motivation one who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then
another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals
Being victimized intentionally and directly is more painful/worse
WCC occurs as a part of productive activity that benefits everyone Thus street crime = police, WCC = regulation
Victims of many WCC chose their occupation knowing the risks
![Page 2: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Incentives for filing civil (vs. criminal) cases?
Should prosecutors consider the collateral consequences of a prosecution? WCC? Women with dependent children?
![Page 3: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Basic Concepts/QuestionsDevelopmental TheoriesPolicy Implications
![Page 4: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Arrest Rate
Age at Arrest
10 20 30 40 50
4000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Property Crimes, peak age = 16
Violent Crimes, peak age = 18
The Age-Crime Relationship
![Page 5: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Data is AGGREGATE It could hide subgroups of offenders, or
“offending trajectories”Data is Cross-Sectional
Doesn’t track stability/change over timeData is OFFICIAL
Cannot tell us about the precursors to official delinquency (childhood antisocial behavior)
![Page 6: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
COHORT STUDIES = CHRONIC 6% Correlation between past and future criminal
behavior ranges from .6 to .7 (very strong) Lee Robins- Studies of cohorts of males
Antisocial Personality as an adult virtually requires history of CASB
CASB as early as age 6 related to delinquency
More severe behavior has more stability “Early onset delinquency” powerful indicator of
stability
![Page 7: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1/2 of antisocial children are never arrested
The vast majority of delinquents desist as they enter adulthood (mid 20s)
![Page 8: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
OLD: Crime is the province of adolescents; theories of delinquency most important
▪ Easier to find/survey adolescents too! New (Considering stability/development )
Theories of adolescent delinquency are at best incomplete▪ Central causes of delinquency lie in childhood▪ Chronic offenders still may desist during adulthood
Lifecourse Questions▪ Why do some age out of crime while others don’t?▪ Why is criminality so stable over time?▪ What causes crime at different stages of life?
![Page 9: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
“Career Criminal” Paradigm Early roots in criminology—studies of
robbers, fences, and so forth Crime as an occupation specialization,
escalation, etc. Empirical evidence = little
specialization, crime not as an “occupation” Developmental Criminology replaces
“Career Criminal” paradigm in 1980s
![Page 10: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Must explain why there is stability (continuity) in antisocial behavior
Must explain childhood precursors to offending (childhood antisocial behavior) Severe (age inappropriate) temper
tantrums Deviant/criminal behavior
Must explain desistence, or “change” Antisocial children, but not adults Adults that “age out”
![Page 11: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Types of Lifecourse Theories
1. Continuity (Trait) Theories (G&H)2. Continuity and Change Theories
(Sampson and Laub)3. Continuity or Change Theories
(Moffitt)
![Page 12: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Some “thing” that is stable over time and related to crime Gottfreson and Hirschi Low self-control
▪ Becomes very stable by age 8▪ Causes crime and other nastiness
Problem? ▪ Why do people desist? Explain “childhood recoveries”
or adult desistence?
G&H ▪ People desist –it’s a “law” or “constant” like gravity,
which doesn’t’ need explanation
![Page 13: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Important/Popular book: Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life
First to fully outline “lifecourse” criminology
Put forth a lifecourse theory Use “Glueck data” to test theory
![Page 14: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pathways = stabilityTurning Points = opportunity for
change
![Page 15: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Context•Poverty
•Neighborhood•Others
Parenting• Supervision• Discipline Social Bonds• Family• School•Delinquent Peers
Childhood Adolescence Adulthood
Individual Differences
•Temperament•Conduct disorder diagnosis
Delinquency
Social Bonds•Marriage•Good Job
Length ofIncarceration
Adult Crime
![Page 16: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Stability of Trajectory Individual differences (traits) possible Cumulative Continuity
▪ Delinquency/crime has effect on “adult social bonds”
▪ Delinquency/crime can lead to incarceration, which also has effect on adult social bonds
▪ These bonds, in turn, have effect on future crime
![Page 17: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Turning Points = Adult Social Bonds Quality Marriage Quality Employment
Why would these things reduce crime? S&L: they increase informal control (bind
individuals to society, give them something to lose)
Other explanations (spend less time with criminal friends, etc.)
![Page 18: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
New Book/Articles based on follow-up data from Gleuck sample Followed until age 70
Similar to original theory Employment, marriage, military service
More complex-why a “turning point?” Knife off past from the present/future Supervision/monitoring (control) but also
opportunities for social support/growth Change to structure/routine activities Opportunity for identity transformation
![Page 19: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Desistence by Default No conscious decision to “stop offending”
▪ Rather, roles, structure, social context changes Human Agency
Vague concept that implies people have some say in the matter. ▪ Not same as “rational choice” nor is it a “trait”
▪ Interaction = land a good job but still must want to keep
Theoretical Importance▪ Lives do not “unfold” in predictable sequences▪ Desistence more difficult to explain than onset or
persistence
![Page 20: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
A Stability or Change TheoryArgument:
There are 2 different “kinds” of offenders in the world
These types can be characterized by their unique “offending trajectories”
Failure of Mainstream Criminology? During adolescence, these two groups
look rather similar
![Page 21: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
LCP’s Early Start, Stable over lifecourse, 5% of
general population (small group) Therefore…
▪ Why start so early? Why so stable? AL’s
Late starters, desist in adulthood, very prevalent in population
Therefore….▪ Why start so late? Why desist right away?
![Page 22: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Presence of “Neuropsychological Deficits” Where do they come from? Why do they matter?
INTERACTING WITH Ineffective Parenting
Monitoring, supervision, etc.
This “dual hazard” puts them on bad path…however…
![Page 23: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
What in the environment is affected? Peer Rejection School Failure Parenting
THEREFORE Cumulative continuity Contemporary continuity (still have N.P.
Deficit, personality traits)
![Page 24: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Maturity Gap Knifing off Bonds as “rewarding”
Mimic
Why do AL’s desist?However, some may exhibit
continuity “Snares” as another example of
cumulative continuity
![Page 25: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Why do we need 2 theories?How does she account for stability
and change?Specific explanations of LCP and AL
offending
![Page 26: Motivation One who tries to do harm is more evil then another who commits crime while pursuing legitimate goals Being victimized intentionally and](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0041a28abf838cc4a0a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The seduction of the chronic 6%The promise of early interventionTheory Specific Implications
Moffitt causes of neurological deficits, effective parenting, other?
S&L family context, parenting, bonds (child and adult)