The Renaissance, Reformation, & Scientific Revolution

The Renaissance

Renewed interest in Greek & Roman literature & life Study of grammar, rhetoric, history, & poetry

Humanities WRITERS Petrarch-1304-1374, scholar & teacher, lead a full &

active life (less time to spiritual concerns) Niccolo Machiavelli- 1469-1527 (diplomat & historian)

The Prince- how gov’t actually worked Castiglione- 1478-1529- The Book of the Courtier-

Polite society

Italian Renaissance Artists

Paintings stressed the world beyond everyday life Realism Technique of perspective Leonardo da Vinci- painter, sculptor, engineer,

architect, scientist- The Last Supper, Mona Lisa Michelangelo- Poet, painter, architect- Sistine

Chapel, statue of David Raphael- Beautified the Vatican, Virgin Mary

Northern Renaissance

Germany, Netherlands, France, England Printing- Johannes Gutenberg- Printing Press (The

Bible) Erasmus- Argued for a return to the simple

message of Jesus, Spirituality, The Praise of Folly Thomas More- Utopia William Shakespeare- Writer, personality & human

emotions

Protestant Reformation

Split the church in western Europe and created several new churches

1st break Roman Catholic Church- Germany Indulgences Appalled the Northern humanists- Spiritual

Martin Luther

Received a good education Considered himself a terrible sinner & worried

about the salvation of his soul Entered the monastery No comfort in the church Comfort in inner faith in God Lutheranism 95 Theses, about indulgences Denounced by Church

Luther’s Break

Again we see the questioning of ceremonies Considered his church a “priesthood of all believers” Wrote 3 publications, attacked the pope Luther would be banished Protected under Frederick the Wise Translated the New Testament to German Eventually the Old Testament as well Emperor Charles V opposed Luther Princes supported Luther protested the emperor Protestants Baptism & Communion

Spread of Protestantism

Peace of Augsburg 1555 German Ruler could choose religion of the state

Sects (Anabaptists) Anglican Church- England

Henry VIII- Wanted to divorce his wife Pope Clement VII (exceptions) Denied divorce Withdrew from Catholic Church Anglican Church created, head was the king

Catholic Reformation

Calvin & Calvinism Zwingli- Influenced by Erasmus & Luther Met w/ Luther- disagreed on forms of worship Zwingli died, John Calvin would carry on Reformation in

Switzerland Institutes of the Christian Religion (Every aspect) Calvinists Retained Luther’s reliance on faith & the Bible But also Predestination (the elect)

Calvin & Calvinism Cont.

Geneva, Switzerland- Theocracy Calvinism spread to France- Huguenots Catholic French monarchs considered them a

threat Bloody Civil Wars- Edict of Nantes

King Henry IV- freedom of worship Puritanism- England & North America

Counter Reformation

More Spiritual outlook Also- Clarify Church Doctrines, Pursued an

aggressive campaign against Protestantism TACTICS

The Inquisition (heretics) Index of Forbidden Books

Council of Trent Banned the sale of indulgences Ceremony

Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation

Jesuits Ignatius de Loyola- Spiritual Exercises Like a military body, Spread of Catholicism Stressed Education

Results of the Religious Upheaval

Different Churches New interest in education

Humanists’ concerns Reading Increase in power on Nat’l Gov’t Decrease in power of the pope Protestant Regions- Gov’t lead the church Catholic Regions- Rulers loyal to the pope

obtained control over churches

Culture & Daily Life

Magic & Witchcraft Nothing was considered an accident Superstitions Wise people- “Good Witches” Bad Witch- “Burn Her!!” Witch Hunt

Spread of Knowledge

Broadsides Almanacs Daily Life

Standard of Living▪ Inflation (costs)▪ Diet (Food)▪ Housing

Scientific Revolution

Ideas came from the Greeks & Romans Scientific Method Astronomy, Physics, Anatomy

Copernicus▪ Challenged Ptolemy’s Theory (geocentric)▪ Heliocentric (Sun is the center of universe)

Kepler & Galileo▪ Kepler Supported Copernicus mathematically▪ Galileo- Telescope– Physical Evidence

Vesalius & Harvey▪ Vesalius- Anatomy On the Fabric of the Human Body▪ Harvey- The Heart

Triumph of Science

Descartes Discourse on Method- everything had to be proved “I think, therefore I am.”

Bacon Observation & Repeatable experiments produced theories

Newton The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Combined Copernicus, Kepler, & Galileo Laws of Motion & Gravity

Leibniz (German) Calculus

Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) Discovered bacteria

Hooke (England) Cells in living matter

Boyle (Anglo-Irish) Modern Chemistry