origin/dates—aryan invaders/1700-1500 bce (with later additions) spread—primarily india and...
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Origin/dates—Aryan invaders/1700-1500 BCE (with later additions)
Spread—primarily India and modern Pakistan
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Major Beliefs One ultimate reality—Brahma Reincarnation based on karma Dharma, duties, rules of conduct Vedas
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Other important information: No “founder” or “date” of founding Tolerant of other religions Little in the way of formal beliefs Adaptable to meditation and ritual
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Origin/dates—India (Siddhartha Gautama)/~500 BCE
Spread—Northern India, East Asia, SE Asia, Japan
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Major Beliefs Four Noble Truths▪ Universality of suffering▪ Desire is the cause of suffering▪ Nirvana as the cessation of desire▪ Eightfold Path as the guide
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Other important information: Strong monastic tradition Spread via travelling monks Mahayana and Theraveda sects Zen Buddhism….enlightenment through
meditation
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Origin/dates—China (Kong Fu Zi)/~500 BCE
Spread—China (partly due to work of Mencius)
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Major Beliefs Li, Ren, Xiao Junzi Five relationships▪ Ruler/subject▪ Father/son▪ Elder/younger brother▪ Husband/wife▪ Friend/friend
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Other important information Ethical system (human conduct) rather
than a religion Humans/human behavior can be
improved Dominant influence on Chinese
government Placed high value on education Analects
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Origin/date—Hebrews/first writings 1000-800 BCE
Spread—Israel, later diaspora…North Africa, Middle East, Europe
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Major beliefs Monotheism Chosen people Coming messiah Torah, Tanakh, and Talmud
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Other important information First monotheistic religion Influenced Christianity and Islam No overarching hierarchy Four major levels of observance▪ Orthodox▪ Conservative▪ Reform▪ Reconstruction
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Origin/date—Israel (Jesus of Nazareth)/30s CE
Spread—Israel, through Roman world, Byzantium, Europe
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Major beliefs Monotheistic w/ Jesus as Messiah Salvation through grace Gospels w/ large body of interpretative
writings (Pauline letters, etc.)
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Other important information Legalized by Constantine 300s CE Strong ascetic/monastic tradition Missionary outreach Split between Catholicism and
Protestantism in 1500s No overarching hierarchy;
denominations typically do have hierarchies
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Origins/date—Arabia (Muhammad)/early 600s CE
Spread—Arabian Peninsula, Middle East, Africa, India, SW Europe
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Major beliefs Monotheistic (Allah) w/ Muhammad as the
primary prophet Five Pillars of Islam▪ We All Feel Prayer Pays ▪ Witness (“There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is
His prophet.”)▪ Alms (to assist poor)▪ Fasting (during Ramadan)▪ Prayer (5 times daily)▪ Pilgrimage (to Mecca)
Qu’ran
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Other important information Hijra—migration from Mecca to Medina Division between Sunni (majority) and
Shi’a sects No overarching hierarchy Sharia—legal code
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