ACTIVE LISTENING/PUBLIC SPEAKING

Pay attention

Show that your are listening

Feedback(paraphrase/repeat)

Defer judgement

Respond appropriately

ACTIVE LISTENING

Determine a specific speech goal that is adapted to the audience

Gather and evaluate material for use in the speech

Organise and develop the material in a way that is best suited to the audience and the speech goal

PUBLIC SPEAKING( 5 ACTIVE STEPS)

Adapt the material to the needs of the audience

Practice presenting the speech

DETERMINING A SPECIFIC GOAL THAT IS ADAPTED TO THE

AUDIENCE AND OCCASION

Active Step 1

Identify topics (Pick a Subject)

Analyse the audience◦ how knowledgeable your audience

members are in your subject areas◦ their initial level of interest in the subject◦ their attitude towards the subject◦ their attitude towards you as a speaker

1. Conduct a survey

2. Informally observe

3. Question a representative

4. Make Educated Guesses

Gathering Audience Data

Analyse the setting (Setting & occasion)- What are the special expectations for the speech?- What is the appropriate length for the speech?- How large will the audience be?- Where will the speech be given?- What equipment is necessary to give the

speech?

Select A TopicWrite A Speech Goal Identify your general Goal – either to

inform, entertain or to persuade. Phrase a specific goal statement

A specific goal or specific purpose of your speech is a single statement that identifies the exact response you want from the audience as a result of listening to the speaker

A specific goal statement for an informative speech usually specifies whether you want the audience to learn about understand or appreciate the topic.

Example - “I would like the audience to understand the five steps to baking a cake”

Persuasive speech specifies whether you want the audience to accept the belief that you are presenting

Example – “ I want my audience to believe that gay marriage is wrong”

Or to act in a certain wayExample – “I want my audience to donate to the Inner city missions”

Write a first draft

Revise the draft statement – ensure it has a specific form

Make sure it contains only one central idea

Gather & Evaluate

material to use in the

speech

Active Step 2

Create you notes from various materials and interviews

Get quotes, stories and statistics that would help explain your points clearly

Prepare note cards

Organise your speech : Organise & Develop speech material to meet the need of your particular audience

Active Step 3

Once you have analyzed the audience, developed your speech goal, and assembled body of information on your topic:

Determine the main points Write a thesis statement Outline the body of the speech Select and order supporting materials (examples, statistics, illustration, quotations) that elaborates or supports each of its main points

Prepare sectional transitions

List the ideas you have found that relate to your specific goal

Eliminate ideas that your audience analysis says that this audience already understands

Check to see if some of the ideas for which you do not have strong support in the sources you consulted

Determining The Main Points

Eliminate any ideas that might be too

complicated for this audience to comprehend

in the time you have to explain them.

From the ideas that remain select 3 to 5 that

are the most important for your audience to

understand if you are to accomplish your

specific speech goal.

A thesis statement is a sentence that

states the specific goal and the main

points of the speech

Writing A Thesis Statement

A speech outline is a sentence

representative, the hierarchical and

sequential relationship between the

ideas presented in the speech.

Outlining The Body of the speech

State the main points as a statement .

Rephrase it asking these questions. Does

the main point statement specify how it is

related to the goal

Are the main points parallel in structure?

Points are parallel when their wordings

follow the same structure pattern often

using the same introductory words

1. Time – or sequential order.

2. Topic order – [least important to most

important, general to specific].

3. Selecting and outlining supporting

material.

Select an organisational pattern

How well you move from one main point to

another.

Transition are words, phrases or sentences

that show the relationship between or

bridge to ideas.

Preparing action transition

Getting attentionStating the thesisEstablishing your credibilitySetting a toneCreating a bond of goodwill

Goals of the introduction

Startling statementRhetorical questionPersonal referenceQuotationStoriesSuspense

Methods of gaining attention

1. Summary of main points2. Leaving vivid impressions3. Story4. Appeal to action

Preparing conclusions

ACTION STEP 4ADAPTING YOUR

MATERIAL TO THE NEEDS OF THE AUDIENCE

Select materials that demonstrate how the speech:

1. Is relevant to the audience2. Helps comprehension of information3. Establishes common ground between you and the

audience4. Enhances your credibility and credibility of the

material being presented5. Appropriate for audience initial attitude6. Culturally sensitive to diversity in the audience

Adapting to your audience verbally

Establish timeliness Establish proximity Demonstrate personal impact

Relevance

Orient the audience Define key terms Illustrate new concepts with vivid examples Personalize information Compare unknown ideas with familiar ones Use multiple methods for developing criteria

Information comprehension

This is the background, knowledge, attitudes, experiences and philosophies that are shared by audience members and the speaker.

1. Use personal pronouns2. Ask rhetorical questions3. Draw from common experiences

Common ground

Demonstrate knowledge and expertise Establish trustworthiness Display personableness-the extent to which

you project an agreeable or pleasing personality

Speaker credibility

These are predispositions for or against a topic, usually expressed as an opinion.

Language and cultural differences1. Overcome linguistic problems2. Choose culturally sensitive material

Initial audience attitudes

A visual aid is a form of speech development that allows the audience to see as well as hear information.

Adapting to audiences visually

1. Objects2. Models3. Still photographs4. Slides5. Film and video clips6. Simple drawings7. Maps8. Charts- word chart, flow chart9. Graphs-bar graph, line graph, pie graph

Types of Visual Aids

Computer-mediated presentations Overhead transparencies Flip charts Poster boards Chalkboards Handouts

Methods for displaying visual aids

What are the most important ideas the audience needs to understand and remember?

Are there ideas that are complex or difficult to explain verbally but would be easy for members to understand visually?

How many visual aids are appropriate? How large is the audience Is necessary equipment readily available? Is the time involved in making or getting the

visual aid and/or equipment cost effective?

Criteria for choosing visual aids

Use a print or type size that can be seen easily by your entire audience

Use a typeface that is easy to read and pleasing to the eye

Use upper and lower case type Limit the lines of type to six or less Include only items of information that you will

emphasize in your speech. Make sure information is laid out in a way that is

aesthetically pleasing Add pictures or clip art where appropriate to add

interest Use colour strategically

Principles for designing effective visual aids

PRACTICE DELIVERING YOUR SPEECH

ACTION STEP 5

This is a type of communication anxiety(or nervousness), the level of fear you experience when anticipating or actually speaking to an audience

Public speaking Apprehension

Symptoms include physical, emotional, and cognitive reactions

Physical signs maybe 1. stomach upset(or butterflies)2. Flushed skin3. Sweating4. Shaking5. Light-headedness6. Rapid or heavy heartbeats7. Verbal disfluencies e.g stuttering and vocalised pauses

Symptoms and causes

Anticipation reaction; is the level of anxiety you experience prior to giving the speech.

Confrontation reaction; is the surge in your anxiety level as you begin the speech

Adaptation reaction; is the gradual decline of your anxiety level

Cognitive reaction

Recognise that despite your apprehension, you can make it through your speech

Realize that listeners may not perceive that you are anxious or nervous

Understand that with careful preparation and rehearsal, apprehension will decrease

Managing your apprehension

Visualization(see yourself in front of the audience giving the speech)

Systematic desensitization is a

method that reduces apprehension by gradually having you visualize increasingly more frightening events.

Public speaking skills training (practice,practice,practice)

Techniques for reducing apprehension

Voice1. Pitch2. Volume3. Rate4. Quality Articulation and pronunciation

Elements of delivery

Bodily action1. Facial expressions2. Gestures3. Movement4. Posture5. poise

This is an informal style of presenting a speech so that your audience feel you are talking with them, not at them

Conversational style

Enthusiasm Vocal expressiveness Spontaneity Fluency Eye contact

Hallmarks of a conversational style

Helps audience concentrate on the speech Increases the audience’s confidence in you Helps in gaining insight into the audience’s

reaction to the speech

Importance of maintaining eye contact

THE END