle sprain. Sanpleconsisted of 20 footballers who sustained 1st degree sprain oflateralliganent of aflkle. Subjects werc randomly divided into two €qualgroups. croup A was trealed with RICE proro.ol whereas in CrouoB JO min. exposure Lo Diapulse *as added ro rhe RICE protocoi.Swelling, pain and disability were the outcome measures recordedon 1st, 2nd and 3rd day after heatment. Data analysis involvedone way ANOVA with level ofsignificance set at ,< 0.0S. Significantimprovement in the pain, swelling and disability scores wereobserved in both the groups. Reduction in the scores of pain andswelling was significandy more in group B in comparison to groupA after day one. The study demonstrated positive effects of theinclusion of the Diapulse in the treatment of acute ankle sprain.

INTRODUCTION :Pulsed high frequency el€ctromagnetic energJr (Diapulse) is acommonly used modality in the management of acute athleticinjuries. Diapuise equipment transmits radiowaves on an assipnedmedicai frequency of27.I2 megahertz ($ hich lies in I I meter wiave-band). The eners/ is delivered in short bursts of 65 microsecondsat six settings of 80 160-300-400-500 600pulses per second. peakwattages ranges ftom 293 to 975 watts in sir steps i.e. I 2 3-4-5-6and proper selection ensures effective depth of penetration of theeners/. The resting interval of 1600 microseconds betweensuccessive energ/ pulses reduces maximum average pulsed poweroutput to 38 watts resulting into dissipation of heating effect thatwould occur if ener$/ were continuous. Therefore, Diapulse beingan athermic procedure makes its application quite saJer and usefulin the treatment ofacute injuries. It assists the body in the heatingprocesses in areas of acute traumatic injuries (Ross, 1977). Pulsedelectromagnetic energ/ has been shown effective in rcduction ofswelling of soft tissues {Wright, 1973). Reduction of oedema ,absorption of haematoma and ind:ease in the blood flow withoutexacerbating acute inflammation have been reported following

(37\

application of this modaliry in hand tmuma (Barciay et al ,1983)and pressure ulcers (Comorosan et al , 1993).It is however theclinical tdals ivith regards to this modality that are not widelyreported.With regards to its use in ankle injury some studiesreported a positive effect ofDiapulse in terms ofreduction ofpain,swelling and djsabilirJ (Wilson,I972., Wjtson,tgT4; pasjla, i9761whereas rhe anolher have reponed no effecl ( Barker et al , I g85;Mccill ,i988).There is no kno$r:I contraindication to the use ofthemodality other than not to use it over an implanted heatt Dacemaker{Hersh, 1972). and aiso rhat ir can be appLied over surgicaidressings,plaster casts, adhesive tape wrappings or metai implants, thusfu her making this modality completely safer for treatmentpurpose. The effect of addition of Diapulse to the standard RICEprotocol have not been reported .Keeping this into considerationthis study was planned to examine the effect ofaddition ofDiapulseto the RICE protocol in the management of the acute ankle sprain.

METHODOLOGY :

20 Physical Education male students at LNIPE cwalior ages 17-24years compdsed the subject matter of the study. These studentsrepoded to the Physiotherapy division of the institute for thetreatment within 24 hours of injury with a diagnosis of lateralankle sprain of gmde I and II, which they sustained during July2003 to April 2005 in football. These students were randomly allottednumbers for inclusion in the two equal groups - crcup A & GroupB. The treatment protocol consisted of RICE protocol as describedbelow for both the $oups. In the crcup B the Diapulse was addedfor 30 min two times a day after the application of ice andcompression bandage in leg elevated position. Diapulse machinemanufactured by Diapulse Corporation of America was used forthe treatment.a ICE : ice application consisted of dipping the injured ankle

for 10-15 min in a bucket containing waterwith ice flakes.2 times a day.

a Compression : after ice application elastic crape bandagewas appiied by a qualified physiotherapist in figure of 8fashion. The patientswere instructed to remove and reapplythe crape bandage every two hours.

a Rest: patients were taught non weight bearing 3 point gaiton crutches and were asked to keep the leg on pillows whenin beC.

a Elevation: patients were advised to keep the leg elevatedas far as possible for most part of the day.

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Diapulse. in croup B patients, Diapulse was added to theprograrnme , Patients received 30 minutes beatment tivotimes a day for 3 days at the frequency of 600 Hz atmaxrmum penetration depth 6 to the vicinity of lateralasDect of ankle.

Outcome measures: swelling, pain and disabiiity were the outcomemeasures evaluated on a 0-4 scale after one day, after two days &aJter th.ee days post treatment on day 1 , 2 and day 3 post treatment(Table 1) by a therapist who did not have any infomation about thePatlents treatment protocol.

Ankle circumfelence was measured using fig. ofB technique whichis shown to have high intra rater and inter-rater reliabilitv(Tbiagraj ef al ,2003j.Data analysis involved one way ANOVA with repeated measuresfor each of the variables . Post Hoc Tukey test was used to identifythe differences between the means. The level of sienificance waskept at p< 0.05Table . Numerical grading ofsign and symptoms (Wilson, 19221

t'

Sign Grade Synptoms

S$elling 0 No changeinankle circumltrcnce Nhen compared io LDinvolyed

anKte

I Increased circunrfercnce of 0-Z irch

2 """0f %- I inch

3 ""of l-l|/, inches

4 "" > l% inches

Pain 0 No pain

I Pain only after walking some distance

2 Pajn on laking e\en one step

3 Pain when rest on the couch

4 Severc pain rcq ed analgesics

Disabiiiry 0 No disabiliiy

Walks with slighi linp

2 Walks Nith considerable dillcuhy

Can walk only with lhe help ol sLrppofiing amr

4 Cannot \valk at all .

(3e)

RESI'LTS :

Tables 2,3 and 4 present the ANOVA tables of pain, swelling anddisabjliw respectively. The calculated F ratio in all the categorieswas more than the tabulated F ratio at p, 0.05. Post Hoc Tukey testfor pairl data revealed the significant intra group differencesbetween after one day & after two days, after two days & after tbieedays, & between aJter one day & aiter three days. The inter groupdi{Ierences at day one was not significant, ho$/ever at afler twodays & after thrce days the signilicdnt differences were observedbetween the groups. Similar trends were also observed in theswelting data and disability data. The rcsult is depicted in fig. I forpain, fi9. 2 for swelling, and fig. 3 for disability.

Table 2, ANOVA table for patrl

Source ofvadatlotr ss MS F

Between GroupsWithin GroupsTota-l

78.3333

29.4

107.733

5

54

59

o.544444 28.771*

*=p<o.05

Table 3. ANOVA table for swelllng

i

.Ai.|1

.:ll

Souice of Vadatlon ssl df MS F

Between GroupsWithin GroupsTotal

78.93333

26.4

105.7333

$.74667o.496296 31.80*

*=p.o.05

Table 4. ANOVA table for dtuabllity

Source ofvadatlon ss MS

Between GroupsWithin GroupsTotal

70.1333

43.6

113.733

5

59

t4.02667o.4o7407 17.37*

*=p<0.05

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fig .1: comparison of the pain scoresbetween the groups

321

0

E croup A

m Group B

day 1 day2 day3

:l

)

fig 2 : comparison of swelling scoresbetween the groups

4321

0day 1 day2 day3

fig 3 .comparison of disability scores

between the groups

32'l

0

E Group A

fll Group B

day 1 day2 day3

(4r)

DISCUSSION :

While the exact mechanism responsible for the eflicacy of Diapulseis yet to be elucidated, it is generally beiieved that pulsedradioeners/ repolarjses the depolarized ceLl membrane ol thedamaged cells reversing the injury potential and gives the tissuea directional polarity which adds to resolution of oedema (Goldin etal ,1981).The main finding of this study is that the addition of 30min. of Diapulse therapy given two times a day at the dose of 38watts to the RICE protocol adds to early resolution ofthe signs andsymptoms of the ankle sprain of grade L This finding is inagreement with the results of Wilson {1972), Pasila et al. (1978)andPennington et al.(1993|.However it is in va-riance with the resultof Mccill (1988) and Barker et al. (1985).

Pennington et al. (1993) rcported a significant decrease in ankleoedema following one treatment with Diapulse. However in ourtdal the intergroup oedema score became significant only from2nd day onwards. This indicates that addition of Diapulse on theday one did not bdng about any additional rcduction in oedemaover and above that of RICE protocol. Wilson et at (i972) apptiedDiapulse for one hour and reported positive eflect, whereas Mccill(igBB) apptied it for 15 min and reported no efect . Scott (1996)hasattributed these conflicting results to the differences in thedosimetry used in these two studies and has opined that probablythe dose us€d by Mccill was not sufficient enough to b ng aboutthe effect. To elucidate further on the dosimetry we used a 30 minprotocol and substantiated the observation of Wilson et al. 119721.It is important to establish in the future studies whether delivervolhigh po\ er Diapu lse for shoner duration leads Lo t}le same resuli.Limitations of the study include a relatively small sample sze anduse of only one machine which did not make it possible to conducta double blind study . In conclusion the study provides evidence forthe addition of Diapulse to the RICE protocol in the treatment ofankle sprain . Further clinical trials are .equired to establish themost effective dosimetry of the modality.

REFDRENCES :a Barker AT, Bbarlow Ps,Porter J et al. A doubte blind clinical

tdal oflow power pulsed shortwave therapy in the treatmentofa soft tissue injury. Physiotherapy .1985. 7(12): 500-504.

a Barklay V,Collier RI, Jones A. Treatment of various handinjuries by pulsed electromagnetic energ/ ( Diapulse)Physiotherapy, 1983. 69(6): 186 188.

{

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a Comorosan S; Vasilco R, Arghiropol M, paslaru L, Jieanu V,Sleiea S.The effect of Diapulse therapy on the healing ofdecubitus ulcer. Rom J Physiot. I993 Jan-Juni3o{t -2); I -45.

Goldin JH, Broadbent NRG, Nanca:rrowJD,Mar.shallT. Theeffects ofDiapulse on the heaiing olwounds; a double blindraidomized conkolled trial in men . British Journal ofPlastic Surgery 19AI, 34,267 -27O.

Hersh BJ. The Adjunctive application of Diapulse Therapyfor foot traumas. Current Podi€.f|y,\9?2.Mccill SN .The effect of pulsed shortwave therapy on tatera_lligamett ankle sprain New Zealand Journal ofPhysiotherapy. i988. December 2I -24.Pasila M, Visuri T, Sundholm A, pulsatins shortwavediathermy: value in trearment of recenr anile and footsprains. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1928 Aug;59(8):383-386.Pennington cM, Dar ey DL, Sumko MH, Bucknell A, NelsonJH.Pulsed, non-thermal, high-frequency eleckomagneticenerff (DIAPULSE) in the treatment otgrade I and grade IIankle sprains. Mil Med. 1993 Feb; 158(2):lO1-104.Ross J. Utilization of Pulsed high pedk powerelectromagnetic energr (Dipulse therapy) to acc;bratehealing processes. Digest Intemational Symposium.lg77June 20-22.Stanford University, Califomia. USA: 146-149.Scott S . Short\^,?ve diathermy .In Kitchen S arld Bazin S(eds)ClaJrton's Electrctherapy . W B Saunders Company, I_ondon,1996,154-178,Thiagaraj c, Sinha AG, Sandhu JS. Determination ofreliability and concurrent validity of a new method of ankleedema .measulement.Physiotherapy . \ol 1 2OO3-4 ,26{abstract}.

tl Wilson DH. Treatment of soft tissue injury by pulsedelectrical energy British Medical Journat.l9Z2.29 ,12:t269-27O.

a Wright c. Treatment of soft tissues and lisamentousinjuries in professional lootballers, physiotfrerapy.t gZS .Sg(2):385-387.

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COMPARISON OF SELF CONCDPT BETWEENCRICKETERS OF SPORTS COLLEGE AND LOCAL

ACADEMY OF LUCKNOW

Prof. V, K. Dabas

". r.u.

".t. o*,,r.,. o.f i lfiiiJ.Dr, Viktat! SitxghAssisfant Professor,

Dept. of Phgsical Education, B H U. varanasi

';":,:Hj"H:,'jDept. of PhA siccrl Educatiotl. B. H.U. Varanasi

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to compare Self_Concept betweenc cketers ofsports Coliege al1d local academy of Lucknow. A totalof forty cricketerc of under-19 level comp.ise of twenty each ftomG. C. S. sports College and L. D. A. coaching centre and LucknowCricket Academy of Lucknow were selected as subjects for thestudy. The age of the subjects mnged between 16 to 19 yeais Thevadable selected for the purpose of this study was: Self Concept.The self-concept scores of the subjects were obtained by using self-concept Questronnaire (SCQ) developed by Dr' Raj Kumar Samswat.(r=0.911. To compare the Self-concept and Sports Momlity betvreenSports College and local academy cricketers of Lucknow student t-test was applied at .05 levei of significance. The analysis of datausing t test for finding the significance differences betweenCricketers on Self concepts belonging to Sports College and localacademy, showed a significant difference. Spods college mean ismore than the local academy, which indicates high self concept ofCricketers of Sports College as compared to iocal academy. Thefollowing conclusions are drawn: The self concepts showedsignificant difference between Cdcketers belonging to SportsCollege and local academy. Cricketers of Sports College showedbetter Self concepts as compared to Cricketers beionging to localacademy.

Key words: Self-Concept, Cdcketers.

INTRODUCTIONSelJ- concept is apercon's perception of himself /herself (Shavelson,

Hubner. & Stanton, 1976). 'These perceptions are formed throughexperience with, and interpretations of, one's envtonment. They

(44)

i^t..-:9::l.lll influenced bJ evatuarions b] sisniticant orhers,rernrorcemFnts. etnd attributions forone s behdviour, lMarsh, 1990,p.B3J.

Each behavior of an indi\iduaj, simple and comp,ex is jnfluencedoy now he or she sees himsell or herself. Ii an indi\ idual feels heis ac.epted socially. he will acl frjendly and compararivFty. Resedrchsructes. trom several areas of behavior. have shown Lhat how se,lconcept built in early years of tife and re;nforcea by taierexpedences, influences behavior and characteristics ,"."tiorr" iopeople and situations. Because self_ concept is dominant elementin personality pattern, the measurement of sef_con"ept Oecomes

very essential. If we want to understand perconality ofa; indiyidualand predict his Life adjuslment and ht success and f" ij ,;;, ;;cannot proceed further without knowing this self_concept.The, purpose of the study was to compare Self_Concept betweencdcketers of Sports College and locat academy of Lucknow.11.was hyporhesized lhat lhere mighr have been signili,.rnrorrrerence-rn means ol Self Concepr berween unciFr_19 r;ickerersor Jports Uollege and local academy of Lucknow.

PROCEDURE AND METHODOLOGYA total of forty cricketers ofunder-19 level comprise oftwenty eachlroT c. q S. Sporrs Co ege and L. D. A.

"or,ting ".ni;. ;JLucknow cnckFt Academ) of Litcknow were selected as subjFctsfor the study. The age of the subjects ranged between 16 ; i9years.

The variable selecled for the purpose ol this stu.ly wds: Selr( oncepr. I he sel concept scores of rhp subJects were obtajned b)usrng self-con^cepl Quesrjonnaire (SCe) developed by D-. Raj Xu-nar\iaraswat. lr=O_9llThe quesrionnaire, thal is, sellcon.ept $as administered duringthe evening training sessions on dlternare days ot und"r_19 leve'icomprise of twenty each ftom c. G. S. Sports College and L. D. A.coaching centre and Lucknow Cricket Academy of iucknow.

T,:o-O*: lhe Sell-concepr and Sports Moralily berwecn Spo:rs(ollege and local academy crjckerers ol Lurknow student i_testwas applied at .05 level of signifrcance.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF THE FINDINGSTo study Selfconcept ofunder 19 cricketers ofsports College andLocal Academy of Lucknow. Mean and standard deviation; werecomputed a:rld data pertaining to that have been presented in table_

(4s)

Table-1Mean aIld Staldard DeviatioD ofCricketers on Self_CotrceDtbelonging to sports coltege and tocal aca;;;".**t'

Variable Groups Mean StandardDeviation

Self-ConceprSpo.ts College 192.60 9.76

Local Academy 179.8 ll.6

m$ports college

Means scotes ofselfconcept betweea sports college anal localacademy cricketers

The result perra;ning lo rhe siSnifican.e of differen.e betweenrne means ot .rr.keiers on soorrs rdrdlity belonging ro Spo;rsCollege and local acad"my u." p."""rrt"d in table_2. -

It is evident from table_l rvhich ciearly indicates the mean and

i"!"i'T:'9 :;', lif I s":'ff [::"':H il-J]:'."J:,:."r"]i.Hii# T H 1 l.? ?i,';: .'i^l i3"- ;i,i;J,.. Ii sp..

" i"l"e" I'i194192{9018818618418218017$176174172

(46)

belonghg to sports colleg€ and local academy.

Mean s. D. D.M, D.M. t-Ratio

Sports College 192.6

779.8

9.76

11.6

12.A 3.17 4.03

Significaat at .O5 level

Table-2Signilicance ofmean difference of Cdcket€Is on Selfconcept

t valu€ to be signilicant at .O5 = 2.025From table 2, it is evident that there is significant differencebetw€en Cricketerc on Self concepts belonging to sports coliegeand locai academy, test means in the Self concepts where thecalculated t ratio was 4.03, which was greater than tabulated tvalue 2.025 at .05 level.

The analysis of data using t test for finding the significancedifferences between Cricketers on Selfconcepts belonging to SportsCollege and local academy, showed a significant difference. Sportscottege mean is more than the local academy, which indicateshigh self concept of Cricketers of Sports College as compared tolocal academy. This may be attributed to the fact that Cricketersof Sports College have better perception regarding their physicalstrength and body heaith. They have better sense ofworth in socialsurrounding. They view their prevailing emotional state orpredominance of particular kind of emotional reaction. Theyestimate th€mselves morally worth, conscious enough todifferentiate between right and wrong. They believe to have theproblem solving abilit-res and have betterjudgments during criticalsituation.

DISCUSSION OF TYPOTHDSIS

In the iight of findings ofthe study the hypothesis that there mighthave been significant difference in means of Self-Concept betweenunder-19 cricketers ofSports Coltege and local academy ofLucknowhas been accepted.

CONCLUSIONS

On the basis ofthe findings ofthe study, the following conclusionsare drawn: The Selfconcepts showed signifrcant difference betweenCrlcketers belonging to Sports College and local academy.

Cricketers of Sports College showed better Self concepts ascompared to Cricketers belonging to local academy.

(4Tl

REFERENCESa Singer Robert N., "Physical Education Foundation" (New York:

Richard and Winston Publishers, 1976).a Verma J. P. 'A text book on sports statistics" (Venus publication,

cwalior 2000).a Ziegler Susan, "An overview of Anxiety Management Strategies

in Sport' cited by Williarn F. S. Thred, Sport Psycholog/: An Analysisof Athletes Behavior (New York: Ithaca Publishers, 1992).

a cale Encyclopedia of Psychologr', 2nd ed. Gale Group, 2001.Retdeval date: April 19th, 2008 from BNRf.com.

a Harter, Susan, 'The Development of Self-Reprcsentations." InHandbook of Child Psychoiog/, Vol. 3: Social, Emotional, andPerconality Development, sth edition, edited by Wiliiam Damonand Nancy Eisenberg. New Yorki John Wiley and Sons, 1998.Rerrieved on: April i9.2008 from socialjrank.org.

a Jeanne Mekolichick, "Amateur bodybuilders' self-concept: Anexploratory examination" Radford Unive6ity, Department ofSociologr and Anthropolo$r, Radford, Viryinia 24 142. Retrievedon: Aprit 19,2008 http:// scout. cs. wisc.edul scout/report/

a Cone Stephen L., "The Relationship between Self Concept andSelected Physical Characteristics among Female VarsityAthletes and Non-Participants Completed Research in Health,Physical Education and Recreation 22 (1980).

a Dunn John G. H. and Dunn, Janice L. Lausgrave, "TheRelationship between goal orientations, sportsmanshipattitudes and the perceived legitimacy of injuriousCompetitions Behavior Among either and youth ice hockeyplayerc' Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sports (1997).

I Dorothy V. Harris, Comparison of Physical Perfomance andPsychological Traits of College Women with High and LowFitness Indices Completed Research in Health, PhysicalEducation and Recrcation (196a).

a Mason W. F., 'An Investigation of the Relationship betweenthe self-conc€pt and Physical Fitness of White, American,Indian and Black Women College Student", DissertationAbstracts International 40 (September 1979).

a Brenda Jo Light Bredemeice, University of California atBe.keley, Supplement Journal ofsports and Psychoios/, 1993Voi. i (NASPSPA ABSTRACTS).

a saraswat Raj Kumar, Manual for Self Concept Questionnaire(AgIa: National Psychological Coryoration, 1984).

a Young Marry L., 'Physical Fitness, Estimation of Fitness andPhysical Ability and Self-Concept' , Abstracts of Research Paper(Boston: AAHPER Convention, 1981)

148)

I

COMPARISON OF COORDINATIYE ABTLITIESBETWEEN TABLE TENNIS AND BADMINTON

PLAYERS

Dr. PushDendra PirtashwaniAss; Prafe sso t, L. N.U. P. E,

Gualior IM.P.). India

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to compare the coordinative abilitiesbetween table tennis and badminton players. The selectedcoordinative abilities were O entation Abilities, DifferentiationAbilities, Reaction Abilities, Balance Ability and Rhythm Abilities.Twenty table tennis and twenty badminton male players ofnationaland inter university level in the age grcup of 19 to 24 were seleatedas subjects of the study. The selected coordinative abilities testsfor the purpose of data collection were Numbered Medicine BallRun Test, Backward Medicine Ball Throw Test, Long Nose Test,Ball Reaction Exercise Test and Sprint At Given Rhythm Test. t-test lvas employed to find out the significance difference betweentable tennis and badminton players in the five coordinativeabilities. No significant difference was found in the coordinativeabilities of table tennis and badminton Dlavers.

INTRODUCTIONCoordinative abilities are performance pre-requisites which areprimarily detemined by the mechanism involved in the controland regulation of movement.

Coordinative abilities helps faster and effective learning and alsohelp to achieve high lev€l perfomance coordination ability help toimprove the technical development and €ffective use of physicaluarnrng.Being racket games, there arc many simiiadties between tabletennis and badminton. Both involve rackets. Both involve hittingan obj€ct over the net and scofing when your opponent cannotreturn it. Both sports can be played 1-on-1 or 2 on 2. Tennis andbadminton both have worldwide appeal and are Olympic discipline.There are many charactedstics which are almost similar to eachother. Table tennis and badminton both emphasize on similarathletic skills like reaction time as player of table tennis andbadminton are able to quickly react to his opponent's strike. Inspite of this reseancher felt that there would definitely be manyother chaiacteristics with regards to coordinative abilities, which

(4e)

make them distinguish from each other. Hence, with desiredthough and expectation researcher feit necessary to attempt tocompare the coordinative abilities between table tennis andbadminton players.

The selected coordinative abilities were: -li\ Oriahr'fi^-Al'ilifipc

{ii) Differentiation Abilities(ii i) Reaction Abilities(iv) Balance Ability(v) Rhythm abilitiesit was hypothesized that there would be no significant differcncein the coordinative abilities oftable tennis and badminton players.

PROCDDURE

Twenty table tennis players and twenty and badminton maleplayers ofnational and inter university level in the age group of 19to 24 were selected as subjects ofthe study. The data was collectedduringvarious competitions such as Inter Universiq/ competitions,State championships, State Ranking Tournaments and otherRegular Practice Session by administering various coordinativeability tests as suggested by Peter Hirtz in CoordinativeFeahigheiten in School Sports.A11 the tests were demonshated and expiained to the subjects priorto their administration. The subjects wer€ given a chance topractice to become familiar with the test. There was no time iimitin performing the test but the subjects were rcquested to put intheir best.

The selected coordinative abiiities tests for the purpose of datacollection are as follows: -1. Numbered Medicine Ball run Test (to measure the Orientation

Ability)2. Backward Medicine Throw Test (to assess the Differentiation

ability)3. Long Nose Test (to measure the Balance Ability)4. Ball Reaction Exercise Test (to measure the Reaction Ability)5. Sp nt At Given Rhythm {to measu.e the Rhythmic Ability)To find out the significance differenc€ between table tennis andbadminton players in the five coordinative abilities t-test was usedfor testing the hypothesis. The level of signilicance was chosen at0.05.

,r

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,:

I

I'i

FINDINGEt, Table - 1comparlsor of The Meaas of coordilative Abilities of Table

Tennls erld BadmlIltor Players

s.No.

Variabl€s Means ofTableTennisplayers

Means ofBadminton

Players

DM >-DM t-ratio

I OrientationAbility

t6.77 t6.67 0.1 0.40 0.811

2. DifferentiationAbilities

7.1 '7.15 0.005 0.05 0.944

3. ReactionAbilities

t.63 1.68 0.05 0.71 0.47

4. Balance Abilih 6.99 6.90 0.09 0.32 0.787

5. P&)4hmabilities

7.t5 7.1 O.I I 0.28 0.74

Total value required for signilicance at .05 level of signficancewith 38 de$ee ot fteedom - 2.O2.

RESULTS1. There was no significant difference between table tennis and

badminton players in the Orientation AbiLify as the calculatedvalue (0.81) was less than the table value (2.02) at .05 level ofsignificance.

2. In case ofDifferentiation Ability of table tennis and badmintonplayers no signilicant difference was seen as the calculatedvalue (O.94) was less than the table value (2.02) at .O5 level ofsignificance.

3. In case ofReaction Ability there was no significant differenceas the calculated value {0.47) was less than the table value12.o2L

4. The Balance Ability also had the similar outcome as therevras no $ignificant difference between table tennis andbadminton players as the calculated value (0.78) was lessthan the table value (2.02).

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5. The same case was observed in lhe case of Rhythmic Abilitjof the table tennis and badminton players as the calculatedvalue (0.74) was less than the table value (2.02).

DISCUSSIONOn the basis of findings of the stLrdy the hypothesis is made earlieras there will be no significant difference in the coordinativeabilities of table tennis a.rld badminton players is accepted. Ttismay be attributed due to similar characteristics and nature of bothoI the games as well as their players.

REFERENCES

i Barrow, Harold M.; Mc Gee; Rosemary and Tritschler,Kathleen A. Practical Measurement in Physical Educationartd Sports 4tll Ed., (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1979).

II

Chakraborty, Women Gymnastics Fundamental andApparatus, 1979.

Fleishman, Alwin A. The Structure and Measurement ofPhysica-l Fitness {Englwood Clifbs: N.J. Prentice Ha.ll Inc.,1964.)

)

a

a

a

a

Hardayal Singh, "Science of Sports Training" (New Delhi:

Haire, Dietric,verlag, 1985).

Principles of SporJs Training (bralin sports,

school sports1984],

Hirtz, Peter, Coordinative Feahigheiten in(Berlin: valk 6'rtd wison valk seigner verala,

D.V. Publications, 1991).

(s2)

I

'.1,i.,

,l

FATNESS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE(cvDl RrsK FAcToRs

Mr. Pradeep Singh ChahatPhD Scholar,

Lakshmibai Natiotnl Uniuersit! of Phgsical EducatitaGualior lM.P), Indila.

Dr, L.N. Sarkar

Lakshmibai Nationalun *"r* "t"nnur",

##iir?,Gualior (M.P), Indb.

ABSTRACTcardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major causes of disabili8and prematurc death in most of the developing countries especiallyin India where it increases many folds. Therefore this study wasundertal<en to lind out the inteffelationship between Body Fatnessand CVD dsk factors, in healthy army soldiers. A total of 120heaithy army soldiers with mean age 34.616.6 years, werc selectedas a subject for the study from 90 Amored Regiment, Gwalior,(M.P.). Alt subjects were examined for Percentage of Fat (FAT%),Waist Hip Ratio (W H R), Body Mass Index (B M I), Waist to HeiShtRatio (W HT R), Blood Pressure (Systolic and Diastolic), Tdglycerides{TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), High-Density Lipoprctein Cholesterol(HDL-C) and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C). Therelation between Body Fatness vaiiables and CVD risk factors wereassessedwith the help olPeaison product moment correlation usingSPSS 20 version. Body fatness was signillcantly correlated withmost of the cVD risk factors. B M I was significantly related tomost of the risk facto$ whiie insignificant with LDL, TRIG and TC.W H R and W HT R were also significantly related to most of tllerisk factors except LDL and TC. Likewise, FAT 7o, was significantiyrclated to most of the dsk factors while insignificant with HDL,TRIG and TC. The results of the present study indicated that fatnessvariables were more associated with CVD risk factors. Therefore,we can say that fatness va able play an important role in pointingout the dsk factors in healthy adults and have good associationwith CVD'S. However, the error associated with level of CVD is notnegligible and requires further investigation

I<ey word: Body Fatness, CVD Risk Factors and Army Soldiers

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INTRODUCTIONThe health care needs of the world's population are likely to undergodramatic changes du€ to the ongoing demographic transition. Non-communicable diseases (NCDS), such as diabetes, cancer,depression and heart disease, arc rapidly replacing infectiousdiseases and malnutrition as the leading causes of disability andpremature deathl. Cardiovascular diseases account for highmorbidily and mortality all over the world. Countries where theepidemic began early are showing a decline due to major publichealth interyentions. On the other hand, cardiovascular diseasesare contributing towards an ever-increasing proportion ofthe non-communicable diseases in the developing countries2-3.Cardiovascular diseases have assumed epidemic proportions inIndia as well. The Global Burden of Diseases (cBD) study reportedthe estimated mortality ftom coronary heart disease (CHD) inlndiaat 1.6 million in the year 20004. A total of nearly 64 million casesof CVD are likely in the year 2015, of which nearly 61 miltionwould be CHD cases (the remaining would include stroke,rheumatic hea:rt disease and congenital heart dis€ases). Deathsfrom this group ofdiseases are likely to amount to be a stagge ng3.4 millions. In Indian urban middle-SEs subjects there is highprevalence of cardiovascular risk factors6. There is a strong positivecorrelation of increase in coronary heart diseas€ in India withpdmordial dsk factors of urbanization, excessive fat intake, faultydiet, tobacco consumption, and sedentary lifestyle7.In the follow-up study, Subjects who got fatter as measured bypercentage of body fat, they had. a 26y.,7I%, and 48% higher riskof developing hypertension, metabolic syndrome, andhypercholesterolemia, respectively, when compared withindividuals who lost weight. Similar results were observed whenBMI was used as the criterion for fatness levels. In joint analyses,t}le rcsearchers found that patients who had stable or increasingamounts of fatness in combination with loss of fitness hadsignificantly higher rates of cardiovascular risk factors whencompared with the reference group, that being individuals whogained fitness over time and lost fat. Researcher obsewed thatlosing fitness regardless of fat changes and getting fatteriffespective of the change in fitness levels were associated with ahigher dsk of developing metabolic syndrome. The adverse ellectsof getting fatter were attenuated slighdy if fitness was maintainedor improved, while declines in fitness could be offset by reductionsin body-fat percentage.8 Obesity a:rld associated CVD risk factorsare becoming an important public health issue ior children andadolescents lchu et al., 19981; however, there have been few

t\.

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population based studies to investigate obesity and its associationwith CVD risk factors in youth. The risk of death during exerciseis low; death in individuals over 35 yearc of age is usually theresult of atherosclerotic CAD, whereas younger individuals aremore likeiy to suffer from congenital cardiac malformationsg.Hence, the purpose of the present study was to analyze therclationship between Body Fatness and CVD risk factors amonghgalthy army soidiers.

METHODOLOGYFor the purpose of this study total of One Hundred and Twenty(N=120) healthy army soldiers with mean age 34.6i6.6 years, wercselected as a subject for the study from 90 Armored Regiment,Gwalior. Body fatness variables included Percentage of Fat (FAT%),Waist Hip Ratio [W H R), Body Mass Index (B M I), Waist to HeightRatio (W HT R) while CVD risk factors included Blood Pressure(Systolic and Diastolic), Triglycerides (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC),High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low-DensityLipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C). All Body Fatness measurementswere taken from each subject using standard procedure, BloodPressure by Sphygmomanometer and Lipid Profile by SemiAutomatic Analyzer. All the blood samples ftom the subjects werccollected by phlebotomist, and analyzed by an expert pathologist.As an e),?ert pathologist he is competent enough to collect andanalyz€ the blood. Written consent was taken from each subjectwilling to participate before the start of study. Subjects were freeto withdraw their names from study at any time without asking forany reason, Measurements were made on a consecutive daysbetween 06:30-10:00 AM. Subjects did not eat up to eight hoursbefore testing, rcfrained from exercise for at least the previoustwelve houls, Pearson product moment cofielation as a statisticaltechnique used to find out the relation betw€en fatness vadablesand CVD risk facrors using SPSS 20 version.

RESULTSThe scores ofeach of the independent selected variables offatnesswere correlated with dependent/criterion variable, thecardiovascular disease fisk factors (CVD), in order to find out therelationship between the dependent and independent vadables,which are depicted in Table 2.

i

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Charact€ristic N Mean Stan. Dev.

BMIWHRFATVT

WHTRSBP

DBP

HDL

LDL

TRIG

TC

120

120

120

t20

120

t20

120

t20

r20

t20

23.7024

.8855

16.10t2

.4683

119.6833

78.2583

35.46'78

t07.9901

128.0819

t69.8243

2.605t3

.04662

6.24986

.o4417

8.306r0

6.70068

7.85899

32.38993

59-42610

30.98834

Table 1 Subject Characteristlcs:

Table 2 Relettonsbip of Fatness Variables to CardlovascularDlseese Risk Factors

:|:

t\

I

SBP DBP HDL LDL TRIG TC

BMI

WHR

FAT%

WHTR

.496

,4A1'

.240"

.509"

.460'

.28i

-.202'

-.195'

.039

-.224^

.063

-.002

-.212'

.059

.161

.361'

.102

.204'

.130

.160

112

.'159

N= 120*significant at .05 levelr.os (118)=.195Above table reveals that tie Body mass index {BMl) was signi{icantlyrelated to LDL, TRIG, and TC, whereas significant relationship wasobtained between other risk factors. Waist hip mtio fwHR) was notsignjficanrly related ro LDL and TC, whereas significantrclationship was obtained between other dsk factors. Fatyo wasnot significaLtly related to FBS, HDL, TRIG, and TC, whereassignificant relationship was obtained between other risk factors.Waist to height ratio (WHTR) was not significantly rclated to LDL

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l'\

and TC, whereas significant relationship was obtained betweenother risk factors. Therefore these selected fatness variables seemto be more contdbuting to CVD risk factors.

DISCUSSIONIn middle-aged men, Obesity and physical inactivity is associatedwith diabetes fisk, increased BP, dyslipidaemia and insulinresistance. The present study was performed to investigate therclationship between Body Fatness and CVD risk factors amonghealthy soldierc. Within the limitation, the results of the studysuggest that, Fatness variables werc significantly related to mostof the CVD risk factors. Waist Hip Ratio and Waist to Height Ratiostrongiy and significantly related to SBP, DBP, HDL and TRIG. Thissludy is novel in that it focused on using non-invasive, inexpensiveBody Fatness measures in relation to C\aD risk in healthy soldiers.Above iindings of the study is also in partial consonant with findingsof Eisenmann JC et. al. (2005); Clarice L. Martins et. a1. (2010);Non-Eleri Thomas et. al. (2007). It is especially unique in that itincluded a variety of body fatness measurements. So, we come onthe conclusion that as we concentrate on body fatness variablesi.e., BMI, WHR, WHTR and FAT% of the individual, reduction in therisk of CVD in healthy men will be achievable. As many as 30,000people die prematureiy every year from obesity related conditions.Some experts believe obesity is responsible for more ill health thansmoking. Being significantly overweight is linked to a wide rangeof health prcblems.1o Preventing fat gain is important to reducethe risk of developing CVD risk factors in healthy adults. Sportsscientist and physical educationist must designed the progmmsin such a way that they give more emphasis on to increase cardio-respilatory activity through lifestyle modification, including diet,may have significant in reducing the incidence of CVD risk inthese populations.

REFERENCES

I Math.ts CD, Bernard C, Iburg KM, Inoue M, Ma Fat D,Shibuya K, €t al. Global burden of disease in 2002: datasources, methods and results. Global Programme onEvidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper No. 54, Geneva:World Health Organization; December 2003 (revisedFebruary 2004).

I World Heaith Organization. Noncommunicable diseases inSouth-East Asia region. A profile. New Delhi: World HealthOrgaiizatron; 2402 .

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a

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Reddy KS, shai B, Varghese C, Ramadoss A. Responding tothe threat ol chronic diseases in India. Lancet 2OOSi 36611744-9.

Murray CJL, l,opez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regionsof the world: Global burden of disease study. Lancet 1997;34911269-76.

Burden of disease in India, Background papers foi theNational Commission on Macroeconomics. New DelhiiMinistry of Health and Faflily wellare, Govemment of India;2005.

Rajeev Gupta et, al.; Twenty-year trends in cardiovascularrisk factors in India and inlluence of educational .status,European Joumal ol Preventive Cardiolos. September 26,2011 .

Butler RN, Davis R, L€wis CB, Nelson ME, Strauss D. Physicalfitness: Benefits of exercising ior the older patient.Geriatrics 1998; 53:46-62.

Interret address; http: / /www. theheart.or*/ atti.cle I1351677.do

Maron BJ, Shirani J, Poliac LC, Mathenge R, Roberts WC,Muelier FO. sudden death rn young competitive athletes;Cltuiical, demogmphic and pathological proliles. JAMA 1996;27 6:199 -2O4 .

Internet address; http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physicalhealth/ conditions/ obesity. shtml

Bela Shah & Prashant Mathur, Surveillance ofcardiovascular disease risk factors in Ind€: The need &scope, lndian J Med Res I32. November 2010. pp 634-642.

Eisenmann JC, wickel EE, Welk GJ, Blair SN; Relationshipbetween adolescent fitness and fatness and caldiovasculardisease sk factors in adulthood: the Aerobics CenterLoneitudinal Study (ACLS); Am Heart J. 2005 Jan;149(1):46-

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Cla-rice L. Maitins, Lars Bo Ande$en, Luisa M, Aires, Jos6C. Ribeiro and Jorge A. Mota; Association between Fitness,Different Indicators of Fatness, and ClusteredCardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors in PortugueseChildren and Adolescents; The Ope Sports SciencesJoumal,2010, 3, 149-154 149.

Non-Eleri Thomas, Stephen-Mark Coopei, Simon P.Williams, Juiien S. Baker, arld Bruce Daviesj Relationshipof Fitness, Fatness, and Coronary-Heart-Disease RiskFactors in 12- to 13-Year-O1ds; Pediatric Exercise Science,2007. 19.93-10r.

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Form IV(See Rule 8)

1. Place of Publication

2. Periodicity ol its Publication

3. Printer's Name

Whethe! citLen of India)(tf foreigner, state country of origin)

Address

4. Publishert NameWhether citizen of Indi4(Il foreigner, state count4. of origirl)Address

5. Chief Editor's Namefwhether citzen of India)(If foreigner, state country of odgin)Address

6. Name and addresses of individuals{If foreigner, state country of origin)Address

Bi-Annualsu Eansa.l

Yes

welcome ufiset rrlnrersLohiya Bazar, Lashkar

Gwalior

Prof. {Dr.) G,D. GhaiYes

Lakshmibai NationalUniversity of PhysicalEducation,Shakti Nagar,cwalior - 474 0o2 M.P.

ONDIA)Prof. (Dr.) L. N. Sarka.rYes79, Lakshmibai NationalUniversity of PhysicalEducation Shaki Nagar,cwalior - 474 002 M.P.

Lakshmibai NationalUniversity of PhysicalEducation Shaldiflagar,Gwalior - 474 002 M.P.

PUBLISHER

I Dr. G.D. Ghai hereby declarc that the Palticular3 mentronedabove are tlue to the best of my knovtledge.

July-Dec., 2011

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