personneliitrindia.org/admin/enviromentalreport/efcb74ed-62eb-4e...petroleum gas (lpg), coal, etc.]....

CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow

Post-Monsoon 2017 Page i

PERSONNEL

Team Leader : Dr S.C. Barman

Co-Team Leader : Dr G.C. Kisku

Er A.H. Khan

Dr Jyotsna Singh

Other Participants : Mr. Tajuddin Ahmed

(Technical) Mr. Pradeep Shukla

Mr. Khalil Ahmed

Mr. B.M. Pandey

Other Participants : Ms. Priya Saxena

(Project Fellows) Mr. Hamid Kamal

Mr. Ankur Dixit

Mr. Mohd Irfan

Ms. Riddhi Rai


Post-Monsoon 2017 Page ii

CONTENTS Page No.

Salient Features of the Study at a Glance 1

1.0 SUMMARY 2

1.1 INTRODUCTION 3

1.2 MONITORING LOCATIONS AND METHODOLOGY 9

1.3 RESULTS 10

1.3.1. Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM or PM10) 10

1.3.2. Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 10

1.3.3 Sub Fraction of Fine Particles (PM1.0, PM0.56, PM0.32, PM0.18, PM0.1) 10

1.3.4. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 11

1.3.5. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 11

1.3.6. Trace Metals 15

1.3.7. Noise Level 16

1.4 TRENDS OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN LUCKNOW CITY

1.4.1. Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM or PM10) 17

1.4.2. Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 17

1.4.3. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 17

1.4.4. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 17

1.4.5. Noise Level 22

1.5 HEALTH EFFECTS 25

1.6 CONCLUSIONS 26

1.7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION OF AIR POLLUTION 29

Acknowledgements 30

Annexure-1: Assessment of Ambient Air Quality during Pre-Diwali, 31

Diwali and Post-Diwali Festival, October 2017


Post-Monsoon 2017 Page 1

Geographical Position : 26o 52' N Latitude

80o 56' E Longitude

128 m above Sea Level

Area : 310 sq. km.

Population : 28,150,33 as per 2011 Census

Projected Population : 65 lakhs as per Master Plan 2031

Climate : Subtropical climate, cool dry winter

(Dec. - Feb.) & summer (Mar - Jun.).

Temperature about 450C in summer

to 30C in winter. Average annual

rainfall about 100 cm.

Total Vehicular Population

in Lucknow city as on 31/03/2017 : 19,78,345

Growth of Vehicle over 2015-2016 : 6.1%

Total No. of Filling Stations : 123

(Petrol/Diesel/CNG)

Consumption of Petrol : 1,93,345 KL

Consumption of Diesel : 2,30,626 KL

Consumption of CNG : 3,21,34,736 kg

Major Source of Pollution : Automobiles, D. G. sets, Civil

Construction activities

Parameters Monitored : PM10, PM2.5, Sub fraction of fine

particles, SO2, NO2, trace metals

and noise levels

Study Conducted by : Environmental Monitoring Division

CSIR-IITR, Lucknow

Salient Features of the Study

GGGGGGGlanceGArea Glance



ASSESSMENT OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY OF LUCKNOW CITY DURING

POST-MONSOON, 2017

1.0 SUMMARY

This study was carried out during the month of September-October, 2017 (Diwali

period not considered) to investigate the status of air quality by monitoring and

assessment of some selected air pollutants namely Respirable Particulate Matter

(RSPM or PM10), Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen

dioxide (NO2) and noise level at 9 representative locations, categorized as residential

(four), commercial (four) and industrial (one) areas in Lucknow city. The results

revealed the 24 hours concentration of PM10 to be in the range of 99.5 to 358.4 µg/m3

with an average of 196.6 µg/m3, whereas 24 hours PM2.5 level were found to be in the

range 50.5 to 166.4 µg/m3

with an average of 101.5 µg/m3. The average values of

PM10 and PM2.5, irrespective of the locations were found to be above the permissible

limit (PM10 =100 and PM2.5 = 60 µg/m3) prescribed by MoEF. Twenty four hours

concentration of SO2 and NO2 were found in the range of 6.8 to 20.7 and 20.3 to 91.5

µg/m3 with an average concentration of 13.8 and 50.5 µg/m

3 respectively and all the

values were below the permissible limits (80 µg/m3). Trace metals Ni and Pb were

found to be associated with PM10 . Twenty four hours concentration of Ni was found to

be in the range of 4.18 to 57.71 with an average of 22.26 ng/m3. The average Ni

concentration was found to be above the permissible limit of annual average (20

ng/m3). In case of Pb, 24 hours concentration in PM10 was found to be in the range of

105.41 to 516.38 with an average of 199.87 ng/m3

which was within the permissible

limit (1000 ng/m3). Noise levels during day and night time were in the range of 64.8

to74.9 dB(A) and 61.3 to 70.3 dB(A) respectively in residential area which were

above the permissible limits (day time 55.0 and night time 45.0 dB(A)). The

corresponding values of commercial area day time ranged between 71.0 to 76.0

dB(A) and night time 62.4 to 70.0 dB(A) exceeding the limits (day time 65.0 and night

time 55.0 dB(A)). In industrial area recorded day time value, 75.5 db(A) and night

time 71.7 dB(A) was slightly higher than limits of 75.0 and 70.0 dB(A) during day and

night time respectively.



1.1 INTRODUCTION

Air quality monitoring programmes across the country reveal a constantly declining

trend in urban air quality which is in turn responsible for a marked increase in

morbidity and mortality rates in our cities. In spite of the changed human mindset and

government initiatives like the Swachch Bharat Abhiyan alongwith ongoing

regulatory efforts, much remains to be done. The fast growing human and vehicular

population in urban areas coupled with a boom in the construction and other service

oriented industries has led to an unprecedented increase in Urban Air Pollution. As a

result of such deteriorations, there is a serious concern prevailing among the health

conscious people who are living in metro cities especially in developing countries

mainly in South Asia. In the present context, it is a reality that innumerable losses in

all aspects of the environment including climate change are simply not measurable.

RSPM (Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter) or PM10 alongwith PM2.5 or Fine

Particulate Matter can be identified to be the main culprit behind worsening of air

quality in most of the North Indian cities. Scientific research and evaluation is going

on throughout the world regarding air pollution, its source and effects especially on

human health and its outcome. The matter is serious enough and is gradually

becoming one of the priority concerns of the government as well as a challenge for

the policy makers, regulatory bodies, administrators, workers and scientific

community.

The post monsoon season witnesses a number of changes in ambient air quality such

as the dipping of night time air temperatures resulting in the formation of an inversion

layer that traps pollutants near the ground level. India being primarily an agrarian

economy, the months of September and October are marked by preparations for the

Rabi or winter season crop. Such preparations often include burning of agriculture

residue from the previous cropping season producing a huge amount of smoke, dust

and particulate matter which reaches adjoining cities. This is also the time when the

Diwali festival or the “festival of lights” is celebrated with huge pomp and show in

the entire country. Burning of fire crackers during this festival also adds to the already

deteriorating air quality. Therefore, this season observes high pollutant concentrations

in most of the North Indian cities.



The sources of air pollutants in urban areas namely tail pipe emission from vehicles,

generator-sets, industrial operation, burning of solid waste, urban kitchen waste, re-

suspension of soil, etc. generate a number of pollutants in the air such as Particulate

Matter (PMs), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and other inorganic

(trace elements) and organic pollutants (PAHs), etc. Major sources of these pollutants

are due to burning of fossil fuel [petrol, diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), Liquid

Petroleum gas (LPG), coal, etc.]. Due to change of technologies and change of fuel

consumption patterns, the composition ratio of each pollutant is also changing over

time. The changing scenario demands continuous assessment of air quality as well as

its health effects.

When a pollutant is released in the ambient environment from its source it interacts

with other pollutants and micrometeorological factors which may enhance its

complexation in nature and make it more harmful to human health. So it is necessary

to identify the pollutants, their sources, transformation as well as fate of each

pollutant and subsequently their impact on environment including living beings.

In view of the above facts, it is the need of the hour to look into the air quality of our

city Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh which has a population of 28.15 Lakh

(Municipal Corporation + Cantonment) as per 2011 census and an area of 310 sq. km.

Vehicular traffic is the main source of particulate air pollution in Lucknow city.

Continuous emission of pollutants from vehicular traffic adversely affects the

ambient air quality as well as the health of human beings. The number of different

categories of vehicles registered with RTO (Regional Transport Office) Lucknow is

19,78,345 as on 31.03.2017 which is 6.1% higher over the last year (Table 1). Uttar

Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) introduced bus services under

the banner “Lucknow Mahanagar Parivahan Sewa” on different routes of Lucknow

city. The details of bus routes and number of buses plying as on 31.03.2017 are given

in Table 2. In Lucknow city there are 123 filling stations for petrol, diesel and

CNG operated by different oil companies (Table 3).

As per Oil Marketing Company [Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), Bharat Petroleum

Corporation Limited (BPCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation (HPCL)] the



consumption/ sale of petrol and diesel was 1,93,345 and 2,30,626 KL as on 31-03-

2017. It is observed that petroleum sale has increased by 11.36% whereas sale of

diesel has increased by 26.38% (Table 4). In Lucknow there are six CNG filling

stations and consumption of CNG during last year was approximately 3,21,34,736 kg

(2016-17) which was 6.24% higher than the previous year (2015-16) (Green Gas

Limited, Lucknow). Distribution and number of CNG vehicles in Lucknow is

summarized in Table 5. Considering the above, assessment of ambient air quality of

Lucknow city was carried out at 9 locations during post monsoon (September-

October), 2017 with respect to PM10, PM2.5, sub fraction of fine particles (PM1.0,

PM0.56, PM0.32, PM0.18, PM0.1), SO2, NO2 and Noise level with the following aims and

objectives:

To assess the ambient air quality with respect to PM10, PM2.5, sub fraction of

fine particles (PM1.0, PM0.56, PM0.32, PM0.18, PM0.1), SO2, NO2, Trace metals

and Noise level.

To study trends of pollutants over a period of time.

To assess day and night time noise to ensure compliance of permissible noise

levels.

To create a database for future use.

To create public awareness about environmental pollution.



Table 1

Comparison of Vehicular Population in Lucknow

S.

No. Type of Vehicle

Number of Registered

Vehicles as on 31st March

%

Change

2015-16 2016-17

1 Multi Articulated 3891 3556 -8.61

2 Light, Medium and Heavy weight Vehicles

(Four wheeler) 23188 26225 13.09

3 Light commercial vehicles

(Three wheeler) 3537 3408 -3.65

4 Buses 3466 3324 -4.09

5 Taxi 11957 10003 -16.34

6 Light Motor Vehicles (Passenger) 9019 7606 -15.67

7 Two wheelers 1480458 1582255 6.88

8 Car 267012 274853 2.94

9 Jeep 30399 35592 17.08

10 Tractor 25094 24919 -0.70

11 Trailors 1648 1727 4.79

12 Others 4887 4877 -0.20

Total 18,64,556 19,78,345 6.10

Source: RTO, Lucknow



Table 2

Details of Lucknow City Bus Service, 2017

S.

No

Route

No. To and Fro

No. of

Buses Frequency

1 11

BBD – Chinhat - Gomti Nagar - Alambagh

12 15 minute

interval

Malhaur Railway Station - Gomti Nagar - Dalibagh - Charbagh

Charbagh - Alambagh - Avadh Hospital - SGPGI

Charbagh - Alambagh - Sardar Patel Dental College

BBD - Chinhat - Awadh Hospital

Charbagh - Alambagh - BBAU

Charbagh - Alambagh - Gopesh Kunj - Kalindi Park

Khargapur - Patrakarpuram - Alambagh

2 12

Barabanki - Safedabad Crossing - Ramswarup College - Tewariganj -

BBD - Chinhat - HAL Nishatganj - Sikindrabad - KKC College -

Charbagh

24 15 minute

interval

3 12 D

Charbagh – KKC- Vikas Deep-Husainganj-Burlington—Bapu Bhawan-

GPO-Shakti Bhawan- Sikanderbagh- Dainik Jagaran-Trikonia Park-

FUN Republic-Lohia park-BB D Academy- CMS- Vishal Khand—PS

Gomtinagar-Chinhat More-matiaretoraha-mati-DEVA.

05 45 minute

interval

4 23

Integral University-Gudamba-Vikasnagar– Nishatganj -Sikandrabad -

Hussainganj - Alambagh - Rajnikhand 17 10 minute

interval Gudamba - Badshanagar - Avadh Hospital

5 31

IM Sector Q-Beligaradh-PNT-Purania-Kapoorthala-ChanniLaL -

Mahanagar -Gole market - Badhshanagar - Nishatganj - Hussainganj -

Charbagh - Alambagh Chouraha.

2 60 minute

interval

6 31 A

Charbagh - Hussainganj - Sikandrabagh - Gokhale Marg - Nishatganj -

Badshahnagar - Gole market - Channilal-Kapoorthala-Purania-

Engineering College - Sewa Hospital - Bakshi Ka Talab

1 120 minute

interval

7 33 Engineering College - Charbagh - Alambagh - Scooter India 12 20 minute

interval

8 33 C

Bhitoli - CDRI Chowraha - Jankipuram - Purania - Mahanagar -

Badshahnagar - Nishatganj - Hussainganj - Charbagh - Alambagh

Cowraha.

4 20 minute

interval

9 33 S

Bhitoli Chowraha - Engineering College – Kapoorthala - Badshahnagar

– Nishatganj – Hussainganj – Charbagh – Alambagh -Bhudeswar

Chowraha - Dr. Sukuntala Mishra University.

1 180 minute

interval

10 33

PGI

SGPGI - Telibagh - Alambagh - Charganj - Hussainganj - GPO -

Mahanagar - Engineering College. 8

12 minute

interval

11 33 LU Parivartan Chowk - IT Chowraha - Vivekananda Hospital -Kapoorthala

- Engineering College - New Campus Lucknow University 2

45 minute

interval

12 43 H New High Court-Polytechnic-Munshiphulia-Khuramnagar Chowraha-

Jagrani Chowraha-Teriphulia-Dubagga Chowraha 04

45 minute

interval

13 45 Virajkhand - Gomti Nagar - Charbagh - Alambagh - Paasi Kila -

Aurangabad - Shahid path 14

15 minute

interval

14 48 B Kesarbagh-Bapubhawan-Chief minister house-Lohia Chowraha-

Polytechnic-Aahimou-Khurdahi Bazar-Gosainganj-Haidergarh/ 02

120 minute

interval

15 500 S Raja Suchana Aayog-Kamta Chowraha-Aahimau-Uttaria-PGI-

Mohanlalganj-Sisandhi 01

120 minute

interval

Total 107

Source: Lucknow City Transport Services Limited.



Table 3

Fuel Outlets in Lucknow City

S.

No. Agency

Number of outlets as

on 31st March 2017

1 Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) 51

2 Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL) 37

3 Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL) 26

4 Compressed Natural Gas Stations (CNG) 9

Total 123

Source: Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), Lucknow, Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL),

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation (HPCL), * CNG Source: Green Gas Limited, Lucknow.

Table 4

Consumption of Fuel in Lucknow

S.

No. Agency

Petrol in kl High Speed Diesel in kl CNG in kg

Apr. 15

to

Mar. 16

Apr. 16

to

Mar. 17

%

Cha-

nge

Apr. 15

to

Mar. 16

Apr. 16

to

Mar. 17

%

Cha-

nge

Apr. 15

to

Mar. 16

Apr. 16

to

Mar. 17

%

Cha-

nge

1 IOC 90507 103065 13.87 86101 91101 5.81 -- -- --

2 BPCL 50570 54630 8.03 54990 55655 1.20 --- -- --

3 HPCL 32540 35650 9.56 41390 83870 102.63 --- -- --

4 Green

Gas -- -- -- -- -- -- 30246000 32134736 6.24

Total 173617 193345 11.36 182481 230626 26.38 30246000 32134736 6.24

Source: Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), Lucknow, Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL),

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation (HPCL), CNG Source: Green Gas Limited, Lucknow.

Table 5

Distribution of CNG vehicles

S.

No. Vehicles

Number %

Change 2015-16 2016-17

1 Auto Rickshaws 4343 4343 --

2 Tempo Taxi 2575 2575 --

3 Buses (UPSRTC) 260 260 --

4 Buses (Private) 34 40 --

5 School Buses 1099 1201 9.28

6 School Van 1404 1731 23.39

7 Private Vehicles 205 205 --

8 Private Cars 9783 10851 10.92

Total 19,703 21,206 7.63

Source: RTO, Lucknow



1.2 MONITORING LOCATIONS AND METHODOLOGY

Nine air quality monitoring locations representing different activities/areas i.e., four in

residential, four in commercial cum traffic and one industrial area were selected for

the study as summarized in Table 6 (brief description of each location is given in our

earlier reports (Pre and Post monsoon, 2010) and parameters along with methodology

is given in Table 7.

Table 6

Monitoring Locations

S.

No. Locations Activities

1. Aliganj Residential

2. Vikas Nagar Residential

3. Indira Nagar Residential

4. Gomti Nagar Residential

5. Charbagh Commercial cum traffic

6. Alambagh Commercial cum traffic

7. Aminabad Commercial cum traffic

8. Chowk (King George’s Medical

University campus) Commercial (sensitive zone)

9. Amausi Industrial

Table 7

Parameters and Methodology for Air Quality Monitoring

S.

No. Parameters

Time

weighted

average

Methods of Measurement

1. Particulate Matter

(PM10)

24 hours Gravimetric

2. Fine Particulate (PM2.5) 24 hours Gravimetric

3. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 24 hours Improved West Gaeke

4. Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2) 24 hours Modified Jacob & Hochhesier (Na-Arsenite)

5. Trace Metals (Pb, Ni

and As)

24 hours AAS/AFS method after sampling on EPM

2000

6. Noise Level 1 hour The measurement of noise level was carried

out during the day (6 AM to 10 PM) and

night time (10 PM to 6 AM) by Noise level

Meter



1.3 RESULTS

The detailed results of air quality monitoring are presented in Table 8 and Fig.1.

1.3.1 Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM or PM10)

In residential areas (Aliganj, Vikas Nagar, Indira Nagar and Gomti Nagar), the 24

hours average concentrations of PM10 were in the range of 169.3 to 212.3 µg/m3

with

an average of 192.0 µg/m3. In commercial areas (Charbagh, Alambagh, Aminabad

and Chowk) the average concentrations of PM10 were in the range of 187.6 to 211.4

µg/m3 with an average of 199.6 µg/m

3 respectively. In industrial area (Amausi), the

average concentration of PM10 was 203.1µg/m3.

Maximum 24 hours mean concentration of PM10 was observed in Indira Nagar (212.3

µg/m3) in residential area and Charbagh (211.4 µg/m

3) in commercial area. Overall, at

all the locations, mean values of PM10 were above the prescribed National Ambient

Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 100 µg/m3

for industrial, residential, rural and

other areas.

1.3.2 Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

In residential areas (Aliganj, Vikas Nagar, Indira Nagar and Gomti Nagar), the 24

hours average concentrations of PM2.5 were in the range of 89.9 to 103.1 µg/m3

with

an average of 96.1 µg/m3. In commercial areas (Charbagh, Alambagh, Aminabad and

Chowk) the average concentrations of PM2.5 were in the range of 92.3 to 127.6 µg/m3

with an average of 108.7 µg/m3 respectively. In industrial area (Amausi), the average

concentrations of PM2.5 were 94.4 µg/m3.

The maximum 24 hours mean concentration of PM2.5 was observed in Indira Nagar

(103.1 µg/m3) in residential area and Charbagh (127.6 µg/m

3) in commercial area.

Over all at all the locations mean values of PM2.5 were above the prescribed National

Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 60 µg/m3

for industrial, residential, rural

and other area.

1.3.3 Sub Fraction of Fine Particles (PM1.0, PM0.56, PM0.32, PM0.18, PM0.1)

The monitoring of sub-fractions of fine particles was conducted during the month of

October 2017 at two locations i.e city commercial area (CSIR-IITR, Main Campus)

and in rural area (CSIR-IITR, Gheru Campus) as reported in Table 9 and Fig.2. The



sub-fractions of fine particles clearly indicated that mass of particulate matter

decreased with the size. Total mass concentrations of all five sub-fractions of fine

particles were ranged between 66.10 g/m3

to 93.91 g/m3

(24 hr mean) with an

average of 79.90 g/m3

in commercial area of Lucknow city, whereas in the rural area

value of Ultra Fine Particles ranged from 41.40 to 53.85 g/m3

(24 hr mean) with

an average of 48.27 g/m3

(Table 9). Total mass concentration of particulate matter

in various five sub-fractions (PM1.0, PM0.56, PM0.32, PM0.18 and PM0.1) was higher in

commercial area of Lucknow city as compared to rural/village area. For these sub-

fraction particles, no International and National guideline is available at this point of

time.

1.3.4 Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

In residential area (Aliganj, Vikas Nagar, Indira Nagar and Gomti Nagar) the mean

levels of SO2 were in the range of 12.8 to 14.6 µg/m3 with an average of 13.0 µg/m

3.

In commercial area (Charbagh, Alambagh, Aminabad and Chowk) the average

concentrations of SO2 were in the range of 11.5 to 18.6 µg/m3 with an average of 14.2

µg/m3. In industrial area (Amausi) the average concentration of SO2 was 14.7 µg/m

3.

All the values of SO2 were well below the prescribed NAAQS of 80 µg/m3

for all the

locations.

1.3.5 Nitrogen dioxides (NO2)

In residential areas (Aliganj, Vikas Nagar, Indira Nagar and Gomti Nagar) the 24

hours average concentrations of NO2 were found in the range of 38.2 to 58.9 µg/m3

with an average of 46.7 µg/m3. In commercial areas (Charbagh, Alambagh,

Aminabad and Chowk) the average concentrations of NO2 were found in the range of

40.9 to 71.1 µg/m3 with an average of 56.6 µg/m

3. In industrial areas (Amausi) the

average concentration was 41.3 µg/m3. All the values of NO2 were within the

prescribed NAAQS of 80 µg/m3

for all the monitoring locations except one

commercial location (Charbagh).



Table 8

Concentration (µg/m3) of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 during Post Monsoon, 2017

N=6, *= Annual average, NAAQS=National Ambient Air Quality Standard

Table 9

Minimum, maximum and average levels of particulate matter in fine and ultrafine sub-

fractions (24 h mean) during Post- Monsoon 2017

City Commercial Area Village/Rural Area

Min Max Avg. Min Max Avg.

Fine Particles (Sub-fractions) (g/m3

24 h mean)

PM1.0 (≤1m) 19.80 26.53 22.55 8.69 14.63 11.77

PM0.56 (≤0.56m) 15.29 24.90 20.03 10.53 14.20 12.72

PM0.32 (≤0.32m) 12.39 18.27 15.65 9.63 10.71 10.35

PM0.18 (≤0.18m) 10.52 14.11 12.58 7.98 8.33 8.22

PM0.1 (≤0.100nm) 8.10 10.10 9.10 4.57 5.98 5.22

Total (fine) 66.10 93.91 79.90 41.40 53.85 48.27 N=3; Instrument used: MOUDI Cascade Impactor, USA

PM10 ( RSPM) PM2.5 SO2 NO2

Residential

Min. Max. Avg. Min. Max. Avg. Min. Max. Avg. Min. Max. Avg.

Aliganj 115.6 267.5 207.3 50.5 129.6 97.7 6.8 17.9 12.8 30 54.5 44.0

Vikas Nagar 124.4 245.3 179.2 70.0 138.1 93.8 8.3 17.6 13.0 20.3 55.4 38.2

Indira Nagar 99.5 283.1 212.3 56.4 158.6 103.1 10.3 19.2 14.6 31.0 72.3 58.9

Gomti Nagar 127.4 223.4 169.3 63.7 125.3 89.9 6.0 16.0 11.8 29.2 58.5 46.0

Commercial

Charbagh 166.0 274.2 211.4 105.5 166.4 127.6 14.0 20.7 18.6 38.4 89.7 71.1

Alambagh 123.3 278.5 195.3 62.6 134.0 101.4 8.8 19.6 14.2 33.8 54.3 46.3

Aminabad 146.5 358.4 203.9 98.7 132.9 113.4 8.2 17.2 12.7 38.7 91.5 68.1

Chowk 137.7 256.9 187.6 66.6 115.4 92.3 9.2 14.8 11.5 28.7 52.6 40.9

Industrial

Amausi 134.5 267.8 203.1 59.2 123.7 94.4 9.6 19.2 14.7 25.6 71.0 41.3

NAAQS 100 60 80 80

WHO

Guidelines 50 25 20* 40*



Figure 1: Concentration (μg/m3) of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 in different areas of Lucknow

city during Post monsoon season (2017) and their comparison with prescribed

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Residential Commercial Industrial NAAQS

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(μ

g/m

3)

RSPM Level during Post monsoon, 2017

0

50

100

150

Residential Commercial Industrial NAAQS Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(μ

g/m

3) PM2.5 Level during Post monsoon, 2017

0

20

40

60

80

100


Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(μ

g/m

3) SO2 Level during Post monsoon, 2017

0

20

40

60

80

100


Co

ncen

tra

tio

n (μ

g/m

3) NOx Level during Post monsoon, 2017



Figure 2: Post- Monsoon levels (Average) of particulate matter in fine particle

sub-fractions

0

5

10

15

20

25

PM1.0 PM0.56 PM0.32 PM0.18 PM0.1

Part

icu

late

Matt

er μ

g/m

3

(24 h

mea

n)

Commercial Area Rural/village area

PM1.0 PM0.56 PM0.32 PM0.18 PM0.1



1.3.6 Trace Metals in Ambient Air (RSPM or PM10 and PM2.5)

Trace metals (Ni and Pb) were estimated in ambient air which are associated with

PM10 at 9 monitoring locations. The results are present in Table 10. Twenty four hours

mean concentration of metals in PM10 was found to be Ni = 22.26, (4.18- 57.71)

ng/m3 and Pb = 199.87 (105.41-516.38) ng/m

3 .

Table 10

Metal Concentration in ng/m3 associated with PM10

S. No. Location Lead (Pb) Nickel (Ni)

1 Aliganj 216.40 4.18

2 Vikas Nagar 108.21 17.82

3 Indira Nagar 119.14 16.66

4 Gomti Nagar 192.48 22.42

5 Charbagh 233.00 57.71

6 Alambagh 188.23 7.95

7 Aminabad 105.41 8.08

8 Chowk 516.38 13.27

9 Amausi 119.64 52.26

NAAQS 1000.0* 20**

` N= 1, NAAQS **Ni =Annual Average; *Pb =24 hrs Average



1.3.7 Noise Level

The monitoring data recorded during the post monsoon period is presented in Table

11.

In residential areas, the day and night time noise levels were recorded between 64.8 to

74.9 and 61.3 to 70.5 dB(A) respectively. All the values were higher than the

prescribed limit of 55 and 45 dB (A) for day and night time respectively.

In commercial and heavy traffic area, the day and night time noise level were

recorded between 71.0 to 76.6 and 62.4 to 70.0 dB(A) respectively. Noise level at all

the commercial sites during day and night time were found above the prescribed limit

of 65 and 55 dB (A) respectively.

In industrial area Amausi, the day and night time noise levels were recorded

75.7 and 71.7 dB (A) respectively. Noise levels at the industrial location in the day

and night time was found above the prescribed limit of 75.0 and 70.0 dB(A)

respectively.

Table 11

Noise Level dB (A) during Day and Night Time

Sl.

No.

Area Location Noise level dB(A)

Day Night

1 Residential

Aliganj 74.9 67.9

Vikas Nagar 64.8 61.3

Indira Nagar 67.8 70.5

Gomti Nagar 73.2 70.3

Standard 55.0 45.0

2

Commercial

Charbagh 76.6 70.0

Alambagh 71.0 66.0

Aminabad 76.3 62.5

Chowk 75.2 62.4

Standard 65.0 55.0

3

Industrial

Amausi 75.5 71.7

Standard 75.0 70.0



1.4 TRENDS OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN LUCKNOW CITY

The observed PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 values from the last three years’ data have

been compared to find out the prevailing trend of air pollution in Lucknow city

(Fig.3-6). Slight decrease or increase in the values may be attributed to some local

environmental and climatic factors.

1.4.1 Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM or PM10)

In all the locations in residential areas, higher values were found as compared to the

previous year except Indira Nagar. Among the commercial areas, PM10 values were

also found to be higher than the previous year except Chowk and an industrial area

showed lower value over the last year. All the values were found to be higher than

NAAQS (Fig. 3).

1.4.2 Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

In all the locations in residential areas, higher values were found compared to the

previous year except for Indira Nagar where values showed a dip compared to the

previous year. Among the commercial areas, PM2.5 values were found to be higher

than the previous year except Chowk and an industrial area showed lower value over

the last year. All the values are higher than NAAQS (Fig.4).

1.4.3 Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Lower concentration was found compared to the previous year at all the residential

commercial and industrial areas. All the values were found to be lower than the

NAAQS (Fig.5).

1.4.4 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

The level of NO2 during post monsoon since 2014 is presented in Fig. 4. All the

residential areas showed lower values than the previous year. In commercial and

industrial areas all the values showed lower values except Aminabad and Charbagh in

commercial area. All the values of the present study were found to be lower than the

NAAQS (Fig.6).



Figure 3: Concentration (μg/m3) of PM10 (RSPM) in Residential, Commercial and

Industrial areas of Lucknow city during 2014 to 2017 and comparison with

prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Aliganj Vikas Nagar Indira Nagar Gomti Nagar NAAQS

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(μ

g/m

3)

PM10 Level in Residential Areas

2014 2015 2016 2017 NAAQS

0

100

200

300

Charbagh Alambagh Aminabad Chowk NAAQS

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(μ

g/m

3)

PM10 Level in Commercial Areas

2014 2015 2016 2017 NAAQS

0

50

100

150

200

250

Amausi NAAQS

2014 2015 2016 2017 NAAQS

PM10 level in Industrial Area

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(μ

g/m

3)



Figure 4: Concentration (μg/m3) of PM2.5 in Residential, Commercial and Industrial

areas of Lucknow city during 2014 to 2017 and comparison with prescribed


0

50

100

150

200

Aliganj Vikas Nagar Indira Nagar Gomti Nagar NAAQS Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(μ

g/m

3)

PM2.5 Level in Residential Areas

2015 2016 2017 NAAQS

0

50

100

150

200


Co

ncen

tra

tio

n (μ

g/m

3)

PM2.5 Level in Commercial Areas

2015 2016 2017 NAAQS

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Amausi NAAQS

2015 2016 2017 NAAQS

PM2.5 level in Industrial Area

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(μ

g/m

3)



Figure 5: Concentration (μg/m3) of SO2 in Residential, Commercial and Industrial



0

20

40

60

80

100


Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (μ

g/m

3 )

SO2 Level in Residential Areas

2014 2015 2016 2017 NAAQS

0

20

40

60

80

100


Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(μ

g/m

3)

SO2 Level in Commercial Areas

2014 2015 2016 2017 NAAQS

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Amausi NAAQS

2014 2015 2016 2017 NAAQS

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(μ

g/m

3)

SO2 Level in Industrial Area



Figure 6: Concentration (μg/m3) of NO2 in Residential, Commercial and Industrial



0

20

40

60

80

100


Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(μ

g/m

3)

NO2 Level in Residential Areas

2014 2015 2016 2017 NAAQS

0

20

40

60

80

100


Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(μ

g/m

3)

NO2 Level in Commercial Areas 2014 2015 2016 2017 NAAQS

0

20

40

60

80

100

Amausi NAAQS

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(μ

g/m

3)

NO2 Level in Industrial Area 2014 2015 2016 2017 NAAQS



1.4.4 Noise Level

Current year’s noise data has been compared with the corresponding data of the

previous three years and is presented in Fig.7 and Fig.8. Comparative noise level in

residential, commercial and industrial areas are described below:

1.4.4.1 Day time Noise Level

In residential areas two locations showed slightly increasing trend over the previous

year whereas the other two showed a decreasing trend. In commercial cum traffic

areas, noise level was slightly on the lower side at all the locations compared to the

previous year except Aminabad. In industrial area, Amausi the noise level was higher

than the previous year. All noise levels surpassed the standards prescribed depending

on the location. The comparative data are presented in (Fig.7).

1.4.4.2 Night time Noise Level

Residential, commercial as well as industrial areas showed higher trend for night time

noise level than the last year level. All noise levels surpassed the standards

prescribed depending on the location. The comparative data is presented in (Fig.8).



Figure 7: Comparison of day time Noise Level dB (A) in different areas of

Lucknow city (2014-2017)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Aliganj Vikas Nagar Indra Nagar Gomti nagar Standard

2014 2015 2016 2017 Standard

Day time noise level in Residential Area

dB

(A)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Charbagh Alambagh Aminabad Chowk Standard

2014 2015 2016 2017 Standard

dB

(A)

Day time Noise Level in Commercial Area

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Amausi Standard

2014 2015 2016 2017 Standard

Day time noise level in Industrial area

dB

(A)



Figure 8: Comparison of night time Noise Level dB (A) in different areas of

Lucknow city (2014-2017)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Aliganj Vikas Nagar Indra Nagar Gomti nagar Standard

2014 2015 2016 2017 Standard

Night time noise level in Residential Areas

dB

(A)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Charbagh Alambagh Aminabad Chowk Standard

2014 2015 2016 2017 Standard

Night time noise level in Commercial Areas

dB

(A)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Amausi Standard

2014 2015 2016 2017 Standard

Night time noise level in Industrial area

dB

(A)



1.5 HEALTH EFFECTS

At elevated levels, all the pollutants including metals have adverse effects on human

and environmental health. Accumulation of pollutants in the human body through

inhalation of air is an important route. Individuals with heart diseases, lung diseases

such as COPD, pregnant women, elderly people and infants are more susceptible to

environmental pollution. Results of the present study revealed that higher level of

particulate matter (PM10) especially the finer particles PM2.5 at all the monitoring

locations have serious health impacts on human being and responsible for several

cardiovascular and respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, accelerated aging

of the lung cells etc., reproductive abnormalities, increased risk of preterm birth and

even mortality and morbidity rate. It is reported that the total daily mortality increases

by approximately 1% for every 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 concentration.

Human exposure to particulate air pollution has been identified as a risk factor for

human mortality and morbidity and many countries have revised the limits for PM10

as previously defined and set up new quantitative standards for PM2.5. Nevertheless,

PM threshold levels, to which exposure does not lead to adverse effects on human

health, have not yet been clearly identified and hence there is a substantial inter-

individual variability in exposure and in the response. Therefore, it is difficult to

establish a standard or a guideline value that will lead to complete protection of every

individual against all possible adverse health effects of particulate matter.

The effect of PM depends on the mass and number concentration, shape and size and

the composition and concentration of other inorganic and organic pollutants

associated with it. Metals Ni, Pb and As can cause cancer through inhalation of fine

particles.

PM10 represents the particle mass that enters the respiratory tract and, moreover, it in-

cludes both the coarse (particle size between 2.5 and 10 m) and fine particles (meas-

uring less than 2.5 m, PM2.5) that are considered to contribute to the health effects

observed in urban environments. Ultrafine particles (UFPs), i.e. particles smaller than

0.1μm in diameter, have recently attracted significant scientific and medical attention

(WHO, 2005). While there is considerable toxicological evidence of potential detri-



mental effects of UFPs on human health, the existing body of epidemiological evi-

dence is insufficient to reach a conclusion on the exposure–response relationship of

UFPs. Therefore no recommendations can be provided as to guideline concentrations

of UFPs at this point in time.

In the present study, the concentration of SO2 and NO2 were found to be below

permissible limit (80 µg/m3) of NAAQS (MoEF 2009), but there are several reports

that gaseous pollutants are related with respiratory diseases and reproductive and

developmental effect even at low concentration. Vehicular traffic and NO2 are

associated with significantly higher risk of lung cancer.

Noise pollution is now recognized worldwide as a major problem for the quality of

life in urban areas. Noise pollution can have adverse effects varying from hearing loss

to annoyance. Noise produces both temporary (short period) and permanent hearing

loss (long period). Damage caused by noise pollution can range from the bursting of

the eardrum, permanent hearing loss, cardiac and cardiovascular changes, stress

fatigue, dizziness, lack of concentration, cause of accident, irritation, inefficiency,

nausea, interference with tasks, headaches, insomnia and loss of appetite etc. It also

adversely affects future generations and has socio-cultural, aesthetic, and economic

effects.

1.6 CONCLUSION

Air pollutants such as PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2, particulate trace metals and day v/s

night noise level were monitored in order to assess the ambient air quality at 9

locations and sub fraction of fine particles at two locations, during post monsoon

(Last week of September to October), 2017 and the data revealed the following salient

points:

The RSPM (PM10) and Fine Particle (PM2.5) level at all the monitoring locations

of residential, commercial and industrial areas were higher than the National

Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS).

The concentration of gaseous pollutant, SO2 was well below the prescribed

NAAQS (80 µg/m3) at all the locations.



The concentration of gaseous pollutant, NO2 was below the prescribed NAAQS

(80 µg/m3) at all the locations.

The sub-fractions of fine particles clearly indicated that mass of particulate matter

decreased with the size. Total mass concentrations of all five sub-fractions of fine

particles were found to be higher in commercial area. For these sub-fraction

particles, no International and National guideline is available at this point of

time.

The concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 were showing increasing trend when

compared with last year data with few exceptions. Whereas in case of SO2 and

NO2 were found to be decreasing (trend) to the previous year data except NO2 for

Aminabad and Charbagh.

The noise levels at all the locations showed a mixed trend with night time values

all locations being way higher than the previous year.

Further it is relevant to mention that Diwali day was celebrated on 19th

October,

2017 and the air quality was also monitored with the same parameters on pre

Diwali, Diwali and post Diwali day and alarmingly higher levels of PM10 and

PM2.5 were recorded. Short-term adversely changed quality of air due to fire

works has been highlighted in our report released separately and the monitoring

results have not been included in this report (Diwali report is available as

Annexure 1 and on CSIR-IITR website).

Pre and post monsoon survey results indicate that throughout the year except

monsoon season (winter season not covered, which is the worst period with

respect to air pollution) particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) levels remain higher

than the permissible limit. Particulate matter is a carrier of other pollutants namely

trace elements, Poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) etc. and among them some are

carcinogenic. At present, more than 30 lakh people residing in urban area of

Lucknow city are under continuous exposure to air pollutants and under the threat

of health risks especially children, aged and the diseased.

Rapid growth of number of vehicles, their technological development and release

of invisible tailpipe pollutants emission are serious debatable issues even for the

policy makers. Use of different types of fuels namely petrol, diesel and CNG

make the environment more complex with respect to air quality and their possible

synergistic effects on the human health. Overall, continuous accumulation of



different types of pollutants and their exposure to human beings needs emergency

attention of the policy makers, researchers and regulatory agencies.

The latest development of the introduction of metro rail in the city is a positive step

towards reducing the air pollution, through the decrease in vehicular density which

clearly indicates a positive co-relation between the severity of the traffic and air

pollution.

The present study suggests that it is necessary to monitor the air quality as well as the

health effects at regular intervals at strategic locations. Our post monsoon monitoring

survey might be of help to focus on the pollution level in Lucknow city and its

probable consequences. Our database since 1997 will help the planners for

sustainable development of the city.



1.7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION OF AIR POLLUTION

1. Major roads of the city should be widened as far as possible.

2. Suitable modification on crossings for smooth traffic flow.

3. Encroachment to be removed for smooth flow of traffic.

4. Foot path for pedestrians should be restored.

5. Provision of parking facilities by private operators on vacant private land.

6. Increase in the parking charges on hourly basis to discourage the use of personal

vehicles in congested areas.

7. Subsidized public mass transport (Metro, Monorail etc.) must be strengthened to

minimize use of personal vehicles.

8. Improvement in traffic management.

9. Public awareness programme of air pollution and its health effects, reduction of au-

tomobile pollution by proper maintenance of vehicles, driving skills.

10. Systematically develop residential complex at the periphery of the city with all fa-

cilities to reduce crowd from central areas of the city.

11. Provision of bus stands on all the outgoing highways to reduce traffic load inside

the city.

12. Removal of garbage dumps along the roads.

13. Ban on burning of dry leaves, tyres or any other type of solid waste and arrange-

ment for its proper disposal.

14. Plantation of trees wherever possible in parks, open spaces and road side areas.

15. Installation of more CNG filling stations across the city.

16. Encouragement for battery operated or hybrid vehicles.

17. Promoting solar energy as an alternate to D.G. sets.

18. Heavy dust removal system be installed at major traffic point which may be oper-

ated during peak hours.

19. Pressure horns to be removed from all vehicles and avoid/ minimize use of horn.



Acknowledgements:

We acknowledge Analytical Chemistry Division., CSIR-IITR, for analytical and

technical support. We express our sincere thanks to Mr. A. K. Tripathi, Regional

Transport Officer and Mr. Raghavendra Singh RTO Administration, Transport Nagar,

Lucknow; Mr. D. K. Garg, Regional Manager, Lucknow City Transport Services

Limited, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow; Mr. Tribhuban Pandey, Sr. Manager, Retail sales,

Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), Lucknow; Mr. Anilesh Kumar, Sr. Manager, Retail

Initiatives (U.P.), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL), Lucknow, Mr. Prakash

Kumar Bhaduria, Chief Regional Manager, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited

(HPCL), Lucknow and Mr. Surya Prakash Gupta, Chief Manager (Marketing), Green

Gas Limited, Lucknow for providing us necessary vehicular and oil consumption

data. We also express our sincere thanks to all who provided necessary facilities at

different monitoring locations.



Annexure-I

Assessment of Ambient Air Quality during Pre-Diwali,

Diwali and Post-Diwali Festival, October 2017



Assessment of Ambient Air Quality during Pre-Diwali, Diwali

and Post-Diwali Festival, October 2017

Environmental Monitoring Division

CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research

Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow – 226001, UP

CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow conducted Air

Quality survey at 7 locations (Aliganj, Vikasnagar, Indiranagar, Gomtinagar, Charbagh,

Aminabad and Chowk) of Lucknow city to assess the impact of fireworks on the

environment during the Diwali festival, 2017. Monitoring results revealed that the

respirable particulates during pre-Diwali, Diwali and post-Diwali are well above the

National Ambient Air Quality Standards of 60 and 100 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and PM10

respectively (Table 1).

During the major event on Diwali night October 19th

, 2017 the mean level of PM2.5

increased from 180.3 to 316.0 µg/m3 over the pre-Diwali night and reduced to 183.6

µg/m3 during post-Diwali night. Similarly on Diwali night, the level of PM10 also

increased from 257.9 to 514.8 µg/m3 over the pre-Diwali night and reduced to 295.3

µg/m3 during post-Diwali night. The bursting of crackers is responsible for the increasing

trend of particulate levels as the other sources such as traffic and industrial activities were

at the minimal contribution levels during the period on account of Diwali holidays.

On the Diwali night PM2.5 increased by 75.3% whereas the increase in PM10 over the pre-

Diwali night was 99.6%. Further, the higher levels of particulates continued during post-

Diwali night by 1.8% and 14.5% for PM2.5 and PM10 respectively over pre-Diwali night

levels (Fig. 1).

In case of SO2 and NO2, the mean levels were found to be within prescribed limits

whereas, mean level of SO2 on the Diwali night increased from 10.8 to 22.3 µg/m3 and on

post-Diwali mean SO2 level was 15.8 µg/m3, which indicates that the levels increased

by107.0% and 46.4% on the Diwali night and post-Diwali night respectively over the pre-

Diwali night.

The mean level of NO2 on Diwali night increased from 45.2 to 54.4 µg/m3 over the pre-

Diwali night. On the post-Diwali night, mean level of NO2 was decreased to 37.9 from

45.2 µg/m3

on pre Diwali night. In terms of percentage, NO2 level increased by 20.4% on

Diwali night and decreased by 16.2 % on post-Diwali night over the pre-Diwali night.



Fig. 1. Profile of respirable particulates during the night time of Diwali festival

The meteorological conditions, particularly wind speed and directions play a major role in the

transport and dispersion of the pollutants from their source. Based on CPCB monitoring data

at Lalbagh, Lucknow the wind speed ranged between 0.14 to 0.91 meter per second (m/s)

with an average of 0.49 m/s during 09 AM (19/10/2017) to 5 AM (20/10/2017). The

prominent wind direction was ENE ( East North East).

Fig. 2. Levels of respirable particulates (PM10 and PM2.5) concentration during 2014, 2015,

2016 and 2017 (Diwali festival)

180.3

316.0

183.6

257.9

514.8

295.3

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

0 1 2 3

PM2.5 (NAAQS 60 µg/m3) PM10 (NAAQS 100 µg/m3)

Pre Diwali

Night

Oct 18th 2017

Diwali Night

Oct 19th 2017

Post Diwali Night

Oct 20th 2017

111 110

249

180

423

275

672

316

126 186

309

184 194 216

360

258

514

424

864

515

203

295

457

295

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 2015 2016 2017

Pre Diwali On Diwali Post Diwali

PM2.5 (NAAQS 60 ug/m3)

PM10 (NAAQS 100 ug/m3)

Res

pir

ab

le P

art

icu

late

lev

els

(ug

/m3)

Nights during Diwali festival



Table 1. CSIR-IITR Diwali 2017 pollution survey

Pollutants/

Locations

pre-Diwali 2017

(October 18th

, 2017) on-Diwali 2017

(October 19th

, 2017) post-Diwali 2017

(October 20th

, 2017)

PM10

(µg/m3)

Day

(6:00 am

to 6:00

pm)

Night

(6:00 pm

to 6:00

am)

Day

(6:00 am

to 6:00

pm)

Night

(6:00 pm

to 6:00

am)

Day

(6:00 am

to 6:00

pm)

Night

(6:00 pm

to 6:00

am)

Aliganj 195.1 229.3 214.8 427.2 186.6 308.9

Vikas Nagar 190.7 307.2 239.6 752.6 167.2 313.8

Indira Nagar 202.3 224.7 208.5 548.8 196.8 318.7

Gomti

Nagar ND 246.1 202.7 422.1 176.9 291.6

Charbagh 133.0 319.4 303.1 581.4 207.8 302.7

Aminabad 226.6 254.7 246.3 494.5 177.1 290.5

Chowk 200.4 224.0 171.9 376.8 169.6 241.2

PM2.5 (µg/m3)

Aliganj 117.5 163.1 149.3 297.1 128.8 177.8

Vikas Nagar 150.1 226.2 154.7 438.9 119.0 198.1

Indira Nagar 120.3 153.1 175.7 285.0 126.4 194.6

Gomti

Nagar 166.1 180.4 147.6 280.8 99.5 156.8

Charbagh 173.4 233.7 162.3 401.1 128.3 211.8

Aminabad 164.1 178.6 174.8 281.3 123.9 180.5

Chowk 106.5 127.2 129.4 228.0 118.2 165.9

SO2 (µg/m3)

Aliganj 7.1 9.7 12.2 20.8 6.8 15.8

Vikas Nagar 10.6 12.1 8.6 31.3 7.1 18.5

Indira Nagar 12.7 13.9 10.9 25.1 10.7 17.1

Gomti

Nagar ND 8.1 11.5 21.8 6.9 14.4

Charbagh 10.7 13.3 10.8 24.0 9.8 19.3

Aminabad 9.1 8.1 11.1 19.3 7.0 13.4

Chowk 8.8 10.2 8.6 13.8 7.2 11.9

NO2 (µg/m3)

Aliganj 39.5 42.2 43.4 51.5 27.2 35.6

Vikas Nagar 23.5 30.2 43.0 72.4 25.1 39.1

Indira Nagar 37.4 44.0 63.6 62.9 35.1 42.2

Gomti

Nagar ND 33.8 23.3 37.9 20.9 35.9

Charbagh 78.4 71.3 90.4 67.5 38.2 46.8

Aminabad 49.5 40.1 32.9 44.3 24.6 34.2

Chowk 51.6 54.8 47.9 44.6 27.3 31.2 ND= Not Done



Noise Level

Noise level was recorded during pre-Diwali, post-Diwali and on Diwali night to observe the

impact of bursting of fire cracker at following locations. The monitoring was carried out

during 7 pm to midnight for near about 30 minutes at each location. The maximum noise

level was recorded as 82.8 dB(A) at Vikas Nagar area whereas minimum was recorded as

70.3 dB(A) at Gomti Nagar on Diwali night. The sound waves generated from the bursting of

crackers at a level higher than 80 dB(A), may damage eardrum and may induce temporary or

permanent deafness. Exposure to high levels of noise may trigger problems like annoyance,

irritation, hypertension, stress, hearing loss, headache and sleep disturbance. The recorded

noise levels are given in Table 2.

Table 2. Noise Level on pre-Diwali, Diwali and post-Diwali night

Locations pre-Diwali

(October

18th

, 2017)

on-Diwali

(October

19th

, 2017)

post-Diwali

(October

20th

, 2017)

Noise dB(A)

Charbagh (10:0-10:30 PM) 70.3 80.1 71.5

Chowk ( 8:30 to 9 :00 PM) 72.1 77.9 68.9

Aliganj (10:30 to 11 PM 66.4 78.5 68.4

Vikas Nagar (9:45-10:15 PM) 60.7 82.8 66.8

Indira Nagar (9:0-9:30 PM) 69.1 78.4 68.4

Gomti Nagar (11:30 -

midnight) 64.5 70.3 62.5

The CSIR-IITR mission towards pollution free environment and minimizing/ regulating the

use of crackers is an integral part of all activities/ exhibitions and programmes amongst the

students, family members of staffs, general public and media persons. Air quality results

observed during the year clearly indicate that the air quality of the city significantly

deteriorated due to fireworks for the short period which could severely affect human health

particularly in case of children, senior citizens and people with respiratory issues. In general,

fire cracker contains various elements like aluminum, antimony sulphide, perchlorate, barium

nitrate, lithium, copper, strontium, cadmium etc., which are responsible for causing

Alzheimers’ disease, thyroid, gastrointestinal problems, muscular weakness, respiratory

problems, hormonal disbalance etc. It may even cause cancer. Therefore the firing of crackers

should be discouraged during Diwali.

personneliitrindia.org/admin/enviromentalreport/efcb74ed-62eb-4e...petroleum gas (lpg), coal, etc.]....

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