© paradigm publishing inc. 9-1 chapter 9 database and information management
TRANSCRIPT
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© Paradigm Publishing Inc. 9-1
Chapter 9Database and Information Management
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Presentation Overview
• Database Basics
• Databases and Information Systems
• Database Management System Software
• Types of Databases
• Planning and Designing Database Systems
• Using Databases
• Database Administration
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Database Basics
What is a database and how does it organize information?
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Database Basics
What is a database and how does it organize information?A database is a computerized system for storing information in an organized manner so that it can be searched for and retrieved when needed. Information is stored in the form of fields, records, and files.
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Database Basics
Data vs Information
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Database Basics
Data vs Information– Data – raw, unorganized content in the form of
words, numbers, sounds, or images
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Database Basics
Data vs Information– Data – raw, unorganized content in the form of
words, numbers, sounds, or images– Information – data associated with other useful
data on the same topic
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Database Basics
Levels of Data within a Database
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Database Basics
Levels of Data within a Database– Entity – a person, place, thing, or event
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Database Basics
Levels of Data within a Database– Entity – a person, place, thing, or event– Field – a single value, such as a name, address, or
dollar amount• data type: usually numeric or text (numbers and text)• name: assigned by person developing the database• size: number of characters that can be entered
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Database Basics
Levels of Data within a Database– Entity – a person, place, thing, or event– Field – a single value, such as a name, address, or
dollar amount• data type: usually numeric or text (numbers and text)• name: assigned by person developing the database• size: number of characters that can be entered
– Record – related fields describing an event or situation
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© Paradigm Publishing Inc. 9-12
Database Basics
Levels of Data within a Database– Entity – a person, place, thing, or event– Field – a single value, such as a name, address, or
dollar amount• data type: usually numeric or text (numbers and text)• name: assigned by person developing the database• size: number of characters that can be entered
– Record – related fields describing an event or situation– File – collection of records of the same type
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Database BasicsTraditional database organizes data in a hierarchy. A field is the smallest element. Fields are within a record. Records are organized in a data file. Database is a collection of data files.
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Database Basics
Common field data types
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Databases and Information Systems
Management Information Systems (MIS)
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Databases and Information Systems
Management Information Systems (MIS)– used to track and control every transaction through
a database
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Databases and Information Systems
Management Information Systems (MIS)– used to track and control every transaction through
a database– transaction – any business activity central to the
nature of the enterprise
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Databases and Information Systems
Office Information Systems
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Databases and Information Systems
Office Information Systems– designed as replacement for paper-based
information systems
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Databases and Information Systems
Office Information Systems– designed as replacement for paper-based
information systems– gives quick access to office paperwork
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Databases and Information Systems
Decision Support Systems
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Databases and Information Systems
Decision Support Systems– designed to help management make decisions
about an operation
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Databases and Information Systems
Decision Support Systems– designed to help management make decisions
about an operation– allows managers to work with “what if” scenarios
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Databases and Information Systems
Factory Automation Systems
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Databases and Information Systems
Factory Automation Systems– runs an assembly line directly, controlling
manufacturing processes from shop-floor level of conveyor belts and robots
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Databases and Information SystemsFactory Automation Systems– runs an assembly line directly, controlling manufacturing
processes from shop-floor level of conveyor belts and robots– may be part of complete CIM system that controls
manufacturing process from beginning to end
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Database Management System Software
Database Keys
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Database Management System Software
Database Keys
– Key – attribute used to identify and provide a means to search database
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Database Management System Software
Database Keys
– Key – attribute used to identify and provide a means to search database
– Primary key – most important key in a field
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Database Management System Software
Database Keys
– Key – attribute used to identify and provide a means to search database
– Primary key – most important key in a field– Data browsing – process of moving through a
database file, examining each record and looking for information
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Database Management System Software
Query Tools
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Database Management System Software
Query Tools
– Query tools help users narrow down information needed to be searched.
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Database Management System Software
Query Tools
– Query tools help users narrow down information needed to be searched.
– A query allows users to ask questions designed to retrieve information.
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Database Management System Software
Query Tools
– Query tools help users narrow down information needed to be searched.
– A query allows users to ask questions designed to retrieve information.
– A select command asks a database to return records that match specific criteria.
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Database Management System Software
Query Tools
– Query tools help users narrow down information needed to be searched.
– A query allows users to ask questions designed to retrieve information.
– A select command asks a database to return records that match specific criteria.
– Joining matches data from fields in various files.
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Database Management System Software
Structured Query Language (SQL)
This SQL statement could search for top students in a college, with “top” defined as those students with a grade point average (GPA) above 3.49.
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Database Management System SoftwareJoining matches data from fields in various record files. Both Student Personal Records and Student Grade Records files would have a common Student ID number field, allowing information from both files to be returned in a single query.
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Database Management System Software
Metadata and the Data Dictionary
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Database Management System Software
Metadata and the Data Dictionary
– Metadata – information about data; describes significance of various elements of a database
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Database Management System Software
Metadata and the Data Dictionary
– Metadata – information about data; describes significance of various elements of a database
– Data dictionary – a body of metadata
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Types of Databases
Flat File Databases
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Types of Databases
Flat File Databases
– database contains only one table or file
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Types of Databases
Flat File Databases
– database contains only one table or file– simple and easy to use
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Types of Databases
Flat File Databases
– database contains only one table or file– simple and easy to use– slower to respond because records must be
searched sequentially
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Types of Databases
Flat File Databases
– database contains only one table or file– simple and easy to use– slower to respond because records must be
searched sequentially– generally consume more disk space
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Types of Databases
Relational Databases
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Types of Databases
Relational Databases
– Fields can be shared among all files in the database, making it possible to connect them.
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Types of Databases
Relational Databases
– Fields can be shared among all files in the database, making it possible to connect them.
– A file is called a table (consists of rows and columns).
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Types of Databases
Relational Databases
– Fields can be shared among all files in the database, making it possible to connect them.
– A file is called a table (consists of rows and columns).
– A record is called a tuple.
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Types of Databases
Relational Databases
– Fields can be shared among all files in the database, making it possible to connect them.
– A file is called a table (consists of rows and columns).
– A record is called a tuple.– A field is called an attribute.
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Types of Databases
Object-Oriented Databases
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Types of Databases
Object-Oriented Databases
– stores data in the form of objects (units of object-oriented programming logic)
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Types of Databases
Object-Oriented Databases
– stores data in the form of objects (units of object-oriented programming logic)
– object contains data related to the object and the actions to be performed on the object
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Types of Databases
Object-Oriented Databases
– stores data in the form of objects (units of object-oriented programming logic)
– object contains data related to the object and the actions to be performed on the object
– speeds up database functions and makes database development easier
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Types of Databases
Multimedia Databases
allows storage of pictures, movies, sounds, and hyperlinked fields
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Types of Databases
Multimedia Databases
allows storage of pictures, movies, sounds, and hyperlinked fields
Hybrid Databasesseveral different models combined to allow more effective data handling
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Types of Databases
Operational Databases
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Types of Databases
Operational Databases
– operational database tracks an operation or situation, such as the inventory of a store
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Types of Databases
Operational Databases
– operational database tracks an operation or situation, such as the inventory of a store
– distributed database – is spread across multiple networked computers– each computer shares a portion of the data– can hold more information– is cheaper– is easier to use
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Types of Databases
Data Warehouses
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Types of Databases
Data Warehouses
– used to store data gathered from one or more databases
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Types of Databases
Data Warehouses
– used to store data gathered from one or more databases
– does not change, delete, or manipulate data they store
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Planning and Designing Database Systems
How are databases designed?
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Planning and Designing Database Systems
How are databases designed?
System analysts or database designers follow three steps to plan a database
1. Create an organizational structure for the data.
2. Design an interface that makes the database user-friendly.
3. Set up reporting capabilities to allow for inquiry and response.
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Planning and Designing Database SystemsUser requests and enters data through the front-end interface program. The database management
system manages
the retrieval
and update of
the database
itself.
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Planning and Designing Database Systems
Database Objects: Tools in the DBMS
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Planning and Designing Database Systems
Database Objects: Tools in the DBMS
– form – template that allows users to enter data into the database
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Planning and Designing Database Systems
Database Objects: Tools in the DBMS
– form – template that allows users to enter data into the database
– report – formatted body of output from a database
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Planning and Designing Database Systems
Database Objects: Tools in the DBMS
– form – template that allows users to enter data into the database
– report – formatted body of output from a database
– data filter – filtering material in a database to restrict a database search
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Using Databases
What are the types of data processing?
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Using Databases
What are the types of data processing?
– Batch processing – occurs at a scheduled time or when a critical point has been reached
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Using Databases
What are the types of data processing?
– Batch processing – occurs at a scheduled time or when a critical point has been reached
– Transactional processing – more continuous• real time system – data must be accurate to the second
• online transactional processing – very fast, always-on processing
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Using Databases
What are the types of data processing?
– Batch processing – occurs at a scheduled time or when a critical point has been reached
– Transactional processing – more continuous• real time system – data must be accurate to the second
• online transactional processing – very fast, always-on processing
– Mixed forms of processing – transactional and batch processing in the same system
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Using Databases
Database Users
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Using Databases
Database Users
Data entry operators type data into databases and make sure that it is accurate. They– add records
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Using Databases
Database Users
Data entry operators type data into databases and make sure that it is accurate. They– add records– modify records
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Using Databases
Database Users
Data entry operators type data into databases and make sure that it is accurate. They– add records– modify records– delete records
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Using Databases
Database Users
Data entry operators type data into databases and make sure that it is accurate. They– add records– modify records– delete records– sort records
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Database Administration
Database Administrator
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Database Administration
Database Administrator
– is responsible for maintaining and updating the database and the DBMS software
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Database Administration
Database Administrator
– is responsible for maintaining and updating the database and the DBMS software
– is responsible for preventing computer downtime
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Database Administration
Data Loss or Corruption
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Database Administration
Data Loss or Corruption
– Data corruption occurs when data is unreadable, incomplete, or damaged.
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Database Administration
Data Loss or Corruption
– Data corruption occurs when data is unreadable, incomplete, or damaged.
– Backing up data is a major method for recovering lost or corrupted data.
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Database Administration
Backup and Recovery Operations
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Database Administration
Backup and Recovery Operations
– tape backups commonly used because they are cheap and easy to store
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Database Administration
Backup and Recovery Operations
– tape backups commonly used because they are cheap and easy to store
– backups must be stored separately from original material to lessen accidental data loss
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Database Administration
Database response time is the lag time between a user issuing a command and the database system taking action.
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Database Administration
Record Locking
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Database Administration
Record Locking
– occurs when users attempt to edit existing records in a multi-user system
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Database Administration
Record Locking
– occurs when users attempt to edit existing records in a multi-user system
– allows only one user at a time to edit or delete a record
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Database Administration
Data Integrity
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Database Administration
Data Integrity
– data integrity – the accuracy of information provided to database users
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Database Administration
Data Integrity
– data integrity – the accuracy of information provided to database users
– redundancy – duplication of data in several fields; an enemy of data integrity
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Database Administration
Data Integrity
– data integrity – the accuracy of information provided to database users
– redundancy – duplication of data in several fields; an enemy of data integrity
– normalization – prevents duplicate data storage and reduces chance that some data will not be updated when changes are made
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Database Administration
Data Validation
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Database Administration
Data Validation
– range check – allows only range of numbers to be entered
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Database Administration
Data Validation
– range check – allows only range of numbers to be entered
– alphanumeric check – allows only letters of alphabet and digits to be entered
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Database Administration
Data Validation
– range check – allows only range of numbers to be entered
– alphanumeric check – allows only letters of alphabet and digits to be entered
– consistency check – checks against previously entered data that has been validated
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Database Administration
Data Validation
– range check – allows only range of numbers to be entered
– alphanumeric check – allows only letters of alphabet and digits to be entered
– consistency check – checks against previously entered data that has been validated
– completeness check – ensures every field filled out
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On the Horizon
Based on the information presented in this chapter and your own experience, what do you think is on the horizon?