New Immigrants 1800 – 1880: more than 10 million immigrants came

to the U.S. 1880 – 1920: 18 million immigrants came to the U.S.

from southern and eastern Europe (escaping religious persecution, poverty, little economic opportunity)

Ellis Island and Angel Island

Immigrants flee Russian pogroms

Chinese Exclusion Act Emma Lazarus “The New Colossus” Immigration reaches its peak

Reactions to Immigrants

Americanization

Saw immigrants as a threat Blamed for increase in crime, poverty,

and unemployment (felt they took American jobs)

An attempt to make immigrants assimilate, or “blend in”

1. Banned immigration

2. Immigrants were barred from becoming citizens3. Students had to attend separate schools

4. Were taught English literacy skills

Results of the

Results of theDillingham

Dillingham Commission

Commission

New technology led production to skyrocket. Streetcars Subways Automobiles Airplanes Telegraph Telephone Typewriter Steel Railroads Light bulb/Thomas Edison

Oil Mid-1800s: People began to refine oil

found in lakes, oceans, etc. for every-day uses Steel

Bessemer process: Made steel-making faster and cheaper

Transcontinental Railroad

Pros• Rapid industrial growth

• More consumer goods• Mass entertainment/leisure opportunities

• Increasing wealth

• Opportunities for employment

• New inventions and technologies

Cons• Poverty

• Crime increases• Bigger gaps between incomes (“rich got

rich, poor got poorer”)

• Ethnic divisions and discrimination

• Exploitation of Labor

• Public Health Issues

How different classes lived The Wealthy

Made money in business or industry “Captains of Industry”; “Robber Barons”

Showed off wealth by building fancy homes The Biltmore The Middle Class

Corporate employees Professionals

teachers, engineers, lawyers, and doctors The working Class

Poor Lived in Tenements

1. Identify one reason immigrants came to the U.S. from 1880 to 1920.2. What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?3. Why did nativists resent the influx of immigrants coming to the

U.S.?4. EXPLAIN one positive effect of industrial growth.5. EXPLAIN one negative effect of industrial growth.6. Identify one “captain of industry”/”robber baron” and his

contribution to the growth of industry in the late 1800s/early 1900s.7. What were tenements? Describe the conditions if you were to live

in one.8. Who was Jane Addams? What was her contribution to the time

period?9. What was the Social Gospel Movement?

Christians should apply and use religion to solve social problems.

The Social Gospel Movement

You expressed your faith through doing good works.

Founders believed in the Social Gospel Movement

The Settlement House Movement

A new approach to helping people overcome poverty

The Settlement House Movement (cont’d)

Volunteers offered immigrants services Teaching English Job training Clubs sports

1st settlement house in America Chicago – 1889 – Jane Addams The Hull House Followed with houses in Virginia (1st one for African

Americans), New York City, etc…400 in the U.S. by 1910

By 1920, most of the population lives in cities.

Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives

Knights of Labor – Uriah Stevens

Andrew Carnegie

Great Railway Strike of 1877

Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company Corporate consolidation

United all “producers” and pushed for 8-hr work day, end of child labor, better pay, and better working conditions

Carnegie Steel lowered price of steel, making it easier to build buildings and bridges, but also lowered workers’ pay

Railway workers’ pay was cut; 1st major railway strike in U.S. First federal trademark law = brand

names

American Federation of Labor – Samuel Gompers Became the largest labor union by allowing those

working immigrants to be members

Haymarket Riot

Homestead Steel Strike

Economic depression of 1893 Pullman Strike – George Pullman

Anthracite Coal Strike Industrial Workers of the World Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Workers were protesting. Bomb was thrown at police, who were trying to break up the protest. Several police and civilians were killed.

Iron and steel workers protested against lower pay at Carnegie Steel; 10 deaths

Workers at Pullman Palace Car Company walk out after pay was lowered. Government was afraid this would slow/stop railroads, so soldiers were sent in and boycott activities were banned.

Free Enterprise/Capitalism

Social Darwinism

New types of businesses emerged. Corporation Trust

Businesses were like nature: only the strongest survived.

Businesses are privately-owned. No government interference = “laissez

faire”

Rich got rich, poor got poorer

Unions Workers organized and united to fight for

better pay, working conditions, end of child labor, shorter work days, equal pay for equal work, etc. The Great Railroad Strike

Pittsburgh 1877 Railroad workers protested against cut

wages

Poll tax

Voting

Literacy test

Jim Crow Laws

Plessy vs. Ferguson Lynching

Murder by an individual or mob (group of people)

Many African Americans could not

afford these; therefore, they couldn’t vote

Segregation in public places

Intellectual and Social Trends Advertising grows and a consumer culture is

created. Ladies’ Home Journal and Sears Roebuck catalog Women’s roles shift from producer to consumer

Progress and Poverty written by Henry George in 1879. Poverty is not inevitable, but is the result of

limitations placed on individuals From 1880s on, new patterns of family life and

childhood emerge. Women and children = private sphere of home Men = public sphere of work

Boss Politics – a boss holds power over a political region James A Farler and Boss Tweed

Social Darwinism, from the 1880s on is the belief that competition drives the individual. Survival of the fittest

Dynamic Sociology written in 1883 by Lester Ward. States that poverty can be eliminated through social intervention. Goes against belief of Social Darwinism

Carnegie publishes Gospel of Wealth in 1889. Says accumulation of massive wealth is good for society.

Edward Bellamy writes Looking Backward in 1888. Says a socialist utopia is possible in the US

1890’s Sherman Anti-Trust Act made monopolies illegal.

Beginning in the 1890s, new patterns of leisure, mass culture and entertainment emerge Baseball, football, amusement parks,

magazines

In 1893, the Columbian Exposition, AKA World’s Fair, opens in Chicago New technologies, debut of consumer

goods

Vaudeville gains popularity from 1900-1910. Form of entertainment including musicians,

comics, dancers, magicians, and animals 1915’s Birth of a Nation released, directed by DW

Griffith. Depicts African Americans in a negative way. Shows Ku Klux Klan as heroes Looks at experiences during Reconstruction. Results in rise of KKK, causes race riots