S

NAME AS MANY NGOs as you can

Non-Governmental Organisation

S

Who are the key players?

WATER CONFLICTSTo understand what NGOs and TNCs (key players)

are doing to solve water scarcity

WHY?

Using named examples, assess the role of different players and decision makers in trying to secure a sustainable ‘water future’. (15)

What is the link?

An NGO – Water Aid

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxtxtYPIb7E&feature=channel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUFe3DBlXhA&feature=channel

Water aid solutions

Water Aid Projects

Works in 27 countries globally http://www.wateraid.org/uk/what_we_do/where_we_work/default.asp

Including Ethiopia, Uganda, Ghana and Bangladesh

Water Aid Projects

ETHIOPIA Mobile toilets have been established in the capital

Addis Ababa These help keep the environment clean Provides the homeless with employment

Uganda In the Wakiso district educate people about

sanitation methods. Involves : Maintain water sources and stop animals using it Locals are taught how to construct latrines, so the

water does not become contaminated with faeces

Water Aid Projects

Ghana Here over 5 million have no access to clean water Water Aid provided tools and education on how to dig wells to pump

clean water – go below the water table and put stones in bottom to act as filter

Villagers form a committee and decided where the well will be Some trained in how to repair Impacts – more people attend school, less illness, more people sell

food and ice water, less time to fetch water

Bangladesh Water Aid and its partners negotiated with the Dhaka city water

authorities for permission to establish communal water points, where slum communities can access water from the city water supplies through hand pumps

The water points are run on a cost-recovery basis where users pay a small fee to the community management committee to use the facilities

World Trade Organisations and TNCs

Countries need secure water supplies to further their economic development

Many countries benefit from international aid to improve water provision

Most aid projects work with the needs of local people and follow international guidelines to gain the agreement of riverside land users (riparians)

HOWEVER there have been controversial projects Can you name any?

WTO and TNCs

WTO now encourage countries to open up their economies to private investment in return for debt relief

Countries have been seeking private investment from companies such as Veolia/Vivendi, Ondea and Bechtel, who view water as a business What are the positives and negatives of this

approach?

Privatisation

10% of the global population receive water from private firms; could rise to 17% by 2015

WB now actively encourages LEDCs to sell off their water systems to private companies in return for debt relief IMF claim that only a private investment of $50

billion/yr could guarantee supplies of fresh water to Latin America

Bolivia

In Cochabamba a private company took over water supplies and raised prices to ensure a profit margin

Locals faced a stark choice; paying 20% of their wages for water or feeding their children

Four day riot resulted

170 injured, 17yr old died

The government then cancelled the firms contract

BoliviaWhat do you think?

La Paz and El AltoPrivately run by SUEZ of France as part of the WB/IMF conditions for debt relief

CochabambaPublicly run since 2000 by SEMAPA, after the riots against privatisation

• Corporate efficiency• Coverage is 100%, so every

street has a piper water supply (not all can afford to be connected)

• Service extends to the city boundary

• Connections have increased by 50%

• Cost equivalent of $450/person to be connected (less than 20% connected)

• 200 000 people have been excluded since 2005 through cost

• Government inefficiency• Coverage to houses is 45%• Connections have increased by

16%• Water supplies are only available

for 2hr/day, 3day/week• SEMAPA are unable to supply

55% of the population who have to dig their own wells and beg for water

What do you think?

Draw up an argument for an against the privatisation of water supplies Think about countries of varying levels of

development

Is water to the 21st century what oil was to the 20th?

Final Thoughts

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtmpQMf1oqY&feature=channel_page