© rainer bauböck1 diversity and integration rainer bauböck austrian academy of sciences research...

© Rainer Bauböck 1

Diversity and IntegrationRainer Bauböck

Austrian Academy of SciencesResearch Unit for Institutional Change

and European Integration

Österreichische Liga für Menschenrechte

Working Conference „Migration and Integration“ 14 and 15 March 2003

Vienna, ÖBV


• Why „integration“ got a bad name(in some progressive circles)– pretext for stopping immigration– synonym for assimilation– transnational and deterritorialized communities

• How to rehabilitate „integration“– multiple meanings: cohesion, federation,

inclusion– cultural toleration, accommodation, recognition– political integration in city, state and EU


Integration vs. Immigration?

• „Integration before new immigration“– integrate first those who are here– stop first new admissions

• Does integration require immigration stop?– admission rights independently of integration:

EU citizens, refugees, family reunification– family reunification contributes to integration– new temporary and irregular migration


Integration as Assimilation?

assimilation - a one-way process– transitivity: making similar

or becoming similar?– extent: adaptation of behaviour

or transformation of identity?– time scale: individual life-span

or intergenerational?– coercive or voluntary?– segmented assimilation as failed integration


Assimilation and Racism

assimilation is possible yes no

yes compulsory assimilation

racist double-bind

assimilation is required

no pluralism segregation


Transnationalism vs. Integration

• Integration into what?– postnational and globalized societies– deterritorialized migrant communities– migrants not immigrants

• overlapping memberships– secure residence and rights in two societies

• two features of political borders– permeability for flows– demarcation of jurisdictions


Multiple Meanings of „Integration“

• alternative concepts– France: insertion – US: incorporation – Israel: absorption

• three meanings of integration– cohesion– federation– inclusion


Asymmetric two-way integration

• Two-way process, but not always symmetric• two aspects of integration

– public institutions open for newcomers– newcomers do not set up parallel public

institutions

• cases of non-integration of immigrants– indentured foreign workers– colonial settlers


Toleration, accommodation and recognition

language religion toleration private language use,

e.g. ethnic media private places of worship, private religious schools

accommodation

interpreter and translation services, transitional bilingual education

religious exemptions from public regulations (dress codes, animal protection…)

recognition

bilingual maintenance programs, mother tongue teaching

public law status for religious denominations, religious instruction in public schools


Political integration in the city

• Greater diversity than nation-states

• urban destinations and identities for migrants

• public culture shaped by diversity

• open borders

• automatic residential citizenship


Political integration in the state

• boundaries of nation-states– immigration control

– automatic citizenship through birth, but not residence

– voting rights generally tied to nationality

– public culture shaped by national language and history

• political integrating of immigrants– immigration rights

– equal rights for third country national residents

– ius soli, right to naturalization, dual citizenship

– public culture reflecting immigration


Political integration in Europe

• Is national citizenship outdated in EU?• direct access to Union citizenship for

migrants?• should national citizenship be derived from

Union citizenship?• winning majority support for European

integration and for integration of immigrants

© rainer bauböck1 diversity and integration rainer bauböck austrian academy of sciences research...

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