˘ˇ ˆ ˙ ˆ˝ monitor no 12_1398428765.pdf · in nepal d inesh tripathi!# peace process at...

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Human Rights Monitor

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in Nepal Dinesh Tripathi !#� Peace Process at Crossroad Shobhakar Budhathoki @!� New Frontiers of Human Rights Keshab Sigdel @#� Will Peace Prevail in Nepal ? Baba K. Gurung @&� Silent Cry of widows

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HURFON: An Overview

National Human Rights Foundation (HURFON), a non-political, non-profit making, independent anddemocratic social human rights organization, was initiated and established in 1997 by senior human rights defenders,lawyers, educationists, peace educators, sociologists and researchers. It has been giving its full efforts in protecting andpromoting the global ideals and values of human rights, democracy, peace and education in Nepal. It has beenpublishing Human Rights Monitor on regular basis. It keeps its working relationship with national and internationalhuman rights organizations and human rights bodies of The United Nations. HURFON is one of the founding membersof Human Rights Home (HRH) Nepal, member organization of Human Rights Treaty Monitoring CoordinationCommittee (HRTMCC) and is officially associated with the National Election Observation Committee (NEOC).On behalf of NEOC, HURFON has actively participated the monitoring of the entire process of the ConstitutientAssembly Election held on 10 April, 2008.

Considering education as the fundamental rights of every citizen irrespective of caste, class, sex, ethnicity, gender,religion and social origin, HURFON has led the National Campaign for Right to Education (NCRE) in Nepal whichincludes the coalition of educational organizations, human rights communities, civil society, trade unions, educationists,youths, education rights practitioners and activists. It aims at promoting scientific, practical, and rights based educationsystem in Nepal through advocacy, publication, research, trainings, lobby, monitoring, networking and exchange programs.

HURFON has also led The Task Force for the Control Arms Campaign in Nepal comprising senior mosthuman rights defenders and organizations with the aims and objectives of generating solidarity and mass consensus tobuild a tough Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) which would create a legally binding resolution to regulate arms trade and alltypes of weaponry transactions including sales, import and exports. The Task Force has undertaken consultation withthe leaders of different political parties, speakers and the parliamentarians, held a round table interaction and asignature campaign, collected signatures of parliamentarians on “Parliamentarians' Declaration" and submitted tothe Secretary General of The United Nations. The Task Force has its formal working relation with the internationalorganizations such as Amnesty International, OXFAM and IANSA.

In addition, HURFON has also been involved in post conflict peace building and social healing services, humanrights observation, life-line, legal support, humanitarian activity and campaign against impunity in Nepal.

Central Executive Committee

(2064 B.S. – 2066 B.S.)

President – Mr. Krishna Prasad Bhandari

(Senior Advocate)

Vice President – Mr. Ananda Prasad Acharya

– Mr. Yogendra Man Bijukchhen

– Mr. Bijaya Kumar Singh

General Secretary – Mr. Bhawani Prasad Kharel

Dy. Gen. Secretary – Mr. Ramesh Kumar Prasai

Treasurer – Mr. Raj Kumar Gurung

Members – Mr. Lekh Bahadur Thapa

– Ms. Rupa Devi Bastola

– Mr. Hari Prasad Dharel

– Mr. Laxman Nath Upreti

– Ms. Nirupama Yadav

– Mr. Binod Kumar Vishwakarma

Press Dept. Head – Mr. Keshav Raj Lohani

Central Advisory CommitteeMr. Daman Nath Dhungana (Honorary Member)

Former Speaker of the House of RepresentativeMr. Padma Ratna Tuladhar (Honorary Member)

Senior Human Rights ActivistProf. Kapil Shrestha (Honorary Member)

Former Member – NHRC, NepalEr. Prakash Chandra Joshi

Senior Human Rights ActivistProf. Dr. Rajesh Gautam

Professor, T.U. & HR ActivistLegal Advisor

Advocate, Tirtha Raj BasaulaPress Advisor Mr. Tara Nath Dahal (Former President– Federation of Nepalese Journalist–FNJ)Finance Advisors Mr. Ramesh Prasad Saraaf (Industrialist) Mr. Baba Krishna Gurung (Social Worker)

National Human Rights FoundationHURFON

P.O.Box: 6601, Binayak Nagar-10, Newbaneshwor, Kathmandu, NepalTel: 977–1–4463127, Fax: 977-1-4493755

Email: [email protected], URL: www.hurfon.org

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UNITED NATIONSOFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER

FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN NEPAL

United Nations

Human Rights

I would like to congratulate you on the publication ofyour Human Rights Monitor, which has beencontributing greatly to awareness about the protectionand promotion of the human rights in Nepal.

Strengthening national institutions and civil society isone of the priority areas for OHCHR-Nepal. Throughour joint efforts OHCHR-Nepal, national institutions,civil society and other stakeholders bring about positivechanges in Nepali society, leading to the enjoyment ofhuman rights by all Nepali people. Therefore, I lookforward to deepening our partnership with civil societyin order to effectively protect and promote humanrights in Nepal. Especially during this period when thenew constitution of Nepal is being drafted, enhancing knowledge among Nepalipeople, through this magazine, on human rights issues, including internationalhuman rights mechanisms is a key aspect of our partnership.

Finally, I would like to wish National Human Rights Foundation (HURFON)and all Nepalese a very happy and peaceful Dashain and Deepawali 2066.

Message

OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS

23 Sept 2009

Richard Bennett

Representative

OHCHR-Nepal

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dfkb08df k[ystf x'Fb}g . ljZjsf] s'g} klg e"–efudf j;f]af; ug]{ JolQmsf nflu hflt, efiff,wd{, lnª\u, /fli6«otf, pTklQ, ;fdflhs / cfly{sl:ylt, /fli6«o l;dfgf cflbsf] e]befjljgf k|fKtx'g] clwsf/ g} dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkstfxf] . dfgj clwsf/ /fHo jf zf;sn] To; b]zsf]gful/snfO{ k|bfg ug]{ xf]Og ls tL clwsf/x?sf];+/If0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L /fHosf] xf] .

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkstf eGgfn] ljgfs'g} If]qLo lje]btf dfgj clwsf/sf cGt/f{li6«o:t/dfdfGotf k|fKt cfwf/e"t Go"gtd dfkb08nfO{;j{JofkL?kdf ;a}n] ;a}sf] lglDt kfngf ug'{kg]{dfGotf xf] . s'g} klg b]zsf] ;/sf/nfO{ cfkm"n] s'gdfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ jf s'gsf] gug]{ eGg]:jljj]sLo clwsf/ x'Fb}g . ;g\ !((# df cli6«ofsf]/fhwfgL leogfdf /fi6«;ª\3åf/f cfof]hgf ul/Psf]dfgj clwsf/sf] bf];|f] ljZj ;Dd]ngn] dfgj clwsf/sf]ljZjJofkstfsf] cfwf/df ;+/If0f tyf ;DdfgnfO{k'gMkl/eflift u/L lgMzt{ nfu" ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 .

dfgj clwsf/ ;d'bfon] l;s]sf] kL8fbfoL kf7s] xf] eg] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf];+/If0fljgf gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fx'g} ;Sb}g . ;To s'/f s] xf] eg] ef]sf] dflg;nfO{w]/} s'/fsf] 5fGg] :jtGqtf x'Fb}g t/ c3fPsf] dfG5]nfO{5gf]6sf] :jtGqtf lbOFb}g eg] p;n] cfkm"nfO{ ef]slj¿4sf] clwsf/af6 ;+/If0f ug{ ;Sb}g .

dfgj clwsf/sf] cGt/lge{/tfnfO{ l8;]Dj/ $,!(*^ df /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efåf/f kfl/t ul/Psf]ljsf;sf] clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ffkqdf;d]t cª\uLsf/ul/Psf] 5 h;df gful/s, /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s,;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] ;+o'Qm pkef]un]ljsf; ;Dej ePsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{,;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/ ;a}sf nflu eGg] l;4fGtd'tfljs dfgj clwsf/nfO{ lgikIf / ;dfg 9ª\un];dfg x}l;otdf tyf ;dfg dxTjsf ;fy lnOg'kb{5 ./fli6«o tyf If]qLo lx;fadf P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts /wfld{s k[i7e"ldsf] jxfgfdf dfgj clwsf/sf] :jJofVofjf ckJofVof ug{ ldNb}g . h:tf];'s} /fhgLlts,cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts Joj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] ;dfh

lsg gxf];\ dfgj clwsf/ / cfwf/e"t :jtGqtfsf]kl/efiff eg] Pp6} x'g'kb{5 .

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkstf, cljefHotf /cGt/lge{/tfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ sltko /fHox?n]cfnf]rgfsf] b[li6sf]0fn];d]t x]g]{ u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?sf]gh/df dfgj clwsf/ o"/f]k]nL /fhgLlts Oltxf; /;fd|fHojfbaf6 hlGdPsf] klZrdL p4f/ a'h{jf k|0ffnLsf]pkh xf] . pgLx?sf] b[li6sf]0fdf dfgj clwsf/nfO{k|To]s d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts / cfly{s w/ftndfkl/eflift ul/g'kb{5 . o;} ;Gbe{df sltko;/sf/x?n] ls t gful/s tyf /fhgLltsclwsf/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf 5g\ ls t cfly{s,;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/nfO{ . t/ dfgjclwsf/sf] o:tf] lsl;dsf] kl/efiffsf] ljZj;lgotfu'Db} uPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(^* df hf/L ul/Psf] t]x/fg3f]if0ffkq, ;g\ !((# df hf/L ul/Psf] u}/–;/sf/L;+:yfsf] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL a}ª\ss 3f]if0ffkq,;g\ !((# s} leogf 3f]if0ffkq tyf ;oeGbf a9L/fi6«x?n] cg'df]bg u/]sf] gful/s, /fhgLlts tyfcfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwLcGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwsf k|fjwfgx?n] dfgj clwsf/sf]ljZjJofkstf, cGt/lge{/tf / cljefHotfnfO{ k"0f{?kdf:yflkt u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] s'g} d'n'sdf h:tf];'s}lsl;dsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs k|0ffnL:yfkgf lsg gul/of];\ dfgj clwsf/sf] d"No /dfGotfdf ;f}bfjfhL ug{ ;lsb}+g . oyfy{tfdf oxLg} dfgj clwsf/sf] dfkb08sf] r'/f] xf] .

;du|df, ;a} dfgj clwsf/sf] ;dfg dxTjx'g] ePsf]n] s'g} clwsf/nfO{ a9L / s'g}nfO{ sddxTjsf] eg]/ 5'6\ofpg ldNb}g . ;a}vfn] dfgjclwsf/x? Ps csf{df cGt/;DalGwt x'g] ePsf]n]clwsf/x?nfO{ cnUofP/ x]g{ jf cfkm" cg's"n JofVofug{ ldNb}g . o;f] ul/Pdf dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltck"/f] / Psfª\uL x'g hfG5 .

lx+;f / b08xLgtfdf z"Go ;lxi0f'tfdfgj clwsf/df lx+;fsf] s'g} u'~hfo; /xFb}g .

rfx] h'g;'s} p2]Zo k|flKt ug{sf nflu rnfOPsf]cfGbf]ng, ;ª\3if{, ljb|f]x / åGå lsg gxf];\ lx+;fsf]


cjnDjg jlh{t x'g'kb{5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdflx+;fsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ k"0f{tof lt/:sf/ ul/G5 . lx+;fcfkm}df dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3g ePsf]n] lx+;f /dfgj clwsf/ ;xofqL aGg ;Sb}gg\ . dfgjclwsf/sf] cEo'bo lx+;f, lje]b, o'4, åGå /j}dgiotfsf] cGTo ug{sf lglDt ePsf]n] lx+;fk|]dL/fhgLltn] dfgj clwsf/sf] sbflk ;+/If0f ug{;Sb}g . /fi6« ;ª\3sf] hGd / tt\kZrft\ hf/Ldfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] hGd;d]tlx+;f / ljb|f]xsf] ljsNksf] ?kdf ePsf] xf] .

cS;/ /fHosf lgsfox?df /fli6«o txsf dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 kl/kfngfug]{ lbzfdf uDeL/ sdhf]/Lx? ljBdfg 5g\ . k|x/Ltyf ;}lgsh:tf ;+:yfx?leq cfk\mgf ljleGg tx /lgsfodf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gdf /f]s nufpg]lbzfdf c;Ifdtf kfOPsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf];+/If0fdf /fHosf lgsfox?df ljBdfg sdhf]/ OR5fzlQm / Ifdtf g} ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofx?sf] h8 eGg'cTo'lQm gxf]nf . k|x/L tyf ;}lgsdf ;+/rgfutcfGtl/s cg';Gwfgnufot\ Go"g ;|f]t / OR5f zlQmcefjsf sf/0f dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf] cg';Gwfg,clen]vLs/0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] Ifdtfdf sdhf]/Lb]lvPsf] 5 .

/fHoåf/f pNnª\3g ul/g] dfgj clwsf/sf];jfndf b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltsf] Oltxf; sfod5 . dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf/Lx? pk/ ul/g]]Jofks cg';Gwfg / sf/jfxLsf sf/0f oL ;+:yfx?sdhf]/ aGg hfg] qf;n] ;DejtM cf/f]lktpNnª\3gsf/Lx?nfO { hf ]ufpg pRrkb:yclwsf/Lx?åf/f e/dUb'/ k|of; ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .b08xLgtfsf] ;d:of ;Djf]wg gul/g'sf] cGo sf/0foL ;+:yfx?leq JofKt e|i6frf/ tyf gftfjfb, s[kfjfbPj+ bnut /fhgLlts d/df]nflxhf -;f}bfjfhL_ ;“uufFl;Psf] 5 . kmntM b08xLgtfsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Djf]wgug{ Psbd} sl7g ;fljt ePsf] jt{dfg kl/j]zdflghL If]q, /fhgLlts j[Q / vf; u/]/ sfg'gsfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfx?df cGtlg{lxt zlQmzfnL/fhgLlts :jfy{sf] cGTo ug'{ /fHosf] d"n bfloTjx'g cfpF5 .

dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf b08xLgtfsf] s'g}u'~hfo; 5}g / b08xLgtfn] dfgj clwsf/pNnª\3gsf z[ª\vnfx? lgDTofpF5 . /fHon] cS;/zlQm / ansf] e/df gful/s clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gug]{ tyf pNnª\3gsf 36gfdf dfgj clwsf/pNnª\3gdf ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ ;/If0f k|bfg u/LpGd'lQm lb+bf pQm JolQm pNnª\3gsf 36gfdf ykpTk|]l/t x'g hfG5 . t;y{, /fHon] s'g} klg jxfgfdfdfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gnfO{ k|>o glbO{ bf]ifLnfO{oyf]lrt sf/afxL ug'{k5{ . dfgj clwsf/sf] dfkb08lgwf{/0f ubf{ lx+;fnfO{ jlh{t ug]{ / b08xLgtfnfO{lg¿T;flxt ug]{ k|fjwfg clgjfo{ ?kdf /fVg' kb{5 .

;dfgtf / lje]b/lxttflje]b/lxttf dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o

sfg'gsf] cGt;{DalGwt l;4fGt xf] . lje]b/lxttfnfO{dfgj clwsf/sf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx? vf; u/]/hflt lje]b lj¿4sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw / dlxnflj¿4x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lje]blj¿4 dxf;lGwsf] d"ne"t d'2fagfOPsf] 5 . lje]b/lxttfsf] l;4fGt ljgf zt{ ;a}dfgj clwsf/sf] ;dfg pkef]u l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t5 . s'g} j0f{, lnª\u, hflt, /ª, pd]/ of pTklQcflbsf] cfwf/df s;}nfO{ klg s'g} klg k|sf/n]lje]b / cjx]ngf ug{ kfOb}g . oxL l;4fGtnfO{dfgj clwsf/ ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f ! n] …;a}JolQm hGdhft ;Ddfg Pjd\ clwsf/df :jtGq /;dfg 5g, ltgdf sf/0fjfbLtf / cGt:s/0f ePsfn]ltgn] k/:k/df e|ft[Tjsf] efjgfn] Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5ÚeGg] :ki6 ?kdf cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .

;du|df, dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iff, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gug]{ g}lts Pj+ sfg'gL bfloTj /fHodf lglxt x'G5 .clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gdf /fHo s'g} xfntdfkl~5g ;Sb}g . gful/ssf] cleefjssf] x}l;otdf/fHon] dfgj clwsf/sf ;j{JofkL d"No / dfGotfx?nfO{gful/sn] k"0f{?kdf pkef]u ug{;Sg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0fug]{ bfloTj;d]t /fHodf /xG5 . tyflk, cfkm\gfclwsf/sf] pkef]u ubf{ c¿sf] clwsf/sf] xgg ug{gx'g] bfloTj k|To]s JolQmdf :jtM l;lh{t x'G5 .


ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq / g}lts bfloTjdfgj kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox?sf] cGtlg{lxt

dfg tyf ;Ddfg / cljlR5Gg clwsf/x?sf] dfGotfnfO{:jtGqtf, Gofo / zflGtsf] cfwf/ dfGb} l8;]Dj/ !),!($* sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;fwf/0f;efsf] k|:tfj@!& s -#_ af6 u|x0f u/L dfgj clwsf/sf]ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ul/Psf] xf] . k|To]sJolQm / ;dfhsf cª\un] o; 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ ;femfdfkb08sf] ?kdf ;Ddfg ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .sfg'g;/x afWosf/L gx'g] ePtf klg #) j6fwf/fdf ljeQm of] 3f]if0ffkq dfgj clwsf/sf] dxTjk"0f{g}lts b:tfj]h xf] . ljZjsf dfgj hfltnfO{ lgDgclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ o; b:tfj]hsf] dd{ /efjgf /xL cfPsf] 5 . k|rlnt dfgj clwsf/sfcGt/f{li6«o ;+oGqx? o;} 3f]if0ffkqsf] dd{cg'?ktof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/Psf 5g\ .

;g\ !(%% df g]kfn ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;b:o/fi6« ePsf] gftfn] /fi6«;ª\3åf/f hf/L ul/Psf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] ;'lglZrt u/]sfclwsf/x?nfO{ ljgf zt{ kl/kfngf / sfof{Gjogug'{kb{5 . ;fy}, dfgj clwsf/sf] 3/]n' dfkb08lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf ;+ljwfg / sfg'gx?df 3f]if0ffkqsfk|fjwfgx? cGof]Gofl>t x'g'kb{5 .

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] dfkb08dflg;x?sf] pGglt / k|ultsf nflu dfgj

clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq;d]tn] ;'lglZrt u/]sfclwsf/x?dWo] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/Ps k|d'v clwsf/ ePsfn] g]kfnsf] efjL ;+ljwfgdflgDg ljifo ;dfj]z x'g h¿/L 5M

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltgful/ssf] hLjgsf] clwsf/, ;Ddfg / k|lti7f;“uk|ToIf ?kdf ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . lje]bsf] cGTo,;dfgtfsf] ;'lglZrttf, cfTd;Ddfg / cfTdlg0f{osf]clwsf/;d]t gful/ssf] :jtGqtfsf] dfkb08;“uhf]l8Psf] x'gfn] d'ntM oL clwsf/x? cx/0fLo?kdfu|x0f ul/Psf 5g\ . oxL oyfy{tfnfO{ dWogh/u/L cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGqx?df gful/s tyf /fhgLltsclwsf/nfO{ gsf/fTds clwsf/sf] ?kdf kl/eflift

ul/G5 lsgeg] /fHon] x:tIf]k gu/]sf] v08df oLclwsf/x?sf] :jtM kl/kfngf x'G5 tyf /fHon]s'g} nufgL ug'{ kb}{g .

g]kfn, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwLcGt/f{li6«o cg'jGwsf] ljgf cf/If0f kIf/fi6« ePsf]gftfn] o; cg'jGwn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf clwsf/x?nfO{/fli6«o sfg'g;/x ljgf zt{ kl/kfngf / sfof{Gjogul/g'kg]{ bfloTj :jtM l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . t;y{,dfgj clwsf/sf] 3/]n' dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf;+ljwfg / sfg'gx?df o; cg'aGwsf k|fjwfgx?cGof]Gofl>t x'g'kb{5 .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] dfkb08cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf]

k|Tofe"lt gful/ssf] hLjgsf] clwsf/, ;Ddfg /k|lti7f;“u k|ToIf ?kdf ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . lje]bsf]cGTo, ;dfgtfsf] ;'lglZrttf, cfTd;Ddfg /cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/;d]t gful/ssf] hLjg:t/sf]dfkb08;“u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . oxL oyfy{tfnfO{ dWogh/u/L xfnsf bzsdf cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGqx?df cfly{s,;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/nfO{ ;sf/fTdsclwsf/sf] ?kdf u|x0f u/L k|utLzLn k|Tofe"ltdfkm{t\Gofolg?k0f of]Uo agfpg' kg]{ cleofg ;+rfngul/Psf] 5 .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf]cGt/f{li6«o cg'jGwsf] ljgf cf/If0f g]kfn kIf/fi6«ePsf] gftfn] o; cg'jGwn] ;'lglZrt u/]sfclwsf/x?nfO{ /fli6«o sfg'g;/x ljgfzt{ kl/kfngf/ sfof{Gjog ul/g'kg]{ bfloTj :jtM l;h{gf ePsf]5 . t;y{, dfgj clwsf/sf] 3/]n' dfkb08 lgwf{/0fug]{ qmddf ;+ljwfg / sfg'gx?df o; cg'aGwsfk|fjwfgx? cGof]Gofl>t x'g'kb{5 .

plNnlvt ;lGwx?nufot\ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf]tTjfjwfgdf cfof]lht dfgj clwsf/;“u ;DalGwtcGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngx?åf/f kfl/t 3f]if0ff, sfo{of]hgftyf ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf k|:tfjnfO{;d]t gof“ ;+ljwfgdfdfgj clwsf/sf] dfkb08sf] lgwf{/0f ul/+bf ;dflji6ul/g'kb{5 .

-OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgnåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] æefjL ;ljwfgdf

dfgj clwsf/sf] dfkb08Æ ljifos b:tfj]hdf cfwfl/t_


! = ;ª\3Lotf / åGå

;g\ !(%) sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 g]kfnsf]zf;g k4ltn] s]xL bzs;Ddsf] nflu ljs]Gb|Ls/0ftyf ;xeflutfd"ns z}nL ckgfof] . ;g\ !(((sf] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g ljs]Gb|Ls/0f xfl;nug]{ Pp6f kl5Nnf] k|of; lyof] .

ljsf;sf If]qdf zlQm tyf ;|f]tsf] s]Gb|Ls/0fx'g'n] plt kl/jt{g lgDTofpg ;s]g . ;f]xL sf/0f;g\ !(() sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g -klxnf]hgcfGbf]ng_ kl5 klg ltgn] lg0f{o–k|lqmofdfhgtfsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f tyf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrtug{ ljkmn /x] . of] kl/jt{gkl5sf ;/sf/n]ljs]Gb|Ls/0f xfl;n ug] { s]xL k|of; u/] /;fd'bflos jgh:tf ljlzi6 If]qdf s]xL pknlAwklg xfl;n eP . t/ oL k|of;n] ;+/rgfut:t/df /fHosf dfldnfdfly hgtfsf ] k "0f {ljs ] Gb | Ls/0f , ;dfj ]zLs/0f / ;xeflutflgDTofpg eg] cIfd /x] ->]i7, !((&, kf08],!(((_ . o;n] ;z:q åGå tyf d'7e]8sf] nflucg's"n cj:yf l;h{gf ub} { c;Gt'li6 tyfg}/fZotkm{ ws]Nof] -pk|]tL, @))(_ .

o;/L ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfh:tf ljleGg zf;sLo;+/rgfsf] cfjZostf af]w u/fpg] ax;n] 7fp“kfP . PsfTds /fHosf ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{;Ifd ;ª\3Lotfh:tf] Joj:yfn] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5eGg] cjwf/0ff ;g\ @))^ clk|ndf ePsf] bf];|f]hgcfGbf]ngkl5 a9\g yfNof] . o; n]vn] åGånfO{

g]kfndf åGå / ;ª\3Lotfsf] cGt/;DaGw

8f= lji0f'/fh pk|]tL*

;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg]; ª \ 3 L o t f s f ]Ifdtfaf/] rrf{ ub}{;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfleq}pAhg ;Sg] ;DefljtåGånfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{s]xL ;+oGqx¿ k|:tfju/]sf] 5 .

@= g]kfndf ;ª\3Lotfsf] ;dy{g / la/f]w@=! g]kfndf ;ª\3Lotfsf] ;dy{g

;g\ @))% km]a|'c/L ! df /fhfn] k"0f{ lg/ª\s'zzf;g nfb]kl5 g]kfnsf ;a} d'Vo bnn] d"ne"tkl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf klxn] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n]cg'e"t u/]sf]] af]w u/] . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / ;ftbnLo u7aGwgaLr ;g\ @))% gf]e]Da/ @@ df ;DkGgafx|a'“b];xdltsf] k|:tfjgfn] klg nf]stGq, /fhtGqsf]cGTo / gof“ /fhgLlts ;+/rgfsf] dfu ub}{ oxLcfjZostf cleJoQm u/]sf] lyof] . afx|a'“b];xdltsf]k|:tfjgfsf] s]xL c+zMg]kfndf nfdf] ;dob]lv rNb} cfPsf] lg/+s'z /fhtGq/ nf]stGqaLrsf] ;ª\3if{ cfh cToGt} uDeL/ / gof“df]]]]]8df k'u]sf] 5 . ljut b; jif{b]lv hf/L ;z:qåGåsf] cu|ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf;åf/f ;dfwfg ub{}zflGt :yfkgf ug{ cfhsf] cfjZostf ePsf] 5 .To;}n] lg/+s' z /fhtGqsf] cGTo u/L k"0f{ nf]stGq:yfkgf ub{} /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts

* cWofkg, cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf cEof;stf{sf] ¿kdf åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] If]qdf 8]9 b;sb]lv cfa4 x'g'x'G5 . pxfFnfO{ g]b/Nof08af6 åGå

Joj:yfkgdf ljBfjfl/lw ug'{ ePsf] 5 . cfkm\gf] cg';Gwfg tyf cEof;df cfwfl/t eO{ pxfFn] !^ cf]6f k':tsnufot w]/} /rgfx¿sf]k|sfzg;d]t ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . pk|]tLn] åGå cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf g]kfn, pQ/L cfo/Nof08, Olyof]lkof, df]hflDas, blIf0f clk|msf,cfOef]/L sf]i6, tflhls:tfg, kfls:tfg / ef/tdf If]qut cWoog -lkmN8 :68L_ ug'{ePsf] 5 . g]b/Nof08, ;+o'Qm clw/fHo a]nfot, ;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, hd{gL, :jL8]g tyf l:j6\h/Nof08df cWoog, cWofkg tyf cg';Gwfgdf pxfFn] Ps bzshlt ;do latfpg'eof] . pxfFxfn cg';Gwfgdf bIftfsf] nflu l:j; /fli6«o s]Gb| -Pgl;l;cf/ gy{–;fpy_ sf] blIf0f Pl;of If]qLo ;+of]hssf] ¿kdf sfo{/t x'g'sf ;fy}sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnodf cWofkg k]zfdf klg ;+nUg x'g'x'G5 .


;a} If]qsf juL{o, hftLo, ln+uLo, If]qLo cflb;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgfub{} k"0f{ nf]stGqsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf ePsf] 5 .

o; cfjZostfnfO{ lj:t[t\ zflGt ;Demf}tfdfcem kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] ;Demf}tfsf]k|:tfjgfdf æ/fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ ;+sNk===Æ / æk|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;gJoj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, dfgjclwsf/, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf tyf sfg'gL /fHosf]cjwf/0ffnufot nf]stflGqs d"No–dfGotfk|ltsf] k"0f{k|lta4tf ===Æ bf]xf]¥ofOPsf] 5 .

lj:t[t\ zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf #=$ n] cGos'/fsf] ;fy} Pp6f æljZjJofkL ¿kdf :jLs[tcfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tdsnf]stflGqs k|0ffnL ===Æ k|ltsf] k|lta4tfnfO{ k'gk'{li6u/]sf] 5 .

o;} ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf #=% n] æjt{dfg s]Gb|Ls[t/ PsfTds 9f“rfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL,nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{Æ lhDd]jf/Lp7fPsf] 5 . ;fy} o;n] æjuL{o, hftLo, eflifs,n}lËs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGToub}{ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL,pTkLl8t, pk]lIft / cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo, lk5l8PsfIf]qnufotsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{Æ k|:tfjklg u/]sf] 5 .

of] ;Demf}tfdf ePsf /fHo k'g;{+/rgf;DaGwLk|fjwfgnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg– ;g\ @))& df;d]l6Psf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -;g\ @))* h'nfO{!@ / clk|n !@ sf] ;+zf]wgcg';f/_ sf] efu !& wf/f!#* sf] -!_ n] o:tf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5, æjuL{o,hftLo, eflifs, n}lËs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLoe]befjsf] cGTo ug{ /fHosf] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds9f“rfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL ;lxtsf] cu|ufdL k'g;+{/rgful/g]5 .Æ tyflk, o;df ;ª\3LotfnfO{ /fHo

k'g;{+/rgfsf] :j¿kh;/L pEofOPsf] eg] 5}g . ;g\@))& df ;DkGg @# a'“b];Demf}tfn] ;ª\3Lo ljifonfO{c:ki6 ¿kdf k:s]sf] eP klg c¿ d'Vo ;Demf}tfx¿n];ª\3Lotfaf/] plt rrf{ u/]sf 5}gg\ .

g]kfndf PsfTdsaf6 ;ª\3Lo Joj:yftkm{sf]/fhgLlts kl/jt{gdf hftLo cfofd lgs} alnof]5 . efiff, wfld{s cEof;, sfg'g tyf Gofo k|0ffnL,/}yfg] Joj:yf, k|ltlglwTj, gful/stf tyf /fHosfljz]ifflwsf/ ljt/0fsf cfwf/df g]kfndf hghftLo;d"x1 / hftLo ;d"xaLr Jofks leGgtf 5 . klxn]g} hghftLo cfGbf]ng x'g] u/] tfklg ;g\ gAa]sf]bzsdf ePsf] nf]slk|o cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf o;ljifon] Jofks rrf{ kfPsf] lyof] . ljleGg hghftLo;d"xsf cfsfª\IffnfO{ plrt ¿kdf k"/f ug{ ;g\gAa]sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g klg cIfd aGof] . ltgsfclwsf/sf] vf]hL / dfunfO{ d'vl/t u/fp“b} hghftLocfGbf]ngnfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofP/ dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xn]klg of] cj:yfsf] kmfObf p7fof] .

;'?df dfcf]jfbL ;dly{t hghftLo cfGbf]ngcfTd–lg0f{osf] clwsf/ -o;sf] cy{ k[ys\ /fHo÷d'n'scyjf ;fj{ef}d d'n'sleq}sf] k"0f{ :jfoQtf eGg]:ki6 JofVof ul/Psf] lyPg_ df s]lGb|t lyof] eg]u }/–dfcf ]jfbL hghftLo cfGbf ]ng ;ª\3LoJoj:yfåf/f x'g] ;'lglZrt :jfoQtfkl§ a9L 9Ns]sf]lyof] . ;z:q åGåsf] b; jif{sf dfcf]jfbL clen]vn]o; ljifonfO{ k|:6 ¿kn] plhNofPsf] lyof] . tyflk,o:tf] e]b lj:tf/} ljno x'“b} uof] / o;df hftlj/f]wLpu|jfb df}nfpg yfNof] . o;n] cGttM ljjfbnfO{cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/;lxtsf] hftLo ;ª\3Lotfsf]kIftkm{ 9NsfOlbof] .

d'Vo /fhgLlts bnn] ;g\ @))& sf] cGtl/d;+ljwfgdfly ;dembf/L h'6fpg] k|of; ubf{ ;+ljwfgdf;ª\3Lotf :ki6 pNn]v lyPg . ;z:q åGåsf] b;jif{;Dd lg/Gt/ oxL ljifonfO{ p7fp“b} cfPsf]dfcf]jfbLn] klg o; ljifodf b/f] c8fg lnPg .o;sf] hjfkmdf dw]zL d"nsf g]tfx¿n] d'Vo bnx¿

1æhghftLo ;d"xÆ eGg] zAbn] k/Dk/fut lxGb" j0f{ Joj:yf -a|fXd0f, If]qL, j}Zo / z'b|_ df gkg]{ d+uf]lnog d"nsf u}/–cfo{hgtfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd pG;f7L hghftLo ;d"xsf] klxrfg eO;s]sf] 5 / o; d'n'sleq slt hghftLo ;d"x 5g\eGg]af/] lg/Gt/ ax; hf/L 5 . o:tf ;d"xx¿ P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf lge{/ eO{ ljlzi6 :yfgdf s]lGb|t eO{ a;]sf 5g\ .


;ª\3Lotfk|lt k|lta4 gePsf] eGb} gj3f]lift cGtl/d;+ljwfg hnfP . o;/L dw]z cfGbf]ngn] d'n'snfO{;ª\3LotfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf];+zf]wg;Dd k'¥ofof] .

hftLo÷If]qLo -dw]z_ cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{cGtl/d ;+ljwfg– ;g\ @))& df ;ª\3Lotf;DaGwLk|fjwfg yKg o;nfO{ ;g\ @))* df ;+zf]wg ul/Psf]lyof] . ;g\ @))* h'nfO{ !@ df ePsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]kf“rf“} ;+zf]wgn] eg]sf] 5, ædw]zL hgtfnufotcflbjf;L hghflt / lk5l8Psf tyf cGo If]qsf hgtfsf]:jfoQ k|b]zsf] rfxgfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L g]kfn ;ª\3Lonf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo x'g]5 .Æ

o; ;+zf]wgn] yk]sf] 5, æg]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf,Pstf / cv08tfnfO{ cIf'00f /fVb} :jfoQ k|b]zx¿sf];Ldf, ;ª\Vof, gfd / ;+/rgfsf cltl/Qm s]Gb| /k|b]zsf ;"rLx¿sf] k"0f{ ljj/0f, ;fwg–;|f]t /clwsf/sf] af“8kmf“8 ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 .Æ

clxn] ;+ljwfg;efn] gof“ ;+ljwfgdf oLl;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ sfd yfn]sf] 5 .

@=@ g]kfndf ;ª\3Lotfsf] lj/f]wg]kfndf ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ /fli6«o hgdf]rf{

afx]s ;a} bnx¿n] ;ª\3Lo /fhgLlts Joj:yfnfO{:jLsf/]sf] b]lvG5 . /fli6«o hgdf]rf{n] ;ª\3Lotfsf] lj/f]wubf{ lgDg ;/f]sf/ tyf ts{x¿2 cl3 ;f/]sf] 5M� ;ª\3Lotfn] ;fj{ef}ldstfnfO{ sdhf]/ kf/L /fi6«

ljv08gsf] vt/f a9fp“5 .� ;ª\3Lotfn] ;fd'bflos lj;+ult tyf åGå

a9fp“5 .� ;ª\3Lotfn] /fHox¿nfO{ hftLotfdf cfwfl/t

agfp“bf Pscsf{df ljt[i0ff km}lnG5 .� ;ª\3Lotfn] hftLo tyf ;fd'bflos klxrfgnfO{

;'b[9 ub}{ /fli6«o efjgfdf Iflt k'¥ofO{ /fli6«oklxrfgnfO{ sdhf]/ t'Nofp“5 .

� ;ª\3Lotfn] g]kfnL hgtfsf] d'2fnfO{ xf]Ogg]kfnnfO{ sdhf]/ / cl:y/ /fVg] ef/tsf] lglxtcle?lrnfO{ k"/f u5{ .

� ;ª\3Lotfn] /fli6«o /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ If]qLobndf 6'qm\ØfO{ tT;DalGwt tgfj lgDTofp“5 .

� ;ª\3Lotfn] ljleGg /fHosf lgodx¿ km/s kg]{x'gfn] d'n'sleq}sf hgtfdf lje]b lgDTofp“5 .

� ;ª\3Lotfn] ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] pknAwtfnfO{lgik|efjL agfp“5 .

� ;ª\3Lotfn] g]kfnn] wfGg g;Sg] u/L d'n'snfO{sfo{ut lx;fan] vlr{nf] agfp“5 .

� cgk]lIft kl/0ffd tyf ;d:of Nofp“5 .d'Vou/L s'g} PsLs[t /fHonfO{ 6'qm\ØfpgeGbf

5'§f5'§} ;fgf /fHox¿nfO{ Pslqt kfg{ ;ª\3Lotfpko'Qm x'g] s]xL ljåfgx¿sf] ts{ 5 . o:t} afXok|efjdf /x]/ s]xL ;De|fGt /fhgLltsdL{n] ;ª\3Lotfsf]cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/]sf eGg] /fli6«o hgdf]rf{sf]/fhgLlts ts{ 5 . hgdf]rf{sf cg';f/ tL/fhgLltsdL{n] s]Gb|Ls[t /fHosf] cy{nfO{ unt ¿kdfPsfTds /fHosf] cy{;“u hf]l8lbPsf 5g\ . c¿/fhgLltsdL{n] ;ª\3Lotfdfkm{t ;Daf]wg ug{ vf]h]sf;d:of ;a} ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdfkm{t g} ;dfwfg x'g ;SYof]eGg] ltgsf] ljZjf; 5 .

;ª\3Lotfk|ltsf] of] lj/f]wn] lg0f{ostf{x¿nfO{;ª\3Lotf sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf /fli6«o hgdf]rf{n]p7fPsf ;/f]sf/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos sbdsfr'gf}tLaf/];d]t lrGtg ug]{ kof{Kt cj;/ lbPsf] 5 .;ª\3Lotfsf] kmfObf tyf o;sf] ;Lldttfdfly x'g]plrt ax;n] o;sf] k|f¿k tyf sfof{Gjogdf cfOkg]{sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ x6fpg ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 .

#= ;ª\3Lotfn] g]kfnsf] ;+/rgfut åGå ;dfwfg ug]{hgck]Iff;z:q åGåsf ;+/rgfut sf/0f -h:t}M ax'hftLo

;dfhdf alxis/0f_ nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cyjf blx|nf]ljrf/wf/fsf] hudf c8]sf] ;z:q åGånfO{ Joj:yfkgug{ g]kfn Pp6f PsfTds /fHosf] ¿kdf ;kmn x'g;s]g . plrt k|f¿k;lxtsf] / ;fj{hlgs :jfldTjePsf] ;ª\3Lotfn] åGå ¿kfGt/0f tyf Pp6f ax'hftLo

2 ;ª\3Lotf;DaGwL ;f] bnsf] a'emfO / b[li6sf]0faf/] lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu x]= /fli6«o hgdf]rf{sf g]tf lrq axfb'/ s];Lsf];g\ @))( clk|n @@ df a'wjf/ ;fKtflxsdf k|sflzt cGt/jftf{ .


;dfhsf] ¿kdf g]kfnsf ;jfn tyf ;/f]sf/nfO{;Daf]wg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]5 eGg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .

ul/aL, ;+/rgfut c;dfgtf, /fhgLlts pTkL8g,;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts alxis/0f, lnË, hflt tyfhghflt cfwfl/t lje]b, pTkfbgsf ;|f]tsf] ljifdljt/0f, e|i6frf/ tyf oL ;+/rgfut ;d:ofnfO{;Daf]wg ug{ nuftf/sf ;/sf/x¿sf] lg/Gt/ljkmntf g} g]kfndf ;z:q åGåsf] d"n sf/0f lyP .dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x t oL ;d:ofsf] s]jn Pp6fcleJolQm lyof] . g]kfndf ePsf] ;fdGtL lj/f;t,/fhgLlts c:yfloTj / cGofo tyf g}/fZosf] efjgfn]åGånfO{ cem} a9fjf lbP .

s]Gb|Lo txdf ;|f]t tyf zlQmsf] Psfu|tf / ;f]aflx/sf dflg;nfO{ x'g] u/]sf] alxis/0f g]kfndfztfAbLcf}+;Dd klg ;fdfGo ljz]iftf g} alg/x] . Pp6f;ª\3Lo zf;g k4ltn] ;|f]t tyf zlQm;“u ;DalGwt;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{sf ;fy} ljljwtfsf] klxrfgtyf ;Ddfg u/L åGå / tgfjnfO{ Go"g agfpg ;S5 .cfºg} efUo lgwf{/0f ug]{ af6f] v'nfO{ /fHolj/f]wL ljb|f]xsf];DefjgfnfO{ Go"g kfb}{ ;ª\3Lotfn] k|fGtLo PsfOnfO{:jzf;gsf] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u5{ .

cfºgf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg:j¿k ;ª\3Lotfckgfpg] g]kfn Pp6}dfq åGåu|:t d'n's xf]Og .s]xL c¿ d'n'sn] klg ;z:q åGåkl5 ;ª\3LotfckgfPsf cyjf k'gM ckgfPsf 5g\ . d]lS;sf]-!(&!_, ch]{lG6gf / e]g]Hj]nf -Psk6seGbf a9L_,gfOh]l/of -!(^^–&)_, Olyof]lkof -!((!_, :k]g,af]l:gof / xh{uf]legf, ;'8fg, O/fs / nf]stflGqsu0ftGq sËf] o;sf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ .

k|fGtLo PsfOx¿aLrdf ;|f]t tyf zlQm af“8kmf“8s;/L ug]{, ltgaLr tyf ltgLx¿ / s]Gb|aLrsf];Defljt tgfjnfO{ s;/L ;'Nemfpg], cNk;ª\Vossf]clwsf/ s;/L ;'/lIft kfg]{, k|fGtLo PsfOx¿aLrcfk;L ;xof]u s;/L :yflkt ug]{h:tf w]/} ljifodflyclxn] w]/} ljifodf k|i7 kfg'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

$= ;ª\3Lotfleqsf åGåsf ;Defljt ;|f]tx¿;ª\3Lotf g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;a} c8\rgnfO{

;dfwfg ug{ ldNg] vfnsf] hfb'sf] 58L xf]Og . o;sf]

unt sfof{Gjogn] b]z 6'lqmg klg ;S5 . ;g\ !((!df o'uf]:nfleof / ;f]leot ;ª\3, ;g\ !((@ dfr]sf]:nf]eflsof, ;g\ @))^ df ;la{of / df]G6]g]u|f] /;g\ !(^& df gfOh]l/ofdf u[xo'4 rls{bf klg o:t}ePsf] lyof] . s:tf] k|sf/sf] ;ª\3Lotf cjnDag ug]{eGg] ljifo ;ª\3Lotf cjnDag g} ug]{ ls gug]{ eGg]hlt g} dxTjk"0f{ /xg] ts{ klg ug{ ;lsG5 .;ª\3Lotf;DaGwL s]xL ;DefJo ;d:of tyf ;ª\3Lovfsf tof/ ubf{ Vofn /fVg'kg]{ åGåsf If]qaf/] cacfpg] v08df s]xL rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

$=! ljQLo zlQm tyf ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8ljQLo zlQm tyf ;|f]tsf] ;fem]bf/L Pp6f

;ª\3Lo /fHodf lglDtg ;Sg] åGåsf] d'Vo If]q xf] .ljQLo zlQmsf] ljt/0f;DaGwL plrt ;+oGq gePdfo;n] kl5 åGå l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 . l:j6\h/Nof08-h;n] s/ c;'Ng] clwsf/ tLg txaLr af“8]sf] 5_,a|flhn / Sofg8f -h;n] /fh:j p7fpg] clwsf/d'VotM k|fGtLo PsfOsf] xftd} ;'Dk]sf 5g\_ sf]t'ngfdf c:6«]lnof, :k]g, dn]l;of / hd{gLh:tf;ª\3Lo d'n'sx¿ ljQLo zlQmsf] ljt/0fdf ;fk]lIfs¿kn] s]Gb|Ls[t 5g\ -o;sf] cy{ s/ tyf cGo/fh:j p7fpg] d'Vo clwsf/ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/dflglxt 5_ .

ljleGg k|fGtLo PsfOx¿nfO{ /fh:jsf ;fwgtyf vr{sf] cfjZostfaLr a]d]n /x]sf] efg eof]eg] o;n] ltgnfO{ tgfj tyf csd{0otftkm{8f]¥ofpF5 . cGj/ zfx ts{ u5{g\M

;ª\3Lo vr{ wfGg] cfjZostfeGbf s/ c;'Ng]clwsf/sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f a9L x'g] ;ª\3Lo d'n'sdf;/sf/sf] pk–/fli6«o txdf j/Lotfqmlds ljQLokmf6f] -el6{sn lkm:sn Uofk_ tyf /fh:j :jfoQtf-/]e]Go" c6gdL_ ;fy} ltgsf] vr{ ug]{ ;Sg] ;fdYo{;w}F ;/f]sf/sf ljifo aG5g\ . o;n] pk–/fli6«ogLltx¿df cgfjZos s]Gb|Lo k|efj tyf /fhgLltslgoGq0f xfjL u/fp“5 / tNnf]:t/b]lv cfpg'kg]{hjfkmb]lxtfsf] dxTjnfO{ ;d]t sd cf“Sg ;S5 .c:6«]lnof, hd{gL, ef/t, d]lS;sf], Sofg8f, dn]l;of,


gfOh]l/of, ?;, :k]g / blIf0f clk|msfsf /fHox¿sf]txdf of] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . 3

o;/L ljQLo ;DaGw, s/ c;'nLsf] lhDd]jf/Ltyf s/ cfwfl/t /fh:j ;fem]bf/L ;+oGqnfO{ :ki6kl/eflift ug'{ lgs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n]:yfgLo ;/sf/;“u k|ToIf ;DaGw /fVg yfn]kl5:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs cyjf /fhgLltse"ldsfsf] afah'b cfly{s ;jfndf tL ;/sf/sf];fGble{stf klg k|Zgsf] 3]/fleq kg{ ;S5 .

$=@ cNk;ª\Vos, ;LdfGtLs[t tyf alxis[t ;d"xsf]kx''Fr / ;+/If0flglZrt ;d'bfo÷;d"xdfly nflbPsf] zf]if0f,

bdg, ;LdfGtLs/0f tyf ;fdflhs alxis/0fg]kfndf ePsf] ;z:q åGåsf] Ps k|d'v sf/0flyof] . ;ª\3Lo zf;g k4ltsf] dfu klg oxL;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ d'Vo ¿kdf s]lGb|t 5 .gof “ ;ª \3Lo zf;g k4ltn] cNk;ª\Vos,;LdfGtLs[t / alxis[t ;d"xnfO{ ;+/If0f u¥of]eg]dfq} o:tf ;jfndf tgfj tyf åGåsf] ;DefjgfGo"g aG5 . o;/L g]kfnn] cjnDag ug]{ ;ª\3LoJoj:yfn] JolQm tyf ;d"xsf clwsf/sf] /Iffug'{k5{ . ;ª\3Lotfsf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg;efn]ug]{ k|To]s lg0f{odf Pp6f k|Zg ;f]lwg'k5{M JolQm,;d'bfo÷;d"x tyf ;dli6df g]kfns} nflu of]lg0f{on] s] cy{ /fV5 t < oL ;jfnnfO{ jf:tjd};Daf]wg ug{ s:tf cltl/Qm ;'/IfffTds ;+oGqcfjZos k5{g\ t <

$=# j}wflgs c:ki6tf/fli6«o tyf pk–/fli6«o zf;g PsfOaLr j}wflgs

-zlQmsf] ljt/0f_ ljifodf :ki6 kl/efiff gx'“bftT;DalGwt tgfj tyf åGå cfkm} pTkGg x'g] ljleGg;ª\3Lo d'n's -h:t}M c:6«]lnof_ sf cg'ejn] b]vfp“5g\ .o:tf ;d:ofnfO{ kG5fpg ;+ljwfgn] ljleGg ;+j}wflgslgsfo;fy} ljleGg /fHo, /fHo tyf s]Gb| / /fHo tyf:yfgLo zf;g PsfOaLrsf] j}wflgs /]vfnfO{ :ki6

kfg'{k5{ . cfOkg{ ;Sg] h'g} klg låljwf;“u h'‰g ljjfb;dfwfgsf] ;+oGq klg :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ .

$=$ ;fdflhs ljdlt;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf efiff, j0f{, wd{, ;fdflhs

;+/rgf tyf ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fnfO{ cfk;L ¿kdftyf Ps};fy k|a4{g ul/g] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . olb oL;+/rgfdf kmf6f] cfOkbf{ s]xL tTj cyjf kIfn] oL;+/rgf;DaGwL gsf/fTds kmf6f]nfO{ k|>o lbG5g\ /;fdflhs ljv08g r'lnG5 . o;;fy} k|fGtleq} tyfltgsf aLrdf tgfj tyf åGå l;h{gf x'g k'U5 .g]kfnh:tf] ax';f+:s[lts ;ª\3df k|d'v cNk;ª\Vos;d"xsf efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L klxrfg lbg' h?/L x'G5 .kfls:tfg, dn]l;of, ef/t tyf gfOh]l/ofh:tfd'n'sdf ePsf efiff;DaGwL tLj| /f]if tyf ljjfbaf6g]kfnn] w]/} kf7 l;Sg ;S5 . o;}a]nf cfjZostfdfcfwfl/t d"NofÍg ug{ ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg klg lgs}nlrnf] aGg'k5{ .

;fdflhs ljdltdf cfwfl/t /fhgLltsw|'jLs/0fn] k[ystfjfbL cfGbf]ngtkm{ 8f]¥ofpg ;Sg]/ o;dfly /fHosf lqmof tyf k|ltlqmofn] o:tfdfunfO{ emg} alnof] t'Nofpg] ;'8fg, >Ln+sf /:k]gsf cg'ejn] b]vfp“5g\ . åGå rs{g'df Pp6flg/fzfhgs z}nL xfdLaLr xfjL 5M ;d"xx¿n] k|foMu}/–lje]b / /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjaf6 cfºgf dfuyfN5g\ . of] dfu k"/f gul/Pkl5 ltgn] :jzf;gsf]dfu u5{g\ . olb Tof] klg k"/f ePg eg] To;kl5;ª\3Lotfsf] dfu ;'lgg yfN5 . clg To;nfO{ klg;Daf]wg gul/Fbf csf]{ sbd:j¿k :jtGqtfsf] dfucfpg ;S5 . o;/L s]Gb| tyf k|fGtLo ;/sf/n] oLljifonfO{ ;'?d} ;Daf]wg ug'{ Psbd} ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .

$=% ;+:yfut Joj:yfkgsf] hl6ntf;ª\3Lotfleq ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf k|s[lt, k|sf/

tyf ltgnfO{ lbOPsf] sfof{b]zn] ;ª\3leqsf lje]b,åGå tyf tgfjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{;Sg] ltgsf] ;fdYo{/ To;sf] dfqfnfO{ lgwf{/0f u5{ . lgjf{rg If]q,

3 x]= zfx, cGj/ -@))^_, k"0ff{Í ^, ;ª\Vof !, km]8/];G; sf] km]a|'c/L –dfr{ cª\sdf ;d]l6Psf] æ;]ol/ª lb kfO{M l8efOl8ªck 6ØfS;];, l/hf];]{; P08 8]6 Og km]8/];G;Æ gfdsf] ljz]if v08 .


sd{rf/LtGq, /fhgLlts bn, Jofj;flos If]q /gful/s ;dfhsf ;/f]sf/nfO{ /fHosf ;+:yfx¿n]s;/L k"/f u5{g\ / /fhgLlts åGå;“u tL s;/L h'‰5g\eGg] s'/fn] ;fdflhs ljdlt cyjf kmf6f]af6 pAhg]åGå ;dfwfg x'G5g\ ls emg\ rs{G5g\ eGg] lgwf{/0fu5{ . o;/L tL ;+:yfsf Ifdtf / ;xdlt l;h{gfug{;Sg] ;dGjofTds z}nL to ug]{ sfd åGå Go"gLs/0ftyf :jzf;g / ;femf zf;g k|a4{g ug{ lgs} dxTjk"0f{x'G5g\ . hgtfsf ;a} ;jfn, ;/f]sf/ / cfjfh k|fGtLoPsfOleq ;d]l6Psf 5g\ / Joj:yflksf, lghfdtL;]jf, sfo{sf/L tyf /fhgLlts bnsf ;+/rgfdf ;a};/f]sf/jfnf ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 eGg];'lglZrt u/fpg' cTofjZos x'G5 . olb s]Gb| tyfk|fGtLo PsfOsf ;+:yfdf s'g} lglZrt ;d"xsf] kof{Ktk|ltlglwTj /x]g eg] ltgn] PSnf] kfl/Psf] cg'e"lt u/Lk[ystfjfbL cfGbf]ng ;'? ug{ ;S5g\ . o:tf] cg'ejk"jL{ kfls:tfgdf b]lvPsf] lyof] h'g :yfg ;g\ !(&!df a+unfb]zsf] ¿kdf 5'l§Psf] lyof] .

wg tyf hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/df k|fGtx¿aLr r/dleGgtf /x]sf] v08df To;n] tgfj tyf emGem6lgDTofO{ k|fGtLo PsfOsf ;Ldf k'gu{7g ug'{kg]{cfjfh;d]t lgDTofp“5 eGg] ef/t tyf gfOh]l/ofsfcg'ejn] b]vfp“5g\ . s'g} Ps k|fGt hg;fª\lVos cyjfcfly{s ¿kdf c¿eGbf k|efjzfnL ePdf k|fGtx¿aLrtgfj tyf åGå pTkGg x'g] cj:yf cTo]Ho /xG5 .

;ª\3Lo Joj:yfsf] plrt sfo{–;Dkfbgsf] nfluåGå ;dfwfgsf] ultzLn ;+oGq cfjZos k5{ . o:tf];+oGq v'nf, pQ/bfoL / nlrnf] x'g'k5{ . s]Gb| tyf/fHosf] tx;fy} /fHo tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/aLrd}cfOkg{ ;Sg] åGånfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos s]xLdxTjk"0f{ ljsNk cyjf ;+oGqx¿ lgDg 5g\ M

%= ;ª\3Lo Joj:yf leq åGå ;dfwfgsf s]xLdxTjk"0f{ ;+oGq

%=! cGt/–/fHo kl/ifb\k|fGtLox¿aLr tyf s]Gb| / k|fGtaLr ;|f]t tyf

zlQmsf] k|of]udf ldl>t / cGt/;DalGwt e"ldsf/x]sf] ;do åGå tyf tgfjnfO{ Go"g kfg{ af/Daf/ /k|foM uxg ;xeflutf, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ vfFrf]

k5{ . /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf åGå / b'O{ cyjf ;f]eGbfw]/} k|fGtaLr pAhg] h'g} klg låljwf ;dfwfg ug{cGt/–/fHo ;+oGq -cyjf /fHox¿sf] kl/ifb\_ Pp6f;DefJo ;+oGq aGg ;S5 . o;sf lg0f{osf] k|s[ltcjnDag ug}{kg]{ vfnsf geP tfklg o:tf] ;+oGqn]tgfj ;fDo kf/L ;xsfo{sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{;S5 . /fhgLlts ;xdlt cfjZos kg]{ sfg'g tyflg0f{osf ljifoj:t';DaGwL åGåh:tf cle?lrsf åGå-slGºnS6 ckm OG6«]:6_ ;“u h'‰g o:tf] ;+oGq emg}k|efjsf/L aGg ;S5 . ;xsfo{sf] k|lqmofdfly ;'kl/j]If0fug{, ;DefJo åGåsf ljifo;“u h'‰g / zf;g k4ltnfO{cem k|efjsf/L agfpg ef/tsf] cGt/–/fHo kl/ifb\-OG6/–:6]6 sfpG;n ckm Ol08of_ / c:6«]lnog;/sf/x¿sf] kl/ifb\ -sfpG;n ckm c:6«]lnog ueg{dG6\;_b'O{ k|d'v b[i6fGt x'g\ . o;}u/L l:j6\h/Nof08sf] SofG6g]nL;/sf/x¿sf] ;Dd]ng -lb sGkm/]G; ckm SofG6gnueg{dG6\;_ n] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/;“u alnof] ;femf ;dembf/Lljsf; u/]sf] 5 .

ljleGg ;/sf/aLrsf ljQLo ;jfn;“u h'‰gljleGg ;ª\3Lo d'n'sdf ljleGg cf}krfl/s Joj:yfldnfOPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, dn]l;ofdf /fli6«oljQ kl/ifb\ -Gof;gn kmfOgG; sfplG;n_, c:6«]lnofdfsdgj]Ny cg'bfg cfof]u -sdgj]Ny u|ØfG6 sld;g_/ blIf0f clk|msfdf ljQLo tyf cfly{s cfof]u -kmfOg]G;n P08 lkm:sn sld;g_ ljQLo ljifo tyftT;DaGwL åGå;“u h'‰g lqmofzLn 5g\ .

%=@ :jtGq ljifout cfof]ux¿k|fGtLo PsfOx¿aLr k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;fem]bf/Ln]

a[xt\ tyf af/Daf/sf] cfk;L åGå lgDTofpg ;S5 .o:tf] a]nfdf hn, hldg, vfgL tyf vlgh, hnzlQm/ cGo ;|f]t;“u ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{:yflkt Pp6f :jtGq / zlQmzfnL k|flws/0f -h:t}Mk|fs[lts ;|f]t cfof]u_ cfjZos x'G5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tcfof]usf] ;+j}wflgs u7g k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;fem]bf/Ltyf pkof]u;DaGwL åGå tyf cGof]n ;dfwfg ug{Pp6f pkof]uL ;+oGq aG5 .


%=# ;+j}wflgs cbfnts]Gb| / k|fGtx¿aLr / k|fGtLo PsfOx¿aLr

em}emu8fsf] ;+efjgf k|an x'g] x'“bf logLx¿sf] ;xLlg/fs/0fsf] nflu :jtGq ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf]cfjZostf kb{5 .

%=$ hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] k|fjwfgåGå Go"gLs/0f tyf nf]stGqnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ pRr

ljjfbf:kb ljifo tyf /fli6«o dxTjsf ljifodflyhgdt ;ª\u|xsf] Psbd} :ki6 k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgd};dfj]z ul/g'k5{ . åGå ;dfwfgsf] Pp6f ;fwg ePklg plrt lsl;dn] to gul/Psf] v08df hgdt;ª\u|xn] ax'dtLo ;fwgh;/L dfq} sfd ug{ ;S5 .o;n] hg;ª\VofnfO{ emg\ ax';ª\Vos / cNk;ª\Vosdfljefhg ul/lbG5 . o;/L hgdt ;ª\u|xaf/] lg0f{oubf{ Pp6f uxg d"Nofª\sg cfjZos x'G5 . o;;fy}hgdt ;ª\u|xdf cfpg] ljifonfO{ yf]/} agfpg ;Dejx'g] c¿ ;a} ljsNkx¿ nufpg' k5{ .

^= cltjfb / åGåM afxL b[i6fGt;ª\3Lotf cfkm}df v/fj jf c;n x'g] xf]Og

;ª\3Lotfsf] ;kmntf o:nfO{ k|of]u s;/L k|of]uul/Psf] 5 To;df e/ kb{5 . hftLotfdf dfqs]lGb|t eO{ ;ª\3Lotfdf hf“bf s]xL hl6ntf klgb]lvOsf 5g . ;f]leot ;ª\3, o'uf]:nfleof / :k]gh:tfs]xL b]zn] k[ystf;DaGwL ;d:of Joxf]/]sf 5g\ .;a} ;ª\3Lo d'n'ssf ;+ljwfg k|ToIf cyjf k/f]Iflsl;dn] k|fGtaf6 x'g] PskIfLo k[ystfnfO{ k|ltaGwnufpg] lsl;dsf] ePsf /f]gfN8 jf6\;sf] ts{ 5 .tyflk, hxf“–hxf“ k[ystfjfbL cfGbf]ng b]vf k/]sf5g\, Toxf“–Toxf“ ltgn] ;+ljwfg aflx/ /xL sfdu/]sf 5g\ . k|fGtx¿n] PskIfLo lg0f{o u/L k[ys/xg] lg0f{o u/]sf] v08df s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] To:tfk|fGtdf ;fdfGotof ;ª\3Lo ;+ljwfg nfu" u/fp“5 .ljZjsf s]xL b[i6fGtdf o:tf] zlQm k|of]un] u[xo'4lgDTofPsf 5g\ -h:t}M ;g\ !(&! df kfls:tfgdf /;g\ !((! b]lv !((% df o'uf]:nfleofdf_ . c¿s]xL 7fp“df d'n'snfO{ oyfl:yltd} /fVg o:tf] k|of]u;kmn ePsf] 5, h:t}M ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf -;g\

!*^!–!*^%_, l:j6\h/Nof08 -5f]6f] u[xo'4 eP klg;g\ !*$&_ / gfOh]l/of -;g\ !(^&–!(&)_ . t/s'g}–s'g} ;do /QmkftljxLg åGå cyjf u[xo'4ljgfg} s]Gb|af6 k|fGt k[ys ePsf 36gf klg 5g\ . b'O{jif{ cfkm"df ;dfj]z u/]kl5 dn]l;ofn] /fhgLltstgfjsf sf/0f ;g\ !(%^ df l;+ufk'/nfO{ cfºgf];ª\3af6 lgisfzg u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !((# dfr]sf]:nf]eflsofsf] k[ysLs/0f -r]s u0ftGq / :nf]efsu0ftGqdf_ k[ys aGg If]qLo bnx¿sf] cfk;Lcle?lrd} cfwfl/t lyof] . To;}n] ltgn] /fhgLltsw|'jLs/0ftkm{ kfOnf nDsfP . ;g\ @))^ df ;la{of/ dG6]g]u|f]sf] k[ysLs/0f o'/f]k]nL o'lgogdf JolQmut;b:otf kfpg] cfzn] w]/} lgb]{lzt lyof] . pu|tf;“uh'‰g /fhgLlts, s"6gLlts / ;'/Iff z}nLsf] ;+of]hg/ ;|f]t tyf zlQm a9LeGbf a9L ;fem]bf/L ug]{ tyfPsfOsf cfjfh ;'Gg] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] tTk/tf;fy}d'n'sleq ;xsfo{ ug{ ;d"xx¿sf] tTk/tf klg plQs}cfjZos k5{ eGg] ;ª\3Lo d'n'ssf ljleGg pbfx/0fn]b]vfp“5g\ .

k[ysLs/0fsf] hf]lvd k|foM ;ª\3Lotf;“uhf]l8Psf] eP klg k[ystfjfbL cfGbf]ng h'g} klgJoj:yfdf x'g;Sg] tYo cfTd;ft ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .PsfTds zf;g k4lt ePsf d'n'sdf c;+VocfGtl/s åGå / u[xo'4 ePsf 5g\ . ;lxi0f'tf tyf;x–cl:tTj gePsf ;dfhdf hftLo pu|tf /pTsif{n] hftLo åGå lgDTofO{ d'n'snfO{ gful/scfGbf]ngtkm{ ws]Ng ;S5 .

&= lgisif{:jzf;g / ;femf zf;gsf] k4lt g} ;ª\3Lotfsf]

d"n dd{ xf] . o;k|sf/ ;ª\3Lotf To:tf] zf;gk4lt xf] h;df lgaf{w :jzf;g clwsf/;lxt s]Gb|Lotyf k|fGtLo PsfOaLr zlQm af“8kmf“8 x'G5 . oLl;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ xf] eg] w]/} åGå tyftgfjsf] ;Daf]wg x'g ;S5 .

cjnDag ul/Psf] ;ª\3Lotfsf] :j¿kdfly cfd:jLsf/f]lQmsf] dfqf / ;ª\3Lotfsf cfwf/e"t d"Notyf k|lqmofsf] sfof{Gjogsf] dfqfdf g]kfndf ;ª\3LoJoj:yfsf] ;kmntf cyjf ljkmntf lge{/ /xG5 .


cfOk/]sf ;jfnnfO{ clt pu| agfpg] / c¿sf]klxrfg tyf cl:tTjnfO{ sd cfFSg] sfdn] åGål;h{gf u/L ;ª\3Lo k4ltnfO{ g} csd{0o agfOlbg;S5 . ax'hgsf] klxrfg l:jsfg'{, c¿ ;d"xsfcfjZostf tyf cle?lrnfO{ ;d]6\g' / ;dembf/Ltyf ;+j]bgzLntf sfod /fVg' cflb ;ª\3Lotfsf]sfof{Gjog ubf{, ljz]ifu/L ;'?cftL cj:yfdf, cfjZoskg]{ d"ne"t Jojxf/ x'g\ .

;ª\3Lo Joj:yfleqsf tgfj tyf emGem6sf];|f]tsf] nflu Pp6} s'g} cj:yf, ;+:yfut Joj:yfkgcyjf sfo{gLlt geO{ ljleGg kIfsf ;dfof]lhtk|efj lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ eGg] ljZje/sf ;ª\3LoJoj:yfnfO{ t'ngf ug]{ /f]gfN8 jf6\;sf] lj:t[t\ s[ltn]k|:6ØfPsf] 5 . ha ljleGg ;fdflhs kmf6f]x¿n]Pscsf{nfO{ rsf{pg] sfd u5{g\, ta w|'jLs/0fsf]k|lqmof ;'? eO{ åGå ljsl;t x'G5 . To;}n] åGådfkl/0ft x'g'cl3 g} lognfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ ;ª\3Lo;+:yfx¿sf] k|yd st{Jo xf] . k|efjsf/L ;dembf/Lagfpg] vfnsf] /fhgLlts sfo{gLltn] w|'jLs/0f36fpg ;S5 . To;}n] ;ª\3Lo ;+:yfx¿ l;h{gf ul/“bfo:tf] sfo{gLltnfO{ :yfg lbOg'k5{ .

lat ]sf s ]xL bzsdf w ]/ } d 'n 'sx¿df;ª\3Los/0fnfO{ åGå ;dfwfgnfO{ ;fwgsf] dfWodsf]¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, af]l:gof/ xh{uf]legf, ;'8fg, O/fs / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsª\uf] cflb ;a} d'n'sn] ;ª\3LotfnfO{ u[xo'4 tyf;z:q åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ ;fwgsf] ¿kdf /f]h]sflyP . o:tf] cj:yfsf] Pp6f a[xt\ r'gf}tL eg]sf];ª\3Lo Joj:yfsf] nflu cfjZos kl/l:ylt tyfcfk;L ljZjf; :yflkt ug'{ xf] .

;a}vfn] lje]bsf] cGTo tyf ;dfj]zL nf]stGqk|j4{g ug{ g]kfnn] ;ª\3Lo Joj:yf /f]h]sf] 5 .o;df d'Vo kIfx¿n] Pscsf{ tyf leGg–leGg;a} ;d"xnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{ / ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfsf]sfo{–;Dkfbgsf] nflu cfjZos kl/l:ylt lgdf{0fug{ ;femf ¿kn] sfd ug]{ cfk;L ljZjf; ljsf;ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ax'hftLo ;dfhdf pRrhftLo r]tgf ;d]l6Psf] ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfn] /fd|f]

ult lng ;Sb}g / o:tf] cj:yfdf hftLo åGåtyf u[xo'' '4 dlRrg] ;Defjgf pRr x'G5 egL8Øflgon Pnfhf/h:tf s]xL cg';Gwftfn] ts{u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yf cfpg glbg cfºgf];ª\3Lo Joj:yfsf] vfsf tof/ ubf{ g]kfnn] lgs}Vofn k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿M

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Upreti BR. 2009. Nepal from war to peace.Legacies of the past and hopes for thefuture. Nepal Delhi: Adroit Publishers.

Watts R. 2008. Comparing federal systems.Third edition. Montreal: McGill – Queen'sUniversity Press.


We are living in the most exciting time in humanhistory. This is the era of globalization of human rights,and the human rights have become the globalaspiration. The people’s across the world fighting fortheir rights, freedom and justice. There is a massivecodification of international human rights law after theSecond World War.1 On the one hand human rightsare the subject of national laws and constitutions but onthe other hand there is a continuous and tremendousgrowth of international human rights laws under the aegisof United Nations. There is an emergence of internationalhuman rights regime. The basic purposes and principleof United Nations is to ‘promoting and encouragingrespect for human rights and for fundamental freedomsfor all without distinction as to race, sex, language, orreligion.2 The central notion of human rights is the notionof its universality. The human rights are not only theprerogatives of the rich and industrialized nations, but itis the universal notion and it is the rights of the humanities.UN system has played a proactive role touniversalization of human rights notion. The creation ofUnited Nations is a great leap forward in the history ofmankind. It envisage a ‘common standard of mankind’regarding with human rights.3 The era of ‘culturalrelativity’ regarding human rights has gone. Now thenotion of the human rights is truly universalized andpeople are asserting their rights against their nationalgovernment across the world. This is a big paradigmshift. The global movement is going on to realizedfreedom and liberty. The massive violations of humanrights are no longer a matter of domestic jurisdictions ofthe state, now it became a legitimate interest of mankind.Thus human rights have become a transborder andtransnational issue. It does not confine within the

Universality of Human Rights, Global judicial forum and

building human rights culture in Nepal

Dinesh Tripathi

Advocate, Supreme Court

(L.L.M., USA)

boundary of nationstates. The birth ofUnited Nation hadrevolutionalized thisprocess.

The state is nolonger free to deal withit’s own citizens. Nowstate needs to beaccountable towardinternational community regarding their human rightsrecord. Now there is international auditing of nationalhuman rights situation, it is no more an internal matter ofthe state. This is the momentous development ofinternational laws. UN charter is the landmark documentof international law under which member states took the‘pledge to take a joint and separate action in cooperationwith the organization for the universal respect for, andobservance of human rights and fundamental freedomsfor all without distinction as to race, sex, language orreligion.4 Traditionally only the state could be the subjectof international laws, but the massive growth anddevelopment of international law made the individualalso the equally a subject matter of international law.This is a most revolutionary development in the field ofinternational law.

The adoption of international bill of rights is the highwatermark of the globalization of human rights.5 Thereis the continuous growth of international human rightslaw and international humanitarian law after the SecondWorld War. Second World War shook the conscienceof humanity and there was the birth of UN system to‘save the succeeding generation from the scourge ofthe war’.6 UN symbolizes the new global order. The

1 See, International Bill of Human Rights.2 Art. 1(3) UN Charter.3 Preamble, Universal Declaration on Human Rights 19484 Art. 55-56 United Nation Charter.5 See the International Covenant on civil and political rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social and

Cultural Rights.6 Preamble, UN Charter


founding father of UN system envisions a new worldorder based on international rule of law, sovereignequality, human rights and international justice. UNcharter heralded a new era of international rule of lawdespite of its several shortcomings.

International Criminal CourtInternational Criminal Court is the global forum to

enforce rule of law and secure justice and accountability.It is a major breakthrough in the field of internationalhuman rights and international humanitarian law. It is theinternationalization of criminal justice system and addeda new dimension in the field of criminal adjudication.Since the notion of human rights is increasinglyglobalizing one, so it is imperative that there need to besome kind of system of global justice in the place. Theprinciple of international human rights and humanitarianlaws are not the abstract principles but need to beenforced by adequate and competent institution free frompolitical clout, pressure and consideration. Theperpetrator or person who committed a crime againsthumanity need to be brought to the justice and must behold accountable for their crimes. The supremacy ofthe laws needs to be maintained. The culture of impunityis antithetical to the rule of law. The law must allow to takeits course under any circumstances and without anyinterfere. There must be a zero tolerance to impunity.The council of European Union is rightly pointed out-‘The International Criminal Court, for the purpose ofpreventing and curbing the commission of the seriouscrimes falling within its jurisdiction, is an essential meansof promoting respect for international humanitarian lawand human rights, thus contributing to freedom, security,justice and rule of law as well as contributing for thepreservation of peace and the strengthening ofinternational security, in accordance with the purposeand principles of the Charter of the United Nations.’7

The horrendous crimes were committed againsthumanity during the Second World War at the largescale. It shook the conscience of the humanity. TheSecond World War was followed by Tokyo andNuremberg trial. The international tribunal was set up tobrought perpetrator to the justice. It was an innovativestep in the field of international law. It established thenotion of individual accountability under international law,but it was heavily criticized as a ‘victor’s justice’. It was

not a permanent institution and done only a selectivejustice.

In 1948, the United Nations General Assemblyadopted the Genocide convention. The Genocideconvention mention that criminals to be tried “by suchinternational penal tribunals as may have jurisdiction”and requested the International Law Commission “tostudy the desirability and possibility of establishing aninternational judicial organ for the trials of personscharged with genocide.” the International LawCommission drafted such a statute in the early 1950s,but the global situation was not ripe or for such kind ofglobal mechanism. The nature of prevailing internationalpower politics shadowed the development of judicialinstitution at the global level in that era.

In June 1989, Trinidad and Tobago proposed inorder to fight with drug trafficking for the establishment ofan ICC. The UN General assembly asked that theInternational Law Commission resume its work ondrafting a statute. There was a mass commission ofcrimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide inBosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia as well as in Rwandain the early 1990s. In response to that UN SecurityCouncil established two separate temporary Ad Hoctribunals to hold individuals accountable for theseatrocities. The two ad hoc tribunals for the formerYugoslavia and Rwanda have made importantcontributions to the progressive development ofinternational criminal law and the establishment of ICCwould have been extremely difficult, if not impossible,without them.8 In 1994 the International Law Commissionpresented its final draft statute for an ICC. Internationallaw commission recommended that a conference ofplenipotentiaries be convened to negotiate a treaty andenact the Statute. To consider major substantive issuesin the draft statute, the General Assembly establishedthe Ad Hoc Committee on the Establishment of anInternational Criminal court.

The Preparatory Committee prepared aconsolidated draft text. NGO’s are also the parts of theprocess. They provided input into the discussions andattended the several meetings and gave an extensiveinput in the drafting process. The United Nations calledthe, United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries onthe Establishment of an ICC at its fifty-second session to“finalize and adopt a convention on the establishment”

7 EU Council common position on the International Criminal Court 2003/444/CFSP.8 See, Dieng, A., ‘International Criminal Justice: from paper to practice- A contribution from the International Criminal

Tribunal for Rwanda to the establishment of the international Criminal Court’, Fordham International Law Journalvol. 25, no. (March2002), p. 688-707: Hulthuis, H., Operational Aspect of Setting Up the International CriminalCourt: Building on the Experience of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia’, FordhamInternational Law Journal vol. 25 no. 3 (March 2002), pp. 708-716.


of an ICC. The “Rome Conference” took place from 15June to 17 July 1998 in Rome. The Rome conferencewas attended by 160 countries. After the five weeksnegotiation the ICC statute was adopted by 120 countries.International Criminal court is the permanent judicialinstitution to deal with gravest crime. The diplomaticconference adopted the Rome Statute, which createdpermanent court. The Rome Statute has a detailprovision about the working procedure of the court,definition of the crime and obligation of the state parties.The Court now started its function from 1 July 2002. In11 April 2002 it received a requisite number of ratificationfrom state parties. Now the huge number of state partieshad already ratified the statue, till the January 2008, 105nations has already ratified the Rome Statute and 41nations already signed but not yet ratified yet. The ICCalready acting in a several situations such as - Uganda,Democratic republic of Congo, Central Africa and Dafur.The Court had issued several warrants and somepeoples are in custody also.

The ICC has a limited jurisdiction, which has beencarefully defined under the statute. The Court is designedto prosecute only crime of grave nature. The Courtdoes not have a universal jurisdiction; there is amisconception among the some countries that the Courtconstitutes a threat to their sovereignty. But the notion ofcomplimentary need to be understood clearly andcorrectly, the Court does not have an automaticjurisdiction. The Court take the matter only when thestate party or fail or unwilling to take concrete judicialstep under such circumstances. It is an internationalinstitution so that international jurisdiction is carefullybalanced with domestic jurisdiction; the states are stillthe prime actor under international law. The court canhave jurisdiction when crimes have been committed inthe territory of the state which has ratified the Romestatute, crimes have been committed by a citizen of astate which has ratified the Rome Statute, A state whichhas not ratified the Rome Statute has made a declarationaccepting the court’s jurisdiction over the crime, Crimeshave been committed in a situation which threatens orbreaches international peace and security and the UNsecurity Council has referred the situation to theCourt. The jurisdiction of the Court shall be limited to themost serious crimes of concern to the international

community as a whole. The Court has jurisdiction inaccordance with this Statute with respect to the followingcrimes: The crime of genocide, crimes againsthumanity, War crimes and the crime of aggression.9

The Statute provides very careful definition of thecrime of “genocide”. Under the statute genocide is ‘destroyall or part of a group’. Under the statute anyone whosolicits or induces someone to commit genocide is alsoa guilty of genocide. For the purpose of this Statute,“genocide” means any of the following acts committedwith intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical,racial or religious group. Killing members of the group, Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members ofthe group, deliberately inflicting on the group conditions oflife calculated to bring about its physical destruction inwhole or in part; imposing measures intended to preventbirths within the group, forcibly transferring children of thegroup to another group.10

The statute clearly mentions that following asuperior’s orders is not a legitimate defense to genocide.

The statue also defines “the crime againsthumanity.” The it covers murder, extermination,enslavement, deportation to forcible transfer of population,imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physicalliberty in a violation of fundamental rules of internationallaw, torture, rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution,forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any otherform of sexual violence of comparable gravity,persecution against any identifiable group or collectivityon political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious,gender, or other grounds that are universally recognizedas impermissible under international law, enforceddisappearances, the crime of apartheid, other inhumanacts of similar character intentionally causing greatsuffering, or serious injury to body or to mental orphysical health.11 For the purpose of this Statute, “crimeagainst humanity” means any of the abovementionedacts when committed as part of a widespread orsystematic attack directed against any civilian population,with knowledge of the attack.12

Likewise statute also define the war crime as‘violations of the common article 3 of the Genevaconvention against civilian, wounded and detainees,including violence to life and person in particular murderof all kinds, mutilating, cruel treatment and torture,committing outrages upon personal dignity, in particularhumiliating and degrading treatment, taking of ahostages, and passing of a sentences and the carryingout of executions without previous judgment pronouncedby a regularly constituted court, affording all judicialguarantees which ate generally recognized asindispensable.13

9 Art. 5.1 0 Art. 6.1 1 Art. 7.1 2 Id1 3 Art. 8.


ICC is the international judicial institution, it operateaccording to recognize or established principle of justice.It does not act in an arbitrary fashion or manner. Thefairness and impartiality is the key component of thestrength of this kind of institutions. An accused havealso a right to fair and speedy trial, and justice not only tobe done but it also seems to be done on the face ofrecords. The rights of the accused get a due place inthe justice delivery process in the scheme of the RomeStatute. The ‘presumption of innocence until prove guiltyis recognized by the Rome Statute.14 The accused havean every rights to self defense. It is up to the prosecutionwho has to prove the guilt beyond the reasonable doubt.The accused have right to have a fair trial.15 Underwhich, right to know, right to a legal council, speedy trial,cross examination are also recognized by statute.

The victims have a special place in the Romestatute. Under statute it may order a convicted person toprovide reparations to victim, including reparation, andany other reparations to victim it deems appropriate inthe particular case.16 The state parties have also anobligation under international and national law ensurethat they themselves provide reparation to the victims,either when the convicted person is unable to makereparations or when the state itself is also responsiblefor the crime. Likewise Statute also envisage aestablishment of a victims and witness unit in the ICC.Registry under which it will provide the protectivemeasures, security arrangements, counseling andother appropriate assistance to victims, witness whoappears before the ICC and others.17

In order to protect the functional autonomy of theinstitution, it is an essential to have some immunity of itsofficials. In 2002 the multilateral arrangement ‘Agreementon the Privileges and Immunities’ of the InternationalCriminal Court was already made. ICC is internationaland independent judicial institution immune from politicalinterference. It is not a specialized agency of Unitednations, even though UN had played a crucial role for itsestablishment or creation. On 4 October 2004 therewas a ‘Negotiated Relationship Agreement between theInternational Criminal Court and the United Nation’. Inmany countries in the world there is a total breakdownof the rule of law, national Court system has fail or unwillingto take action against gravest crime, that’s why theInternational Criminal Court deals with the gravest crimes

such as genocide, crime against humanity, war crimeand aggression. The Court has no retroactivejurisdiction. It does not substitute the national judicialinstitution but it is based on the principle of complimentarity.The primary responsibility goes to the national courts toend impunity and brought them to the justice. TheInternational Criminal Court is the supra nationalinstitution, designed to promote international rule of lawand to end impunity.

Future and effectiveness of ICCThe emergence of ICC is the watershed

development in the field of international justice. Themankind’s aspiration of justice and human rights is theuniversal one. The explosion of technology turns theentire globe into a village. We live in the world which isincreasingly interconnected and globalized. Theabsolute and unlimited sovereignty of nation state is notpossible and feasible in this internationalized world. Theremust be zero tolerance for the crime of genocide, crimeagainst humanity, war crimes and aggression. Thereis a popular saying that threat for the justice in one placeis threat for justice everywhere. Now the ICC is thereality, it is a functioning judicial institution now. It is one ofthe exciting developments of our time. It is currentlyenjoying an overwhelming support from the internationalcivil society, media and justice loving people from allover the world. The overwhelming majority of nationstates are ratifying it. The universal ratification of theRome Statute is the need of the hour, which is a coreelement of the effectiveness of this institution. The nationstates are compelled to ratify it because of overwhelmingsupport of civil society organization and media. It isheading towards a universal ratification. But ratificationby USA, China, India and Japan is the critically importantfor its success and effectiveness. The USA is quiteskeptical about it; initially it took some initiation of thecreation of the Court, but changes its strategy toward itand it took no stone unturned to undermine Court’sauthority and integrity. In The 31 December 2000 Clintonadministration signed the Rome Statute but it was‘unsigned’ by Bush administration in the 6 may 2002.In addition to that United States has been approachingcountries around the world seeking to conclude bilateralnon-surrender agreements excluding US citizens andmilitary personnel from the jurisdiction of the Court.These agreements prohibit the surrender to the ICC ofa broad scope of a person including current or formergovernment officials, military personnel, and USemployees and nationals. This kind of agreement is athreat for the effectiveness and independent functioning

1 4 Art. 66.1 5 Art. 67.1 6 Art. 75(1).1 7 Art. 43(2).


of the Court. This kind of bilateral non-surrenderagreement with member state do not confirm with theRome Statute and a clear violation of the Statute. Thiskind of behavior is not acceptable and integrity andauthority of the Court needs to be safeguarded.

The International Criminal Court is making someslow and steady progress. The ICC prosecutor isinvestigating situation in Uganda and democraticRepublic of Congo and Daafur, Sudan, which wasreferred to the Court by the Security Council. The ICCprosecutor’s office is also analyzing five other situations,including the Central African Republic Cote d’lvoire. InOctober 2005, the Court issued its first warrants of arrestagainst five members of the Lord’s Resistance Army inthe situation in Uganda.

The ICC lacks a police power of its own sobacking and strong support of member states wouldbe critically important. The states are under the legalobligation to cooperate it, but some member statesare reluctant to cooperate it. The active cooperationon the part of member states is critically important forits success. The universal ratification and participationby nation state would dramatically enhance itseffectiveness. The Europe has done a wonderful job;each and every country of Europe had ratified theRome statute. But the Asia is lagging behind in thisprocess. The low level of ratification from Asia is thematter of concern since many Asian countries arefacing a problem of state lawlessness and situation ofgrave crime including crime against humanity andwar crimes.

Culture of impunity and breakdown of rule of lawin Nepal

Nepal is trying to recover from years of conflictwhich weakened the rule of law institutions andseriously undermined the capacity of the state toimplement it’s own laws. The state institutions becameso weak and fragile. Nepal is currently suffering froma culture of impunity, which became a rule rather thanexception. The rule of law is grossly undermined dueto the culture impunity and lawlessness. There is agross violation of human rights and breakdown of ruleof law in Nepal. The culture of impunity and breakdownof the legal regime might jeopardize the peace buildingprocess in Nepal. The peace process doesn’t meana blanket amnesty to the perpetrator. The justice,accountability and rule of laws are the essentialcomponent of peace building process. In the name ofpeace process no one is allow to break the law. The

genuine peace building process requires a culture ofaccountability and rule of law. There is popularmisconception in Nepal that emphasis on justice andaccountability would jeopardize a peace process andpeace can be traded with rule of law, but it should notbe forgotten that if the rule of law is allowed to beundermined there could neither peace nor justice. Anygenuine peace building process must generatepeople’s support and ownership in the process. Thepeople’s faith and support is the critically importantcomponent for the lasting and sustainable peace. Thegross violation of the human rights in Nepal is beingcommitted by the state as well as non- state actor. Thegrave crimes including crimes against humanity aregoing unpunished in Nepal.

The Nepal’s judicial and law enforcementinstitutions lost their credibility and failed to deal with theserious issue of impunity which is the biggest threatfor the peace building endeavor in Nepal. The judicialinstitution and law enforcement agencies lack thecredibility, integrity and professionalism. The lawenforcement machinery’s in Nepal are the largelyweak and inefficient institutions. These institutions arealso highly politicized and lack the will and motivationto enforce the laws. There is gross violation ofinternational human rights and humanitarian law butone is brought to the justice till date in Nepal. There isa massive violation of comprehensive peaceagreement which is the major roadmap for post conflictrebuilding process. Nepal needs a credible peaceprocess which requires justice and accountability.Under the basis of state lawlessness and widespreador systemic violation of rule of law it would be extremelydifficult and challenging to make a new Constitutionalorder based on human rights and rule of law.

The peace building process means a rebuildingand strengthening a human rights and rule of lawinstitutions. The human rights need to be the centraltheme of peace building in any post conflict society.Nepal has to deal with the past effectively and need tocreate a basis for justice and human rights.

Nepal needs to ratify Rome Statute

Nepal needs to ratify the Rome statute ofinternational criminal court in order to end the cultureof impunity, since Nepal’s judicial institutions and lawenforcement agencies fail and unwilling to deal withthis issue. The culture of impunity creates a viciouscycle. The punishment of the present crime is workas strong deterrents against future crimes. ‘The


prosecution of perpetrators who have committed grossviolation of human rights is a critically importantcomponent of any efforts to deal with a legacy of pastabuse. Prosecution can serve to deter future crimes,be a source of comfort to victims, reflect a new set ofsocial norms, and begin the process of reforming andbuilding trust in government institutions.’18

Nepal did not sign the Rome Statute and it has notsigned the agreement on privilege and immunities ofthe court. On 31 December 2002 Nepal singed abilateral non-surrendered agreement with UnitedStates which is against the integrity and effectivenessof the Rome Statute. It undermines the notion ofinternational justice and international rule of law,because anyone who committed a crime under theRome Statute must be the subject of the Court’sjurisdiction. No perpetrator can claim a privilege andimmunities under the Rome Statute. It also underminesthe universality of the Court. Nepal’s signing a non-surrender agreement with United States is also a bigobstacle toward Nepal’s accession to Rome Statuteof International Criminal Court. Nepal’s major donorEU did not like this step; it sent a letter to the governmentNepal. The letter expressly mentions that ‘the EUcannot support bilateral non-surrender agreementsthat do not confirm with the Rome Statute. The letteralso mentions that ‘EU is willing to provide technicalassistance on implementing legislation.19 The NationalHuman Rights commission also expressed itsconcern on the issue of non-ratification of the Romestatute, despite of the legislative directives.20

The crime of disappearance constitutes a ‘crimeagainst humanity’. Nepal has an extremely badreputation regarding the incidence and crime ofdisappearance, the highest number of cases ofdisappearances was recorded in the UN sub-committee on disappearances. The high number ofincidence is the result of state lawlessness and cultureof non- accountability. The crime of disappearance isstill continuing despite of signing of comprehensivepeace agreement. The OHCHR in ‘September,submitted some 330 past cases of disappearances to

the relevant security forces and to the United Nationsworking group on Enforced and involuntaryDisappearances. The Nepalese army provided aresponse on 42 out of 315 cases which it said wereclarified. In all but one of the cases followed upsubsequently, OHCHR found no evidence to supportthe army’s version that they had either been killed insecurity forces operation with CPN (M) or released.OHCHR does not consider the Nepalese Army’sinvestigations is transparent or impartial.21 TheSupreme Court of Nepal directed to government toenact a comprehensive law which criminalize thecrime of disappearance. The Court held that ‘whileenacting the law the state should take note of itscommitments concerning disappeared personsexpressed in the constitution, the fundamental rightsand freedom of its citizens, international instrumentsratified by state concerning human rights andhumanitarian law. The state should also take note ofthe standards established in the internationalinstruments accepted by the international community.22

This is a one of the landmark judgment in the judicialhistory of Nepal but despite of the Court rulings noconcrete initiation was taken from the government toimplement the judgment of the Supreme Court. In 25July 2006 the parliamentary committee on foreignaffairs and Human Rights gave directive to thegovernment to form an “all powerful commission tosolve the issue of disappearances once and for all,”but this directive has also been put into a cold storageby the executive branch of the state.

Again, on 24 July 2006, the legislative parliamentof Nepal unanimously endorsed a proposal to accedeto the Rome Statute but the will of the legislature stillnot carried out yet. The will of the parliament reflectand represent the will of the people, and executivedepartment of the state is under the Constitutionaland legal obligation to implement or carried out thewill of the legislature. It is antithetical from the standpointof the constitutional governance that will of the

1 8 See, for instance, Roht-Arriaza, N. (Ed.). Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice, (OxfordUniversity Press: Oxford, 1995).

1 9 EU letter to Nepal dated December 4, 20062 0 NHRC Report Number 33/3/642 1 Reports of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the human rights situation and the activities

of her Office. Pg. 70. Dated 17, January 2007.2 2 Rabindra Prasad Dhakal v. Nepal Government, Ministry of Home Affairs and others.


legislature has not been carried out by the concerningauthority.

Nepal also needs to enact an implementinglegislation immediately, since ICC work on the principleof complementary and primarily it is a state’s obligationto take prompt action and brought the perpetrator to thejustice. Nepal need to show its genuine commitment tohuman rights and justice, only cosmetic commitmentand lip service doesn’t work. ‘Trials can also help toreestablish trust between citizens and the state bydemonstrating to those whose rights have been violatedthat state institutions will seek to protect rather than violatetheir rights. This may help to restore the dignity of victimsand reduce their sense of anger; marginalization andgrievances.23 Nepal already signed a several humanrights convention. Nepal is the party of all four GenevaConventions; the Geneva Convention also applies tonon-international armed conflict.24 Nepal is also themember of United Nations, under the UN chartermember states are also obligated to abide by principleof human rights. Nepal’s accession to Rome Statutewould give credibility to peace process and deepen itscommitment to justice and rule of law. Only paying a lipservice by all the actors to justice and accountabilitydoes not improve the situation. The ratification of theStatute would send a strong message to all theperpetrators.

The vicious cycle of human rights violation needsto be stop immediately. Nepal badly needs a culture ofjustice and accountability and in order to break the viciouscycle of human rights violation the participation into theRome Statute is critically important. It would work as astrong deterrent against those who are continuouslyengaged in the crime against humanity in Nepal, despitethe signing of comprehensive peace agreement thereis not a much improvement of the situation in Nepal.The nation miserably failed to address the problem ofimpunity. There is growing culture of impunity, non-accountability and state lawlessness in Nepal. The

2 3 Alan Bryden, heiner. Security Governance in Post-Conflict peace building. Geneva Center for the democraticcontrol of armed forces. 2005.

2 4 Common Art. 3 of all the Four Geneva Convention 1949.

ending a culture of impunity is critically importantcomponent for genuine peace process.

Nepal’s participation to the Rome Statute wouldenhance its international prestige and inspire other fellowAsian nation. It would be a significant contribution towardthe promotion of global justice, by the ratification of thetreaty Nepal also gets an opportunity to participate in theworking of the Court.

ConclusionThe establishment of International Criminal Court

is one of the most important breakthroughs in the field ofcontemporary international law; it was a longstandingaspiration of human kind to have some sort of concretemachinery for international justice. Now, the InternationalCriminal Court is the functioning reality. It needs activeand unflinching support from the world community. Itsintegrity and effectiveness needs to be constantlyenhanced and safeguarded by international community.The international power politics would have a hugebearing on its success and future. It should not allowedto be the victim of international power politics, TheCourt must be allow to function as a impartial and effectiveinternational judicial institution, free from fear and favor.The universal participation and ratification is the keyelement of its success and effectiveness, internationalcommunity must show its commitment towardinternational justice and rule of law. In this era of massiveexplosion of technology, the effective system of globaljustice is the need of the hour.

Nepal also should not stay away from this processof international justice and rule of law and participate inthe universal ratification endeavor of InternationalCriminal Court. Nepal’s ratification of ICC is criticallyimportant to its peace building effort, without effectivelyaddressing the issue of impunity it would be hard tomove Nepal’s peace process ahead and also difficult towrite a new democratic constitutional order based onhuman rights, rule of law and socio-economic justice.


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Peace Process at CrossroadShobhakar Budhathoki

Although the constitution-making process seems

slowly progressing, Nepal's peace process still faces

several challenges for lasting peace, and building the

foundation for nation-building. Politics of consensus

emerged through 12-point understanding seems

broken and shifted to confrontation. Despite third largest

party Communist Party of Nepal (CPN-UML) continue

receives support from 22 political parties of the

Constituent Assembly (CA) to run the government

(with the formation of 44-member mega cabinet), it

encounters numerous difficulties to effectively

implement the November 2006 Comprehensive

Peace Agreement (CPA) and successfully carry out

the task of the CA without active participation of the

United Communist Part of Nepal (UCPN-Maoists),

largest political party in the CA.

In democratic polity, the changeover in government

should be considered as regular component of power

transformation and institutionalization process of the

multiparty system. However, politics of isolation creates

further complexities rather than solving problem.

Therefore, sidelining the UCPN-Maoists either through

rejection or choice, could have significant impact on

ongoing peace process and provides space for their

hard-line cadres to justify their extreme position that

may be aimed to disrupt peaceful political and social

transformation. Therefore, ruling parties, including Nepali

Congress (NC) and the CPN-UML should be very

cautious while making decisions related to national and

public concern issues without undermining UCPN-

Maoists soft-liners within the party and embarrassing

its leadership in public sphere. Proving Maoists

leadership in public space with honor could create

conducive atmosphere for constitution-making process,

and encourage them for constructive engagement

towards resolving problem.

With the assurances, the government must be prepared

to face the challenges from daily services to vulnerable

security situation and political fiasco while the

legislative/parliament faces turbulence as a legacy of

interruption, and the CA frequently remains out of

business. Attitude of

undermining the

principles of rule of law

and criminalization in

politics is highly

increasing. Law

enforcement agencies

are demoralized and

face unnecessary

political interference,

as well as struggle with logistic materials, and clear

operation guidelines. Criminal groups and splinters are

openly launching their illegal activities, including cross-

border crime to extortion and abduction and attempting

to create political instability and uncertainty which may

lead to communal and religious violence. These all

accumulated problems eventually create the foundation

for lawlessness and anarchism. In this context, the

recently brought Special Security Plan (SSP) by the

government could be instrumental if it is used carefully

and strategically to reduce increasing crime and illegal

activities, but it is essential to increase public awareness

about the SSP, and seek support from the opposition

and regional-based political parties.

Stepping down from the government for the UCPN-

Maoists should be part of democratic process. It should

be neither taken as humiliation, nor attack against their

establishment, or ideologies and policies. Even though

issue of civilian supremacy played a key role for

Maoists quitting from the government, the new

government must not play the politics of defamation,

revenge and isolation. Consensus begins from inclusion

and respecting each other's positions and the space.

Revenge and self-centered politics, neither helps for

nation-building and constitution-making processes, nor

enforcement of the CPA and other political

understandings, including the December 2006

Agreement on Monitoring of the Management of the

Arms and Armies (AMMAA). These short-sighted

decisions only contribute to escalate tension among

parties to peace process; divides political actors; and


provides perfect venue for spoilers, who are looking

opportunity for uncertainty and instability.

Nepal’s peace process is claimed to be unique and

remarkable progress has been made towards

sustainable peace without direct involvement of third

party. The country’s polity has jumped from feudal

monarchy to federal democratic republic. Drafting new

constitution seems progressing even though majority

of the people feel sidelined from ongoing consultation

and debate in the CA. Political power has been shifted

from traditional rulers to middle class people. These

proves that the country has made numerous

achievement in terms of power politics, but ordinary

civilians continue feel neglected because of the political

actors unwillingness to address root causes of conflict,

and trauma of the victims, including the formation of the

Disappearance and Truth and Reconciliation

commissions. Ignorance and shortsightedness of

political actors do not prepare the basis for ending the

cycle of violence, and just society.

At this moment, major obstacle to peace process seems

the management of Maoists ex-combatants that includes

the possible integration into national security agencies

and rehabilitation in the society. But these efforts should

be conducted through wide consultation of the

stakeholders, and these plans should be launched

without imposing insecurity, hurting feelings and

recognizing economic sustainability. Although the

Technical Committee (TC) of the Special Committee

for the Reintegration and Rehabilitation (SCRR) has

submitted its draft “code of conduct” for the Maoists ex-

combatants to the SCRR, the government still seems

confused to figure out the process for reintegration and

rehabilitation of Maoists ex-combatants who have been

contained in 21 cantonments since nearly two and half

years period without knowing their future. Without

successfully ensuring Maoists ex-combatants future

and security, it is very difficult to establish sustainable

peace, ensure political stability and timely introduce new

constitution ensuring people's ownership.

Integration and management of ex-combatants plays

very important role for the successful peace process

which may take years if it is carried out sustainable and

effective ways. However, it must be understood that rift

between the UCPN-Maoists led government and then

Chief of Army Staff Rookmangud Katwal was escalated

because of difference on integration issue. Former COAS

Katwal has repeatedly and publicly rejected about the

integration of Maoists ex-combatants in national army

stating that Maoists combatants are politically

indoctrinated, which could diminish the professionalism

of the military. Similarly, the Defence Minister Bidhya

Bhandari has outrightly rejected the possibility regarding

the integration of the Maoists ex-combatants in national

army. Since, it is yet to see how the newly appointed

COAS Chhatra Man Singh Gurung reacts about the

management and rehabilitation, as well as integration of

ex-combatants into national army, the political actors must

take the advantage of finding comprehensive and

reasonable solution for the future of stranded Maoist ex-

combatants.

Sidelining the UCPN-Maoists from the government

might seem victory to those parties who have felt

threatened for short-term, but it will certainly harmful for

the country's prosperity and establishing durable peace

in long-term. All political actors claim that they are

seriously working for logical end of peace process,

and spending their time and energy to safeguard

democracy and rule of law. In reality, their actions are

solely focused towards personal and party welfare

rather than constitution-making and nation-building

processes. Without ending individualistic approach,

institutionalization of democratic system and success

of peace process may fall apart at any moment.

Parties to peace process are responsible towards

enforcement of peace agreement and other political

understandings, and formulate the criteria for integration

and rehabilitation of the Maoists ex-combatants with

active involvement of the UCPN-Maoists. Therefore,

responsible political actors should not provoke the

Maoists ex-combatants by bringing the worthless issues

such as re-verification into public discussion. Instead,

ruling parties focus should be focused towards

enforcement of the agreements and understandings

effectively, efficiently and immediately without reservation

aiming to close down the cantonments as quickly as

possible through legitimate process ensuring political,

economic and social security of the ex-combatants,

which will eventually reduce the confrontation and gap

among major political actors and UCPN-Maoists.

(The author is conflict resolution specialist

and human rights advocate.)


The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)when adopted by the 1948 General Assembly of theUnited Nations was a document which represented thegreatest advance thus far made towards the structuringof a basic law for all mankind. The Universal Declarationof Human Rights was “not a perfect document but itrepresented a greater measure of agreement on humandignity and its protection than had even been reachedamong the nations before” (Weermantry 207).

The document was the product of the realization that theultimate consequence of the war is destruction, anddevelopment, peace and prosperity is not possible withouthuman beings enjoying their self respect and dignity. Itreflected the world’s detestation of the crimes perpetratedduring World War II that resulted to the loss of not only ofthe sizable population but the human sensibility so far.The document provides a resolve that “a minimumbaseline of human freedom should be universally adopted,which no nation should be free to transgress withoutattracting universal moral condemnation, if not sanctionsin more positive forms” (207).

The long and tough debates at the United Nations forumson various issues of human rights which preceded thedocument facilitated to sort out many of the practical andideological differences that finally shaped the way for theDeclaration. As C.G. Weermantry mentions, ‘not all nationshad traditions which spoke in terms of individuals as bearersof rights. Not all nations were so liberal in their ideology as toagree lightly to fetters being placed upon their authority in thename of human freedom and dignity. The religious attitudesunderlying some legal structures viewed human dignity asresulting from a God-centered system of duties rather thana man-centered system of rights’ (207). Still, after muchdebate, agreement was reached, consolidating beyondpossibility of recall a minimum content of human freedomwhich was to serve as the foundation for furtherdevelopment. There exist several documents and treatiesthat elaborate the fundamental provisions of the Declaration,thus creating an ever-growing body of international humanrights legislation.

International human rights law is not static. In its presentform, in the words of Rhona K.M. Smith, it is a relatively

New Frontiers of Human Rights

Keshab Sigdel

young legal system: theprocess of codifyingrights and freedoms atthe international,regional, and nationallevels is ongoing;means of achievingconsensus betweenmember States onimplementation are stillbeing sought (339).Reflecting back, we can be optimistic that much has beenachieved since the UDHR was signed some 60 yearsago, but we have much more to be done. Belowdiscussed are some issues that can characterize theevolution of international human rights in future.

A World Court of Human Rights

This has a long been a dream of mankind, but has notbeen realized due to the functional dilemma in relation tothe concept of national sovereignty. However, theconcept of a surrender of some part of nationalsovereignty in the judicial sphere has already beenrecognized by national who have subscribed to regionalsupra-national courts such as the European Court ofHuman Rights. More regional groups such as the Latin-American and South-East Asian nations are alreadyconsidering possibilities of regional courts in their areas.As these courts increase there can well be a trendtowards the formation of a world judicial authority in thehuman rights field. The significant success of theEuropean Court of Human Rights provides a strongpractical argument in this direction.

The International Court of Justice, the world judicial tribunalnow in existence, cannot deal with individual human rightscomplaints as its Charter specifically limits its jurisdictionto disputes by state against state. Plans for other worldcourt structures have therefore been put forward by anumber of bodies and individuals (Weermantry 112).

In 1968, the Proclamation of Tehran adopted by the WorldConference on Human Rights noted that ‘much remains tobe done in regard to the implementation of those rights and


freedoms’ (Proclamation 4). Over three decades later, asRhona Smith puts it, many would argue the internationalsystem is still lacking in this respect even the UN humanrights commission has evolved to Human Rights Councilin the recent year (340). So, the establishment of the WorldHuman Rights Court appears to be more a valid agenda.

Group Rights

When we come across the history of ancient societies,we find that they were organized around the group ratherthan the individual – the group comprising such units asthe extended family, the tribe or the village. The UniversalDeclaration is “couched in terms of individual rights, aconcept that evolved in the peculiar historical conditionsof Europe” (Weermantry 210). Considering theconsequence of the French Revolution, Edmund Burkeobserved, it “wiped the slate clean of all the grouporderings of mediaeval European society – the guild, theparish, the manor – which had shielded the individual inthe past”. The individual was then left “naked and alone”to face the might of the state. Similar considerationsunderline criticisms of individual rights in societies wherethe individual has not had time for adjustment to thisindividual role. Devoid of the protections given him by thegroup he finds himself bewildered and powerless inconfrontations with power of all sorts. An interestingreflection on the importance of the group in traditionalsocieties was Gandhi’s unsuccessful plea, at the draftingof the Indian Constitution, for the recognition of village grouprights – a plea defeated by the Western oriented lawyerswho presided over the drafting of the Constitution (210).

Membership and participation in a variety of socialgroups is an essential part of a life of dignity. Manygroups appropriately have a variety of rights. Mostpeople see themselves as a part of a family; manyeven see the family as their most important locus ofpersonal identity. Many define themselves in significantmeasure by their religion. Indigenous people, dalits andBlacks (in the Western society) see their race as animportant facet of both their self-definition and theirdefinition by others in their society. Gender functionssimilarly for many women. (Donnelly 217). But as JackDonnelly puts it, strong presumption ought to be in favourof individual human rights, even where their exercisethreatens the integrity of the community (218).

Spreading ResponsibilityThe obligation to protect and promote human rights ofthe people though lies primarily with the government,

but different other stake holders too have statutoryobligations in that respect. Rhona Smith writes,‘Complementing the role of States, there is increasingevidence of responsibility for the realization of humanrights being extended outwith the tradition nation-Statedomain, Individuals, NGOs, and other organizationshave responsibilities under human rights instruments’(341). It is likely that non-State actors will become anincreasingly prominent presence. Already NGOsregularly contribute to the discussions and monitoringarrangements of the international and regional treatymonitoring bodies. This trend is particularly apparent inAfrica and the Americas under regional arrangements.

In 1999, the Secretary-General announced the launchof the Global Compact, an initiative designed to engagemajor global corporations in the fight for human rights.It is a voluntary code, with companies agreeing toembrace a set of principles drawn from human rights,labour and the environment in furtherance ofsustainable development and corporate citizenship.With the sharply growing global economic phenomenaand their direct impact in the life of the people, it isequally important that corporate institutions are madeaccountable in safeguarding the rights of the peoplethey work with.

The Right to Development

Despite international systems including UN GeneralAssembly and the Commission (now Council) ofHuman Rights asserting the existence of the right todevelopment, the 1968 Tehran Proclamationrecognizing the fact that the widening gap between theeconomically developed and developing countriesimpeded the realization of human rights, despite theUNDP instituting a series of Human Rights DevelopmentReports analyzing developmental progress, the rightsto development for a large populations still remainsunrealized.

A high level task force on the implementation of the rightto development was established by Commission onHuman Rights Resolution 2004/7. These mechanismsexist to continue in interim even after the Commissionwas replaced by the Human Rights Council. Thetaskforce works alongside the working group to ensurethe topic remains on the international agenda and toresearch practical ways of achieving development.Securing good governance practices in all States inone method of supporting the right to development and


thus has been the subject of much debate in the UnitedNations. ‘Good governance clearly related to many civiland political rights but also impacts heavily on economicand social, especially as regards anti-corruption. Theright to development cannot be realized overnight; ratherit is a matter of incremental changes, each advancingthe cause little by little’ (Smith 344). But there should bemechanism that oversees that the government makesall possible genuine efforts towards that direction, andmakes best use of its available resources for the same.

Environment Rights

Environmental rights, originally restricted to the AfricanCharter on Human and People’s Rights, are now gaininggeneral international recognition. As the effect of modernsociety on the environment becomes ever clearer, callsfor environmental rights gain weight. The right toenvironment is not protected in any universal instrumentalthough Article 25 of the UDHR articulates that everyone has a right to ‘a standard of living adequate for thehealth and well being of himself and his family’. Whathas developed over the years is a clear body ofinternational and regional environmental law. Manyinstruments establish regulatory frameworks forhazardous waste materials and pollution control, othersaddress the use of natural resources (flora, fauna, andmineral). Clearly the result of this should be animprovement in the environment. However, as RhonaSmith opines, contemporary debate is now centering

on whether environmental rights exist and can be usedto speed up ratification of international standards (344).

Conclusion

International human rights instruments are “living organs,enshrining non-static norms, evolving in response to globaldevelopments and political reality” (346). As we moveahead with the debates and discussions on the new issueson the fore, we not only realize that there are problemswith the existing systems, but we also cherish the fact thatthere are now instruments tabulating human rights andfundamental freedoms which, in itself, is a success.Human rights are for the benefit of all; thus, effort shouldbe made to towards the realization of the goals througheducation and training. As various bench marks havebeen established and legal codification of the philosophyon the rights of the individual has been made, it is now ahigh time that the nation States, importantly, the politiciansshow their commitment to transform the theory into reality.

Works Cited

Donnelly, Jack. Universal Human Rights in Theoryand Practice. New Delhi: ManasPublications, 2005

Weermantry, C.G.. An Invitation to the Law. New Delhi:Lawman (India) Pvt. Ltd., 1998

Smith, Rhona K.M.. Textbook on International HumanRights. Great Britain: Oxford UP, 2007.

VIJAYA DASHAMIand

DIPAWALI-2066

we extend our best wishes to all Nepalese peoplefor their life long Happiness, Peace and Prosperity.

National Election Observation Committee (NEOC)National Secretariat

Satoaki Memorial Building, Kupondole, Lalitpur, Nepal

GPO Box No: 26550, Tel: 01–5541502, Fax: 977-1-5541503

Email: [email protected], neocnepal.org, Web: www.neocnepal.org

Surya Prasad Shrestha

Chairperson

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Vista International EducationP.O.Box: 24881, Lekhanathmarga,

Thamel, Kathmandu, Nepal

Tel: 4420357, Fax: 977-1-4422192

Mobile: 9851011993

Email: [email protected], www.vista.edu.np

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VIJAYA DASHAMIand

DIPAWALI-2066we extend our best wishes to all Nepalese people

for their life long Happiness, Peace and Prosperity.

Hotel StupaBoudha, Kathmandu, Nepal

Tel: 00977-1-4494592, 4471703Mobile: 9851035481, 9851018995,

9851026807Email: [email protected]


Will peace prevail in Nepal?

In any part of this World, Peace has been a

panacea be it Iraq, Israel, Jordan or Namibia.

Without this no country can even imagine, the

development and secondly is the discipline,

which is primarily inaugurates at home later in

the school, offices and in the country. Why Japan,

Korea and China reached the peak of the

Development of their country because they never

had any kind of terrorism in the country which is

the real thorn for the progress.

They have racial harmony and unity among

themselves. They do not fight for any kind of caste,

creed and religion. They rather fight united against

the external attacks and foreign encroachment.

The most commendable quality they have is

GREAT MISSION to develop their country putting

their highest level of efforts with honesty and

sincerity. Now they have achieved that goal and

they are one of the World’s Powerful Nation.

We Nepalese and even Indians are very smart

to deliver the speeches like former Prime

Minister Krishna Prasad Bhattarai declared

that he will transfer Nepal into Singapore.

Simultaneously United Maoists President

made the same kind of announcement that he

will very soon make Nepal like Switzerland.

Ordinary Nepalese might have thought we

Nepalese will soon be in the top of the world

whenever these stalwarts proclaimed such

meteoric transformation of Nepal. We started

to dream about a beautiful and progressive

Nepal in better word “Naya Nepal”.

But the concept of

New Nepal though it

was loudly

pronounced in every

nook and corner of

Nepal and in every

Nepalese lips it hung

like honey , it never

materialised and will

not become realistic in any imminent future because

NO LEADERS ARE OF THAT CALIBRE BORN IN

NEPAL WHO SHREDS HIS ONE’S PERSONAL

INTEREST AND THINK ABOUT COUNTRY.

We are fully aware that politicians are not serious

and honest towards the country. They always give

first priority to their personal interest, secondly to their

Party and only lastly to the country. They have totally

obliterated the notion of the President John F.

Kennedy “Don’t think what country can do for you

but always think what you can do for the country.”

Intra Polit ical Parties fighting and direct

Interference in the Bureaucracy and zero

attention towards the betterment of the country

will lead all Nepalese into the doomed state,

the poverty will increase day by day and

unemployment will be unbridled.

Such situation in Nepal will lead every Nepalese

fighting for the bread and they will indulge in

violence. They will not mind to adopt illegal and

immoral way to earn their livings, in such state

how PEACE will prevail in Nepal.

Baba Krishna GurungA Life Member of HURFON


Nepal, being a patriarchal society has a deeplyimbalanced power relation between men and women.Generally, in Nepal a women's position is derived onlyfrom her relationship with the men under whose relationalor legal protection she is. This is her father, brother,husband and then her son during her later years.

The Nepalese society is a male dominated society,where men take all the decisions and women areviewed as household workers and child bearers. Thescenario worsens no sooner the Nepalese woman iswidowed and is begun to be seen as a curse befallenon the family. In Nepal,widowhood is viewed not as anatural life cycle of a woman.The death of the husbandmarks her transition from awife to a widow where thevarious cultural practicesaggravate her life journey. Ayoung widow is often viewedas an adversary and the familyoften taunts her as beingresponsible for her husband’sdeath. One of the biggesttraumas widows undergo aftertheir husband’s death arisesfrom her apprehensions abouther and her children’s future.They are put through a life ofhumiliation and are alwayslooked at with hatred andsuspicion.

The moment they becomesingle they loose theirindependence and every means of happiness and gettied down by the ancient iron rules, culture, systemsand beliefs of the society. Cultural traditions forbid awidow to wear bright colors or engage in any sort ofjoyous events. Although women are allowed by law toremarry, few actually do so. Nepali society does notlook upon remarriage very favorably.

Silent Cry of Widows in NepalLily Thapa

Also, women are afraidthat their new husbandsmay not care for theirchildren, which resultsin women having togive up their children inorder to remarry. Theyare held responsiblefor their husband’sdeath and are tortured, abused and assaulted by themembers of her in-laws. Her basic human rights like

freedom and participation in thesociety is denied. Her mobility andfreedom is restricted and is oftenaccused of being the cause for herhusband’s demise. Violenceagainst these women are not onlylimited to households, they aresubjected to same treatment intheir communities. There havebeen reports of senior widowsbeing accused of witchcrafts orare victims of other ill culturalpractices.Due to marginalization by allsectors in society, widows feel theloss of identity as the most tragicof all the consequences.

Widows face an enormousfinancial burden upon enteringwidowhood. Widowed women arenow responsible for obtaining asource of income while still caringfor their family. Poverty, illiteracy

and homelessness force widows into informal sectorsin exploitative areas. Many young widows are victimsof rape, sexual and physical assaults, mostly performedby her father in law or brother in laws. These widowsare bearing the brunt of all the assaults silently in fearthat if they speak against their family members, they willretaliate and stop financing herself and her children.


These notions hide the fact that women are beingexploited and abused in their own houses.

In Nepal, a decade long conflict between the governmentand Maoists has created the number of young widows.There are cases of young widows suffering from torture,rape and abuse in the hands of armed forces during thedecade long insurgency. According to a study on statusof widows in Nepal conducted by Women for HumanRights, has found 67% of the widows are between 20 to30 years of age having 3 to 4 children in an average. Itis also known that most of the widows are traumatizedand are most vulnerable victims in terms of basic need,health, education and psychological impacts.

Although the constitution of the kingdom of Nepal,guarantees equality between all citizens, there are stillmore discriminatory provision in various laws against

widows that conflict with rights provided under theCEDAW convention. Strong patriarchal culture andconservative practices emphasizes traditional roles ofa widow, is a major hurdle in the implementation ofhuman rights convention in Nepal. Therefore, in orderto move forward towards development, it is absolutelynecessary that every sector addresses the issues ofthese widows and their children and provide them asecure environment in which they can be reintegratedinto the society with dignity.

Women for Human Rights (WHR), single women groupbreaking the traditional practices of limiting widows tolive as the "Living death". Today widows in Nepal areexperiencing the new life due to the mobilization of thegroups in the districts to make just an equitable societyall around the country.

[email protected]

VIJAYA DASHAMIand



Nagarkot, Nepal, Tel: 6680128, 016213053

Tel/Fax: 977-1-6680127

Kathmandu Reservation Office

“Z" street, Thamel, Kathmandu.

Tel: 4700305, Tel/Fax: 977-1-4700082

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Mr. Wangyal Ngoche

Life MemberNational Human Rights Foundation (HURFON)

Kathmandu-6, Boudha

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VIDEOGRAPHY INSTITUTE

Putalisadak Chowk, KathmanduTel: 4443319, 9841322777

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xfdL clxn];Ddgful/s :jtGqtfsf]afx'No /x]sf] df}lns xssf] ;+j}wflgs cEof;df/x“b} cfPsf xf}“ . o;}n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[ltsk|s[ltsf clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xs sfod ug]{ cEof;xfd|f nflu gof“ 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf k/]sf s]xLo:tf xsx¿ k|foM ;a}df æsfg'gdf Joj:yfePadf]lhdÆ eGg] kbfjnL k|of]u u/]/ /flvPsf 5g\ .of] kbfjnLsf] k|of]un] ;+ljwfg ;fdfGo sfg'gdflge{/ x'g] agfPsf] 5 . o:tf] s'/f ;+ljwfgjfb;“ud]n vf“b}g lsgeg] ;+ljwfg d'n'ssf] ;jf{]Rr dfqxf]Og d"n sfg'g xf] . d"n sfg'g cGo sfg'gdflge{/ x'g ;Sb}g, ;fdfGo sfg'g d"n sfg'gaf6Jo'TkGg x'G5 / x'g'k5{ . cfufdL ;+ljwfgdf o:tf]kbfjnL /fv]/ xs;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf] th'{df ul/g'x'“b}g, To;f] ul/P ;+ljwfg–P]g–lgodsf] k|flwsfl/s;f]kfgqmd sfod /xg ;Sb}g .

csf]{ s'/f, /fHon] ;+od /fVg] jf ;lqmo x'g]df}lns xssf] k|rngzLntfsf nflu ltgsf] qmdfut-s/]:kf]lG8ª_ lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLltsf] vf“rf] k5{ .of] s'/f /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf ;d]l6g'k5{ . x'g tgful/s :jtGqtfwdL{ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf nflu/fHon] sfd ug'{kb}{g eGg] ul/G5 t/ s'/f To;f] x'“b}xf]Og . jf:tjdf gsf/fTds jf ;sf/fTds h'g;'s}¿ksf] df}lns xssf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu To;nfO{/fHosf] l;4fGt, gLlt / of]hgfn] ;Daf]wg u/]s} x'g'k5{ .


pbfx/0fsf nflu, /fHon] oftgflj?4sf] xsnfO{df}lns dfG5 eg] /fHo;“u oftgfsf] ;fxf/f glnO{sg}ck/fw cg';Gwfg u/fpg ;Sg] Ifdtf / ;|f]t;fwgx'g'k5{ . o:tf] Ifdtf / ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|aGw ug]{s'/fsf nflu /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGtn] ck/fwsf]j}1flgs cg';Gwfgk|0ffnL lglb{i6 u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . o:tf]lglb{i6tf geP /fHon] oftgflj?4sf] xssf] ;Ddfg,k|j4{g, kl/k"lt{ / arfj6 ug]{ cj:yf aGb}g . o:t}dft[efiffdf k|fylds lzIffsf] xssf] sfof{Gjogsfnflu /fHon] c“ufNg] lzIffJoj:yfkgsf] k|0ffnLnfO{klg lgb]{zs l;4fGtn] af]Ng}k5{ . ;f]sf nflu,pbfx/0ffy{ x/]s ;d'bfonfO{ ljBfno ;~rfng ug{dfk|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 eGg] s'/f lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf /fVg'kg]{x'“bf] xf] .

o;}n] /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLltn] df}lnsxss} csf]{ kf6f]sf] e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ . k|rngzLntfsflx;fan] df}lns xs ;fy{s / k|efjsf/L x'g] jfgx'g] eGg] lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLlt / cfjlwsof]hgfdf ltgsf] ;d]6fOdf a9L e/ k5{ . xf], df}lnsxs / lgb]{zs l;4fGt ;+ljwfgdf km/s km/s efudf/flvG5g\ t/ oL b'O{ aLrsf] ;DaGw cGof]Gofl>t /cGt/lge{/ x'g] ub{5 . o;}n] ;+ljwfgsf d:of}bfstf{

tyf lgdf{tfx¿n] of] s'/fnfO{ uxg ¿kn] lng' cfjZos5 . oL b'O{ v08df /xg] ljifoj:t'sf] cGt/;DaGw,lge{/tf / cGof]Gofl>ttfnfO{ Psbd ldlxg lsl;dn]lgofn]/ x]g'{ cfjZos 5 .

;+ljwfgsf] s'g} efusf] kf7 tof/ kfg]{ s'/f x]bf{;lhnf] nfu] klg ug{rflx“ w]/} ufx|f] sfd xf] . d:of}bfsf]kf7af6} To;sf] sfof{Gjog s:tf] xf]nf eg]/ c8\snsf6\g ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] df}lns xs tyflgb]{zs l;4fGt ;ldltn] of] b[li6af6 ljrf/ u/]/d:of}bf tof/ kfb}{5 < o; k|Zgsf] pQ/ d:of}bfcfPkl5 e]l6Pnf g} . df}lns xs pkef]Qmf gful/ssfx}l;otn] x]g'{kg]{ ;a}eGbf r'/f] s'/frflx“ df}lns xsx¿/ lgb]{zs l;4fGtaLrsf] qmda4 ;DaGw / ;Gt'ngxf] . jf:tjdf ;+ljwfgsf] d"n dd{ eGg' gful/ssfnflu ltgn] cEof; ug{ kfpg] d"ne"t xssf] ls6fgL/ sfof{Gjog g} xf] . o;sf nflu df}lns xssf efu/ lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] efun] k"/} ;+ljwfgsf] r'/f]sf]¿kdf sfd ub{5 . /fhgLlts w|'jLs/0f a9]sf] /;xdltsf a'“bfsf] IfL0f ;Defjgf /x]sf] clxn]sf]If0fdf ;j{;Ddt df}lns xs / lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf]d:of}bf k|fKt x'g] s'/f c;Dej t gegf}“ t/ ;fx|}r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

ljhofbzdL tyf z'ebLkfjnL @)^^ sf] ;'vbpknIodf ;d:t g]kfnL bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgLx¿df

;'v, zflGt / ;d[l4sf nfluxflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

tfdfª sG:6«S;g k|f= ln=a;'Gwf/f, sf7df8f}+

- *;lqmo ;b:o– /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ k|lti7fg_

k|tfkl;+x tfdfª*k|aGw lgb]{zs


bf];|f] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng kZrft\ g]kfn;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds d'n'ssf] :yfkgfsfnflu k|;j kL8fdf 56\kl6/xsf] 5 . gof“ g]kfnsf]vfsf sf]g]{ ;Gbe{df tdfd ljifox¿ lvr8Lsf ¿kdf/x]sf 5g\ . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;Gt'lnt af“8kmf“8sf;DaGwdf /fli6«o ax;sf] Hjf/ef6f l;h{g ug{ l9nf]e};s]sf] cj:yf 5 . d'n'sdf ;ª\3Lotfsf] ;du|vfsf lbg k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;Gt'lnt Pj+ ;dfgaf“8kmf“8 clgjfo{ ;t{ xf] .

ljleGg hft, hflt tyf hghflt;“u cfj4;ª\3;+:yfnufot k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf lj1x¿sf] klgo; ljifodf lgs} Wofg lvlrPklg cfufdL ;+ljwfgdfk|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;Gt'lnt af“8kmf“8 s;/L ug]{ ;DaGwdf/fli6«o ax; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;tkm{ ;a}sf] Wofghfg h?/L dfq geO{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .t;y{ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfgsf]lgdf{0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns xs cGtu{t g}k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] ;+t'lnt pkof]usf] xs:yflkt ug{ plts} cfjZostf v8\lsP klg /fli6«o¿kdfkof{Kt sfo{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; tkm{ ;/sf/,;+ljwfg;ef, ;f+;b, /fhgLlts kf6L{, cGt/f{li6«o;d'bfo, gful/s ;dfh, o; ljifosf ljåtju{nufot;Dk"0f{ gful/ssf]] Wofg s]lGb|t x'g cfjZos 5 .

cfh g]kfn s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;ª\3Lotfsf] :j?kdfk|j]z ug]{ xf] < slt k|b]z aGg] x'g\ < k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]af“8kmf“8 s;/L ;DkGg ul/g] xf] < s]Gb| ;/sf/, /fHo;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf aLr s:tf– s:tfclwsf/x¿ :yflkt x'g] x'g\ < oL tdfd ljifosf];“u;“u} ;ª\3Lotfdf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;Gt'lntaf“8kmf“8sf] ljifo clt g} ;Dj]bgzLn x'G5 . olbk|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] af“8kmf“8 ;Gt'ltn ¿kdf ul/P eg]k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ sof}+ 36gfx¿ bf]xf]l/g]

k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgdf k|fGtsf] clwsf// cflbjf;L cle;lGwsf] k|Tofe"lt

h'gf oSvf

clwjQmf

cj:yf l;h{gf x'g]lglZrt 5 . oL tdfdljifox¿df /fHokof{Kt ¿kdf ljifos]lGb|t /xg ;s]sf]5}g . gful/s ;dfhtyf clwsf/sdL{x¿klg o; ljifodfs]lGb|t x'g ;s]sf b]lvb}gg\ .

k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] af“8kmf“8sf] ljifodf s'/f ubf{cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] !^( sf] cflbjf;Lcle;lGwsf cGt/j:t''k|lt klg /fHosf] Wofg uDeL/¿kdf s] lGb |t /xg cfjZos 5 . /fHon]cflbjf;Lx¿sf nflu xfn;Dds} dxŒjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«osfg'g æcflbjf;L;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGw–!^(Æcg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ cflbjf;Lx¿sf]cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿dWo]sf] sf];]9'ª\uf ;fljtdflgPsf ] 5 . o;sf ] cg 'df ]bgn ] g ]kfnLcflbjf;Lx¿nufot g]kfnL hgtfn] ;kmntf kfPsf]dx;'; u/]klg sfof{Gjogtkm{ /fHo k"0f{tM pbfl;g/x]sf] 5 . /fHosf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]usf nfluo; cle;lGwn] :yflkt u/]sf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ cfufdLaGg] ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns xssf ¿kdf jf s'g} efusfwf/fx¿df ;'lglZrt u/fpg Ps rf]6L hgbafj,5nkmn, cGt/lqmof, nufotsf] dfWodåf/f /fHonfO{bafj lbg ;j} ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] kl/0ffdd'vL ;fd"lxs;xeflutfsf] cfjZostf v8\lsPsf] 5 . gq kl5;ª\3Lotfsf] af“8kmf“8 kZrft\ km]l/ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsfljifonfO{ lnP/ ljb|f]xsf] gf/f g3lGsPnf eGg ;lsg]cj:yf 5}g . hftLotf, If]qLotf ljifonfO{ k|fs[lts;|f]tsf] ;Gt'lnt af“8kmf“8sf] ljifo;“u lg/k]If ¿kdfgeO{ ;fk]If ¿kdf x]l/ lgK6f/f nufpg' kb{5 . k|fs[lts


;|f]tsf] c;Gt'lnt af“8kmf“8 / pkof]un] ljsf;sf];dfg clwsf/nfO{ uDeL/ r'gf}tL lbG5 . ljsf;sf]ultdf ulx/f] vf8n l;h{gf ub{5 . u[xo'4 lgDTofpg;Sb5 . aGb'ssf :j/x¿ 7fp“ kfpg ;Sg]5g\ .

k/fk"j{sfnb]lv k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf cfwf/dfk]zf ckgfO{ cfPsf ;d'bfox¿sf] xs, clwsf/nfO{;'lglZrt u/L ;Daf]wg ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostfb]lvG5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf :yfgLo Pj+ /fli6«o lxtcg's"n jftfj/0fLo Gofosf l;4fGt adf]lhd :yfgLo;d'bfo / /fHosf] ;xsfo{df lbuf] Jofj:yfkg ub}{;f]af6 k|fKt nfesf] af“8kmf“8 ul/g] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf/fVg ;lsG5 .

/fHon] cflbjf;L hghfltsf] h}ljs tyf ;f“:s[lts;|f]t ;DaGwL k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk, cg';Gwfg /cEof;sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g u/L To:tf]1fg / ;Lksf] cEof;af6 k|fKt nfedf ;DjlGwt;d'bfosf] xssf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ gLlt lng cfjZos5 . b]zsf] k|fs[lts, ;f“:s[lts ;|f]t / ;Dkbf;+/If0fdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{dflgG5 . klxnf e"ldxLg / ljkGgju{sf JolQmx¿sf];xeflutfnfO{ k]|fT;flxt ug]{ / To:tf] ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f/ ;+Dj4{gaf6 k|fKt nfesf] ;dGoflos kx'“rsf]clwsf/nfO{ casf] ;+ljwfgdf ;'lglZrt ug'{ h?/Lb]lvG5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;wfgdf k|fGtsf] clwsf/;'ltlZrt ul/g' kb{5 . d'n's ;+ljwfgdf uPkl5k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] pkof]usf] d'2fnfO{ Gofof]lrt;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]df cem} åGå x'g] vt/fdf b]lvG5 .cfufdL ;ª\3Lotfsf] u7g ubf{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwfgnfO{ ;d"lrt, ;dGoflos l;4fGtsf] cfwf/dfaf“8kmf“8 ul/g' kb{5 . s]Gb|Lo zf;g / k|fb]lzszf;gjLr clwsf/ af“8kmf“8 ug]{ l;nl;nfdf;+ljwfgdf g} k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgdflysf] af“8kmf“8zLif{s /fvL :ki6 ls6fg u/L ;'lglZrttf k|bfgul/g'kb{5 .

ljleGg ;ª\3Lo d'n'sx¿df ;+ljwfgdfjftfj/0fLo clwsf/ / k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly ;d'bfosf]cfwf/nfO{ ;'/lIft ul/Psf 5g\ . clxn] b]z leqtNnf] / dflyNnf] t6Lo nfe af“8kmf“8 / :yfgLocu|flwsf/sf] d'2f pl7/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] o;sf]

ljjfb lg¿k0f ug{ If]qflwsf/ tf]s]/ åGå ;dfwfgsf]nflu ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v ul/g' h¿/L b]lvG5 .t/fO{sf @) cflbjf;L hghflt l;d;f/df cfl>t5g\ . logLx¿sf] k]zfdf cf“r cfO{/x]sf] l:ylt b]lvG5 .o:tf ljljw ljifonfO{ s;/L clxn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf;Daf]wg ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] 7"nf] 68\sf/f] b]lvG5 .

/fHosf] k'gM ;+/rgfsf] dxfcleofg rln/x“bfo:tf cg]s k|Zg p7\g :jfefljs} b]lvG5 . g]kfndfkfgLn] cf]u6]sf] If]q ;ft xhf/ rf/ ;o afpGglsnf]ld6/ hlt 5 . To; dWo] klg tfn, tx, kf]v/Ljf bnbn If]qdf hd]sf] kfgLn] tLg k|ltzt eGbfclnslt dfq 5 . ljZje/ åGåsf] k|d'v sf/0fkfgLsf] ;|f]t dflysf] clwsf/ aGg yfn]sf] cj:yf5 . h:t} M d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf ljut nfdf];dob]lv ;~rfngdf /x]sf ] g ]kfnsf ] 7 "nf ]cfof]hgfdWo] Ps xf] . of] cfof]hgfsf] sfd cfheGbf#& jif{ cufl8b]lv z'? eO{ xfn;Dd rln/x]sf] 5 ./fhwfgLaf6 nueu % 306fsf] uf8Lsf] ofqf / tLg306fsf] k}bn ofqf kl5 l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] lspn/ x]nDa' uf=lj=;= cyf{t\ o; d]nDrL vfg]kfgLsf]d'xfg, 8\ofd / k|efljt If]q k'Ug ;lsG5 . o;cfof]hgfsf] pb]Zo pkTosfjf;Lsf] vfg]kfgLsf];d:ofnfO{ bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ /x]sf] 5eg] To; If]qsf] x\of]Ndf], tfdfª, du/, dfemL, g]jf/,u'?ªnufot ;Dk"0f{ cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfosf]cfkm\gf] klxrfg u'D5 sL < cfkm\gf] e"ld, k]zfdflj:yflkt x'g ;S5 sL < eGg] s'/fnfO{ d2]gh/ /fvLcGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] cflbjf;L hghfltx¿;“u;DalGwt cle;lGw g+ !^( sf] cfwf/df /xL s;/L;dfof]hg ug]{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ca cfpg] ;+ljwfgdfJoj:yf ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 .

cGtdf, t/fO{ / r'/]sf] ag ljgf;n] lxdfn /kxf8sf] afn'jf lu6Ln] t/fO{sf ef}lts ;+/rgfdfc;/ kfb}{ nu]sf] 5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0fdfljZjdf /fHos]lGb|t ljsf; cawf/0ff k|rlnt 5 .ahf/s]lGb|t cjwf/0ffn] /fHosf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf]Jofks pkof]u tyf clgolGqt zf]if0fsf sf/0fk|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Gt'lnt af“8kmf“8sf]wf/0ffsf] HfGd ePsf] xf] . g]kfndf /fHos]lGb|t


cjwf/0ff c;kmn / hgtfs]lGb|t cawf/0ff ;kmnePsf] pbfx/0f jg ;+/If0f xf] . g]kfndf agfOg]/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltdf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;Gt'lnt tyf;DfGoflos lbuf] pkof]unfO{ klg s]Gb|Lo cGtj{:t'sf¿kdf :yflkt ul/g'kb{5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf ljifodf:yflkt cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfx¿nfO{;d]t cfTd;ft\u/L hgtfsf] lxt, /fli6«o ;'/Iff / lbuf] ljsf;nfO{k|fyfldstf lbO{ clxn]sf] ;+ljwfg aGg h¿/L 5 .k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;dfwfgsf] ;'/Iff lagf hgtfsf];'/Iff x'g ;Sb}g eGg] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t /x]/g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df ul/g'k5{ . cfly{s,;fdflhs , ;f“:s[lts tyf k|fljlws ljsf;sf] nflu

k|fs[lts ;|f]t;“u hgtfsf] pTkfbgzLn ;DaGw h¿/Lx'G5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;Gt'lnt pkof]un] hgtfsf]cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ x'G5 . k|fs[lts;|f]tsf] glhsdf dfgj a:tL ToxL cfjZostfsf]dfGotfdf cfwfl/t 5 . o; dfGotf cg';f/ hgtfn]g} k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] klxrfg, of]hgf, ljsf;, ;+/If0f/ pkof]u ub{5 . k|s[ltsf] of] cg]s cfofdsf] ;+/If0fljgf /fli6«o ;'/Iff x'g ;Sb}g eGg] tYo cfw'lgsljZjdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . o; tkm{ ;a}sf] Wofghfcf];\ .

-n]vs dfgj tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ljsf; d~r-km/x\of08_sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o x'g'x'G5 ._

s'a]/ zlQm OG6/k|fOh]hRofdfl;ª, eQmk'/

kmf]g– ^^!))()

k|f]= /ljGb| k|hfklt

s'a]/ OG6/k|fOh]hsdnljgfos, a;kfs{, eQmk'/, kmf]g g+=

^^!^&@# -k;n_, ^^!$@&@ -3/_

k|f]= ;'Gb/ s'df/ dfgGw/

P.V.C. kfOk, G.I. kfOk lkml6Ëx¿, kfog,sdf]8, a]l;g, l;Í, jf6/ kDk, C.P. wf/f,/Ë, /f]ug, sAhf, 5]l:sgL cflb ;fdfgx¿

rflxPdf ;Dks{ /fVg'xf]nf .



O6f, 9'ª\uf, /f]8f, lu6L, afn'jf, l;d]G6,/+u Pj+ lgdf{0f ;fdu|L rflxPdf

;Dks{ /fVg'xf]nf .


VIJAYA DASHAMIand



Licence No. 289/058/59Under Nepal Govt.'s Dept. of Labour

P.O.Box No: 21498, Basundhara, Kathmandu, NepalTel No: 977-1-4354609, 4352743, 4354008

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Til Bahadur Ale

Chairman

CREATIVEPlacement Services (P.) Ltd.

Govt. Authorized Manpower Supplier and Human Resources Consultant

Gopal Prasad Bhandari

Vice-Chairman

Cell: 9851052872

LOTUSHuman Resource Pvt. Ltd.

VIJAYA DASHAMI and DIPAWALI-2066we extend our best wishes to all Nepalese people



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VIJAYA DASHAMIand



HIGHLANDER

TREKKING & EXPEDITIONSP.O.Box: 10987, Thamel, Kathmandu, Nepal

Tel: 977-1-4700563, 4700066

Fax: 977-1-4701889


Website: highlandernepal.com

G.P.O.Box: 4808, Bagmati Chamber,

Teku Road, Kathmandu, Nepal, Tel: 4254791

4247923 (O), 4253504 (R), Fax: 977-1-4254791

Mobile: 9851022965, E-mail: [email protected]

Natural Colour Aluminium Sliding Windows and

Doors, Office Partition Louvers, Shower Cabinet etc.

Govinda Prasad Agrawal(Life Member– National Human Rights Foundation)

NationalAluminium Fabricator


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� u|fdL0f cf}Bf]lus/0f / /f]huf/L

l;h{gf / cfly{s pGglt ug'{kg]{ .� cGt/hftLo ljjflxt hf]8L /Psn dlxnfnfO{ ;dfhdf ;Ddflgt ?kdf

:yflkt ug'{sf] ;fy} /f]huf/Lsf] Uof/]06Lul/g' kg]{ .

� e"ldxLg, hf]tfxf df]xLx?, lgoldt

s[lif dhb'/x?n] hf]lt/x]sf] hdLg JolQmutjf ;fd"lxs ?kdf kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .� lzIff, /f]huf/L, Joj;fo /

;Lkd"ns lzIff gLlt ;+ljwfgdf n]lvg'k5{ .� /fhgLlts bnx?nufot ;a} If]qdf dlxnf,

hghflt, blnt, d'l:nd / ljkGg ju{sf]

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g'kg]{ .� hftLo lje]bsf] cGTo u/L ;dfg cj;/sf]

Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .

;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg'g xf] . t;y{ )^@÷)^# sf] bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngsf]k|ltkmn:j?k cfPsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfg;efsf] d"n sfo{ g} gofF ;+ljwfgsf]lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] . efjL ;+ljwfgdf g]kfndf /x]sf ax'–hftLo, ax'–eflifs, ljljw;f+:s[lts Pj+ ef}uf]lns ljljwtfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ;+ljwfgdf k|Tofe"lt ug'{lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .

efjL ;+ljwfgdf ljZjJofkL ?kdf dfgj ;Eotfn] kfpg' kg]{ dfgjclwsf/sf] klg k|Tofe"lt ug'{ k5{ . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns, hfthflt, ljljweflifs ?kdf ;j}sf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;ª\3Lotfdf ljeQm x'g]u/L ;+ljwfg aGg'k5{ .

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ eg]sf] b]z ljvl08t x'g] u/L ;ª\3Lotfdf hfg]cj:yfsf] eGg] ;+ljwfgn] k"0f{ aGb]h u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . o;} u/L g]kfnsf] Gofok|0ffnL klg :jtGqtfsf] gfddf :jR5Gb x'g] u/L clxn]sf] cj:yfnfO{ kl/dflh{tx'g] u/L gofF ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .

g]kfnL hgtfx?sf] klg x/]s k|sf/sf cfkm\gf df}lns xsx?sf] ;'lglZrttfgofF ;+ljwfgn] ;d]6\g ;Sg'k5{ . df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ubf{ ;/sf/n] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] u/L Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . efjL ;+ljwfg g]kfn /fi6« / ;fj{ef}d g]kfnLx?sf] lxtsf nflu bL3{sfnLg ?kdf rL/:yfoL x'g' k5{ .

/fdeQm ;'jfn

pk–;efklt

HURFONeQmk'/ zfvf

:jtGq ljrf/ d~r


� lxdfndf cfqmd0fcfkm"lj¿4 ;dfrf/ 5fk]sf] cf/f]kdf g]skf

-dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stf{x¿n] )^%.(.̂ ut] nlntk'/l:ytlxdfn vj/ klqsfsf] sfof{nodf cfqmd0f u/] . ;f]cfqmd0fdf k/L ! bh{g kqsf/ 3fO{t] eP .

� /fi6«klt /fhfkfIf]sf] g]kfn e|d0f/fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjsf] lgdGq0ffdf kmfu'g

!( ut] g]kfn cfpg' ePsf >Lnª\sfsf /fi6«klt dlxGb|f/fhfkfIf]n] /fi6«klt /fdj/0f ofbj, k|wfgdGqL k'iksdnbfxfn -k|r08_, g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf ;efklt Pj+ k"j{–k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O{/fnf;d]t;“u e]63f6 u/Lkmfu'g @) ut] :jb]z kms{g'eof] . e|d0fsf qmddfg]kfn–>Lnª\sf ;Lwf xjfO{ oftfoft / k//fi6«dGqL:t/Lo;+o'Qm cfof]u u7g ug]{ ;+emf}tf ePsf] 5 . e|d0fdfpxf“sL wd{kTgL ;f/yL;d]t ;+nUg /xg' ePsf] lyof] ./fi6«klt /fhfkfIf]n] a'4sf] hGd:yn n'[lDagLnfO{ zflGtsf]d'xfgsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ cfu|x ug{' ePsf] lyof] .

� pk–lgjf{rgdf–dfcf]jfbL cufl8;+ljwfg;efdf l/Qm /x]sf] df]/ª, sf:sL, wg'iff,

/f]Nkf / sGrgk'/ lhNnfdf @)^% r}q @* ut] ePsf]pklgjf{rgaf6 df]/ª lgjf{rg If]q g= % af6 dw]zLhgclwsf/ kmf]/dsf ho/fd ofbj, df]/ªs} If]q g= &af6 sfª\u|];sf 8f= z]v/ sf]O/fnf, wg'iff If]q g= % af6g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf /3'jL/ dxf;]7, sf:sL If]q g= ! af6Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf s[i0faxfb'/ u'¿ª, /f]Nkf If]q g= @af6 dfcf]jfbLs} ;Gtf]if a'9f / sGrgk'/ $ af6 dfcf]jfbLs}xl/z 7s'Nnf lgjf{lrt eP . lgjf{rg zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pklgjf{rgdf ljB'tLo dtbfgk|0ffnL cjnDag ul/Psf] lyof] . pklgjf{rgdf ^!=&k|ltzt dtbftfn] efu lnPsf lyP .

� ;]gfklt k|s/0f, dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/ 9Nof];}Go etL{ / * hg]{nsf] cjsfz ;DalGwt ljifodf

;/sf/sf] cfb]z ljk/Lt sfd u/]sf] eGb} g]kfnL

;]gfsf k|wfg;]gfklt -dxf/yL_ ¿Sdfª\ub s6jfnnfO{;/sf/n] @)^^.!.& ut] @$ 306] :ki6Ls/0f ;f]w]sf] /j}zfv * ut] g} ;]gfkltn] lnlvt :ki6Ls/0f k]zu/]sf lyP . dfcf]jfbL kIf ;]gfklt s6jfnnfO{ kbd'Qmug{ sDd/ s;]/ nfUof] eg] sfª\u|]; s6jfnsf kIfdflkn/ eP/ v8f eof] . kmn:j¿k bnx¿jLr km'6sf]l:ylt pTkGg eof] . j}zfv @) ut] dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjdf/x]sf] ;/sf/n] ;]gfklt s6jfnnfO{ kb d'Qm ug]{ //yL s'naxfb'/ v8sfnfO{ sfd' ;]gfkltdf lgo'Qm ug]{k|:tfj /fv]kl5 g]skf -Pdfn]_, ;b\efjgf / dw]zLhgclwsf/ kmf]/dsf dGqLx¿n] c;xdlt hgfO{Soflag]6 a}7s alxisf/ u/] . t/ dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/n]PstkmL{ lg0f{o ul/ 5f8\of] . j}zfv @) ut] kl5d'n'sdf cGof}nsf] l:ylt l;h{gf eof] . dfcf]jfbLg]t[Tj ;/sf/sf] PstkmL{ lg0f{osf] lj/f]w ub}{ ;/sf/df;xefuL g]skf -Pdfn]_ / ;b\efjgf kf6L{n] ;/sf/af6cnu ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub}{ dGqLx¿n] /fhLgfdf u/] .g]skf Pdfn], g]kfnL sfª\u|];nufot !* /fhgLltsbnsf] ;fd"lxs a}7s a;L dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/sf] ;]gfkltx6fpg] lg0f{osf] lj¿4df Ps eP/ ;/sf/sf] untlg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug{ /fi6«klt;dIf cfu|x u/] . ;f]xLlbg a]n'sf /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjn] ;]gfkltavf{:t ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg'g ;Ddt gePsf] b]v] .k/dflwkltsf x}l;otn] kbdf oyfjt /xg lgb]{zglbG5' egL ;]gfklt s6jfnnfO{ kqfrf/ u/]kl5 ;]gfkltljjfbn] gof“ df]8 lnof] . k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfnn]/fi6«kltsf] lg0f{o 3f]/ c;+j}wflgs sbd egL l6Kk0fLu/] . ;/sf/sf] lg0f{osf kIfdf dfcf]jfbL kIfn] /lj/f]wdf cGo /fhgLlts kIfn] ;dy{g / lj/f]w k|bz{gu/] . dfgj clwsf/ ;d'bfon] ;/sf/sf] Psnf}6L lg0f{osf]lj/f]w ub}{ lg0f{odf k'gM ljrf/ ug{ cfu|x u/] . @)^ .̂!.@!ut] ;]gfklt x6fpg] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o ljk/Lt /fi6«kltåf/frflnPsf] c;+j}wflgs u}/ sfg'gL sbdaf6 d'n'sdf;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf å}w ;Qf l;h{gf eO{ c;xh kl/l:yltlgdf{0f ePsf];d]t sf/0f b]vfp“b} k|wfgdGqL bfxfnn]kbaf6 /fhLgfdf ug{'eof] .

dfgj clwsf/ cg'udg c+s !! af6 qmdzM

slxn] s] eof] <slxn] s] eof] <slxn] s] eof] <slxn] s] eof] <slxn] s] eof] <cg'udg ;dfrf/


� dfwj g]kfnsf] g]t[Tjdf gofF ;/sf/;]gfklt ljjfbsf sf/0f

dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08n]g]t[Tj u/]sf] ;/sf/n] @)/fhgLlts bn / @ :jtGqljwfos;d]t #%( hgfljwfossf] ;dy{gdf g]skf-Pdfn]_ sf jl/i7 g]tfdfwjs'df/ g]kfn @)^^ h]i7( ut] Joj:yflksf ;+;b\ ;+ljwfg;ef a}7saf6 g]kfnsf]k|wfgdGqLdf lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt x'g'eof] . k|wfgdGqLsf]lgjf{rg k|lqmof g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / g]kfnL hgtfbnn] alxisf/ u/] . u0ftGq g]kfnsf bf];|f] k|wfgdGqLg]kfnnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfOof];\ egL g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf;efklt lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf / g]tf z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn]k|:tfj ug{' ePsf] lyof] eg] ;dy{gdf g]skf -Pdfn]_ sfcWoIf emngfy vgfn;d]t /xg' ePsf] lyof] .

k|wfgdGqL g]kfnn] /fi6«klt ;dIf h]7 !! ut]zky lng' eof] eg] klxnf] r/0fdf lgo'Qm dGqLx¿/IffdGqL ljBfb]jL e08f/L / cy{dGqL ;'/]Gb| kf08]nfO{klg h]7 !! ut] g} zky u|x0f u/fOPsf] lyof] .

k|wfgdGqL g]kfnn] /fi6«sf gfp“df h]7 !* ut];Daf]wg ug{' ePsf] lyof] . ;Daf]wgdf tf]lsPs};dodf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{, ljutdf ePsf ;xdlt,;+emf}tfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog, gful/s ;jf]{ {Rrtf, /fli6«olxtdf Ps h'6 x'g'kg]{ / dfcf]jfbL;d]tnfO{ ;/sf/df;xefuL u/fP/ d'n'snfO{ lbuf] zflGt / ljsf; lbg'kg]{df ePsf] lyof] . dfwj g]kfnsf] g]t[Tjdf u7gePsf] ;/sf/n] k|r08 ;/sf/n] u/]sf] ;]gfkltx6fpg];d]tsf] ljjflbt lg0f{o lkmtf{ lnof] . dfwjg]kfnn] g]t[Tj u/]sf] ;/sf/df ;fd]n x'g] / gx'g]ljjfbsf sf/0f dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d b'O{ lr/fdfkm'6\of] .

g]kfnsf] g]t[Tjdf u7g ePsf] ;/sf/sf nflu @@bnn] h]7 @) ut] ;femf sfo{qmddf x:tfIf/ u/L;fj{hlgs u/] . kf6L{ kmf]/]/ eP klg ljhos'df/ uR5bf/n]pkk|wfgdGqL -ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqL_ kbxft kf/L 5f8] . otf sfª\u|]; ;efklt lul/hfk|;fbsf]O/fnfsL 5f]/L ;'hftf sf]O/fnfn] klg k//fi6« dGqLsf]

kb xft kfg{ ;kmn eOg . dfwj g]kfnsf] ;/sf/ k6sk6s u/L lj:tf/ ul/of], ;/sf/df g]skf Pdfn], g]kfnLsfª\u|];, g]skf dfn], dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d, /fk|kf/ ;b\efjgf kf6L{nufotsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 .

� ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd/fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjn] c;f/ @% ut]

;bgdf k|:t't ug{' ePsf] cf=j= @)^^÷@)^& sf]gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] dfcf]jfbLn] jlxisf/ u¥of] eg]:jo+ ;Qfwf/L bn g]kfnL sfª\u|];;d]tn] lj/f]wu/] . ah]6 tyf gLlt kfl/t gePdf ;/sf/ 9Ng]ePkl5 cfºgf c;xdlt yftL /fVb} lj/f]w ug]{bnx¿n] klg ;/sf/sf kIfdf dtbfg u/] .dfcf]jfbL / dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d -pk]Gb| ofbj;d"x_ ;d]t ljkIfdf pleP . kIf / ljkIfdf dtbfgx'“bf ;/sf/sf kIfdf #)% / ljkIfdf @%! dtk|fKt eof] . cfºgf] gLlt / sfo{qmd kfl/t u/fpg;/sf/nfO{ lgSs} sl7g ePsf] lyof] . o;} jLrcy{dGqL ;'/]Gb| kf08]n] c;f/ @( ut] ;bg ;dIf @va{ *% cj{ (# s/f]8sf] ah]6 k|:t't ug{' eof] .tnj gj9]sf]df sd{rf/Ln] Jofks lj/f]w u/] /tnj a9fO{ 5f8] . ah]6 / sfo{qmd k'/fg} z}nL /9ª\usf], sfof{Gjog kIfdf sl7gfO{ kg]{ cy{ljb\x¿sf]wf/0ff /x\of] .

� k|wfgdGqL g]kfnsf] ef/t e|d0fk|wfgdGqL dfwj s'df/ g]kfnn] efb| @ ut]b]lv

efb| ^ ut];Dd ldq/fi6« ef/tsf] ;b\efjgf e|d0fug{' eof] . e|d0f s'6gLlts, cfly{s / ;DaGwlj:tf/sf b[li6n] pknAwLd"ns /x]sf] k|wfgdGqLsf]bfjL 5 eg] e|d0f pknAwLlxg ePsf] eGg] dfcf]jfbLcWoIf k|r08sf] bfjL /x]sf] 5 . e|d0fbndf % bh{gal9sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . e|d0fsf qmddfg]kn / ef/tjLr Jofkf/ ;/nLs/0f ug]{ jfl0fHo;lGwdf b'j} d'n'ssf jfl0fHo ;lrjx¿n] x:tfIf/ug{' ePsf] 5 eg] ljljw ljifo ;d]l6Psf] #$ a'b]];+o'Qm lj1lKt;d]t hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLjfx]s @@ bnn] k|wfgdGqLsf ] ef/t e|d0fpknAwLd"ns /x]sf] jtfP .


� ;efkltdf lgnfDa/ cfrfo{@)^%.(.@& ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;+j}wflgs ;ldltsf]

;efkltdf lgjf{lrt dfwj s'df/ g]kfn k|wfgdGqLdf lgjf{lrtePkl5 l/Qm ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;+j}wflgs ;ldltsf] ;efkltkbdf g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf ljwfos lgnfDa/ cfrfo{ lgjf{lrtx'g' ePsf] 5 . efb| !@ ut] ePsf] lgjf{rgdf cfrfo{n] @(dt / PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf pDd]bjf/ gf/fo0fsfhL>]i7n] @! dt k|fKt ug{' ePsf] lyof] . dfwj s'df/ g]kfnk|wfgdGqL eP kl5 h]7 ( ut]af6 ;f] kb l/Qm ePsf] lyof] .

� k|wfg;]gfkltdf u'?ªg]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfkltdf 5qdfg u'¿ª lgo'Qm

ePsf 5g\ . /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjn] efb| @$ ut]/fi6«klt ejgdf cfof]lht Ps eJo ;df/f]xdf g]kfnL;]gfsf] dxf/yL tyf k|wfg;]gfkltsf] bHof{gL lrGxk|bfg ug{'sf ;fy} kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky u/fpg'eof] . k|wfg;]gfklt ¿Sdfª\ut s6jfnn] efb| @$ ut]af6;]jf cjlwsf sf/0f clgjfo{ cjsfz kfPkl5 jl/oftfsfxsdf u'¿ª ;]gfkltdf a9'jf ePsf 5g\ . hghfltaf6klxnf] k|wfg;]gfklt x'g] ;f}efUo 5qdfg u'¿ªn] k|fKtu/]sf x'g\ . u'¿ª ;xfos ;]gfgLaf6 lj=;= @)@*;fndf ;}lgs ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf lyP .

� k|x/L dfl/P@)^%.(.# ut] ;f“em hgsk'/sf] dxfjL/ rf]sdf

8\o"6Ldf /x]sf ;z:q k|x/Lsf jl/i7 xjNbf/ dª\undxh{gnfO{ ;z:q cfk/flws ;d"xn] uf]nL xfgL xTof u/] .

� kqsf/ l;+x dfl/Ogl;/xf uDxl/of dx]zk'/ lkk/f lgjf;L /]l8of]

6'8] hgsk'/df sfo{/t kqsf/ @$ jifL{of pdfl;+xnfO{ @)^% kf}if @* ut] ;f“em c1ft ;d"xn]hgsk'/wfdl:yt pxf“sf] cfºg}} 8]/fdf wfl/nf] xltof/k|xf/ u/L xTof u/] . pgsf] xTof kfl/jfl/s sf/0fn]ePsf] k|x/Lsf] bfjL /x\of] .

� k|x/L rf}sLdf cfqmd0f, Pssf] d[To'@)^% df3 @$ ut] /flt Ko"7fgsf] :ofpnLjfË

k|x/L rf}sLdf ;z:q ;d"xn] cfqmd0f ubf{ k|x/L

hjfg ;'dg hL=;L=sf] lg3g eof] . ;z:q ;d"xn]k|x/L rf}sLdf /x]sf ;j} xltof/ n'6]/ nu] . pQmrf}sLdf !) hgf hjfg /x]sf lyP . cfqmd0fd+uf]nLog l/e]Gh u|'kn] u/]sf] k|x/Lsf] bfjL /x\of] .

� ofbj dfl/P;Kt/L lgjf;L dw]zL /fi6« hgtflGqs kf6L{

-qmflGtsf/L_ l;/xf OGrfh{ #% jifL{o dgf]h ofbjnfO{ kf6L{lxt ljk/Lt sfd u/]sf] cf/f]kdf ;f]xL kf6L{sf sfo{stf{n]df3 @^ ut] uf]nL xfgL xTof u/] . o;}aLr k|x/Lsf]le8Gtdf k/L df3 @& ut] clvn t/fO{ d'lQm df]rf{sf;Kt/L lhNnf ;}Go sdfG8/ nngk|;fb ofbjsf] d[To' eof] .

� yf¿ cfGbf]ng–kfFrsf] d[To'yf¿ ;d'bfonufot s]xL cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{

;/sf/n] dw]zLdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] lj/f]wdf dw]zsf@@ lhNnfdf Jofks lj/f]w / jGbn] pu|¿k lnof] .o;} qmddf k|x/L / lj/f]wdf plqPsf kIfjLr ePsf]em8kdf kmfNu'g @# ut] lrtjgdf Ps k|x/L;lxt #hgf dfl/P eg] bh{gf}+ 3fO{t] eP . k|zf;gn] sºo"{cfb]z hf/L u¥of] . k|x/Lsf] uf]nL nfuL !( jifL{oljBfyL{ sdn rf}w/L / !& jifL{o ljlkg If]qL v8\sfdfl/P eg] k|bz{gsf/Ln] 3f6Ldf v's'/L k|xf/ u/L;z:q k|x/L hjfg s'df/ a'9fyf]sLsf] xTof u/] .cfGbf]ng /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf km}lnof] .

yf¿ ;d'bfon] cfx\jfg u/]sf] cfGbf]ngdf qmdzMg]kfnsf ljleGg hft—hflt, efiff—efifLx¿n] ;dy{gug]{ qmd hf/L /x\of] . cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;ª\3b]lvd'l:nd ;d'bfo ;dfhn] ;ª\3if{ ;ldlt u7g u/LcfGbf]ngdf xf]ldP . jGb / x8\tfnsf sf/0f xhf/f}+ofq'x¿ jLraf6fd} cNkq k/] .

Ps kl5 csf]{ dfu / cfGbf]ng/t kIf ylkb} uP .;/sf/ / cfGbf]ng/t kIfsf] jftf{ lgisif{xLg aGgk'Uof] . o;}aLr sºo"{ nufP/ ofq'nfO{ uGtJotkm{ k'¥ofpg]qmddf kmfu'g #) ut] /flt bfª b]pv'/Ldf k|bz{gsf/L/ k|x/LjLr ePsf] le8Gtdf uf]nL nfuL bfªsf]l;;xlgof & lgjf;L jif{ #* sf k|sfz rf}w/L / #%jif{sf /fdk|;fb rf}w/Lsf] d[To' eof] . pQm 36gfdf! bh{g k|x/L / bh{gf}+ k|bz{gsf/L 3fO{t] eP . bh{gf+}


;jf/L ;fwgdf tf]8kmf]8 / cfuhgL eof] . cfGbf]ngn]yk pu|¿k lnPkl5 r}q @ ut] k|wfgdGqL lgjf;afn'jf6f/df k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn Pj+ cGodGqLx¿ tyf cfGbf]ng/t kIfjLr jftf{ eO{ ^ a'b];xdlt ePkl5 cfGbf]ngsf ;j} sfo{qmd lkmtf{ eP .

� ad lj:kmf]6df b'O{sf] d[To'l;lnG8/ ad lj:kmf]6 x'“bf kmfu'g @$ ut]

dxf]Q/Lsf] hn]Zj/df wg'iff lgjf;L ds]Zj/ zfx /ldy'g kf;jfgsf] d[To' eof] .

� :jljo' lgjf{rg–ljBfyL{ dfl/P@)^% r}q ^ ut] ljjfb / em8kaLr :jtGq

ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .sfª\u|];sf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;ª\3, Pdfn] lgs6cg]/f:jljo' / dfcf]jfbL lgs6 qmflGtsf/LaLr s8fk|lt:kwf{ ePsf] :jljo' lgjf{rgdf cu|:yfg Pdfn]lgs6 cg]/f:jljo'n] lng ;kmn eof] . bf];|f] :yfgqmflGtsf/L / t];|f] :yfg g]lj;ª\3n] k|fKt u¥of] .emfkfdf k|x/Lsf] uf]nL nfuL k[YjLgu/ $ sf ljBfyL{dl0fn tfdfªsf] lgwg eof] eg] d'n's e/ ePsfem8kdf ;of}+ ljBfyL{ 3fOt] eP . bh{gf}+ SofDk;dfcfuhgL / tf]8kmf]8sf 36gf 36] .

� ljBfyL{ u'Ktf dfl/Pc1ft ;d"xn] uf]nL xfgL )^%.!@.!# ut] jL/uGhdf

!( jifL{o ljBfyL{ ;~ho u'Ktfsf] xTof u/] .

� k|r08 y}j dfl/Pg]skf -Pdfn]_ lgs6 o'ykmf];{ ¿kGb]xLsf lhNnf

;b:o k|r08 y}jnfO{ r}q @$ ut] /flt uf]nL xfgLxTof ul/of] . dfcf]jfbL lgs6 jfO{;LPnn] xTof u/]sf]cf/f]k Pdfn] kIfsf] /x\of] eg] xTofdf jfO{;LPnsf]s'g} ;+nUgtf g/x]sf] dfcf]jfbL kIfsf] egfO{ /x\of] .y}j xTofsf] lj/f]wdf j'6jn jGbnufot dfcf]jfbLg]tfsf lgjf; / sfof{no;d]t tf]8kmf]8 eP . y}jsf]xTofdf ¿kGb]xL jfO{;LPn OGrfh{ ;'lht ljZjsdf{sf];+nUgtf /x]sf] Pdfn] kIfsf] egfO{ /x\of] . ljZjsdf{nfO{dfcf]jfbLn] kf6L{af6 lgisfzg u¥of] .

� k|wfgfWofks dfl/Pwg'iffsf] xl/x/k'/l:yt k|fylds ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks

d]3nfn aDhg, Pdfn] sfo{stf{ ;'sg dxtf] tyf /fd ljxf/Ldxtf]nfO{ r}q @! ut] /flt c1ft ;d"xn] 3fl6 /]6L xTof u/] .

� lszf]/ dfl/Paf/fsf] /tgk'/Ldf )^% r}q @* ut] c1ft ;d"xsf]

uf]nL k|xf/af6 !$ jifL{o jfns ;]t'nfn lyªsf] xTof eof] .

� sf]/L dfl/Pr}q @& ut] af/fdf k|x/L;“usf] le8Gtdf k/L

Hjfnf l;+xsf sfo{stf{ @( jifL{o k/z'/fd sf]/L dfl/P .

� Ps} kl/jf/sf tLgsf] xTof@)^^ j}zfv # ut] Onfd lhNnf j]g;fa{' ufp“

lgjf;L *# jifL{o df]ltnfn u'¿ª, ;f]xL ufp“sf &@jifL{o u'Ghaxfb'/ u'?ª / $@ jifL{o k"0f{s'df/L u'?ªsf]/fltsf] ;dodf wf/Lnf] xltof/ k|xf/ u/L xTof eof] .

� !# ;}lgssf] b'Mvb lgwg/fd]5fk lhNnfl:yt ;fd'bflos hª\undf nfu]sf] cfuf]

lgefpg uPsf >L hË u0fdf sfo{/t !# hgf g]kfnL ;]gfsf]@)^ ̂j}zfv !) ut] cfuf]df hn]/ b'Mvb lgwg eof] . o:t}d'n'ssf ljleGg e"efudf ePsf] 89]nf]df kl/ bh{gf}+;j{;fwf/0fsf];d]t j}zfv dlxgfdf hn]/ d[To' eof] . d[ts!# ;}lgsnfO{ ;/sf/n] zxLbsf] bhf{ k|bfg u¥of] eg] d[tssfk|lt kl/jf/ !) nfv /fxt ;xof]u pknAw u/fof] .

� xfjfx'/Laf6 Ps bh{gsf] d[To'@)^^ j}zfv @) ut] laxfg cfPsf] xfjfx'/Lsf

sf/0f /f}tx6, slknj:t', ;nf{xL, af/f, dsjfgk'/,dxf]Q/L, gjnk/f;L, ¿kGb]xLnufotsf lhNnfdf Psbh{g dflg;sf] Hofg uof] eg] Ps xhf/ eGbfa9L3/, ljBfno Ifltu|:t eP . ;f] xfjfx'/Laf6 cGgafnL/ kz'k+IfL;d]t nfvf}+sf] Iflt eof] .

� Jofkf/L zfx dfl/Psn}of–& af/f lgjf;L Jofkf/L /fd/fhf k|;fb

zfxnfO{ cfk/flws ;d"xn] @)^^.@.@% ut] wf/Lnf]xltof/ k|xf/ u/L xTof u/] .


� ;fkmLsf] xTof@)^ ̂j}zfv @% ut] ckx/0fdf k/]sf l;/xf lkk|f

lgjf;L jif{ $) sf km"nu]g ;fkmLnfO{ cfk/flws ;d"xn] xTofu/] . ;fkmLsf] d[t z/L/ j}zfv @( ut] km]nf k/]sf] lyof] .

� pdfsfGt dfl/Pg]kfnL sfª\u|];sf dxf;ldlt ;b:o h'Dnf

lgjf;L %* jifL{o pdfsfGt xdfnnfO{ dfcf]jfbLsfo{stf{x¿n] h]i7 * ut] /flt ckx/0f kl5 s'6lk6u/L xTof u/] .

� rr{df ad lj:kmf]6– tLgsf] xTofnlntk'/ wf]aL3f6l:yt PhDk;g rr{df h]7 (

ut] laxfg k|fy{gf e}/x]]sf] cj:yfdf ePsf] adlj:kmf]6df kl/ # hgfsf] Hofg uof] eg] s]xL 3fOt]eP . k|fy{gfdf #%) hgf ;xefuL lyP . ad lj:kmf]6df;+nUg lxGb' /fi6« arfp“ ;ldltsf ;Ltf yfkfnfO{kqmfp ul/of] . pQm 36gfdf ef/tLo gful/s jif{!% sL ;]n]:6L hf];]km, pgsL cfdf jif{ #% sL j'4nIdL / jif{ @) sL bLkf k]l6«s /x]sf 5g\ . 36gfdf;+nUg ePsf] cf/f]kdf k|x/Ln] efb| t];|f] xKtfdfl8km]G; cfdL{sf cWoIf /fdk|;fb d}gfnL;lxt yk $hgf kqmfp k/]sf 5g\ .

� dfgj ;Eotf ljk/Lt VoftL >]i7sf] xTofuf]kfn >]i7 tyf /fwf >]i7sL 5f]/L lj/f6gu/

3/e} sf7df8f}+ sfnLdf6Ll:yt h'lalnoG6 sn]hdfsIff !@ df cWoog/t jif{ !* sL VoftL >]i7ckx/0fdf k/]sf] !& lbg kl5 zj km]nf k¥of] . h]7@@ ut] k'tnL ;8saf6 ckx/0f k/]sL] Vofltsfcfdfafa'af6 ckx/0fsf/Ln] !) nfv ¿k}of“ c;'nL;s]sf lyP . 6fpsf] / v'§f ljgfsf] z/L/ c;f/ &ut] nlntk'/sf] ;}jsf] vf]N;fdf km]nf k¥of] eg]6fpsf] uf]n9'ª\ufl:yt emf8Ldf / v'§f lrtjgsf]sljnf;l:yt !& ls=dL= eGg] 7fp“df km]nf k¥of] .ckx/0fsf/L lzIfs jif{ $@ sf jL/]g >]i7 / jif{ !^sL d]l/gf zfSonfO{ k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/]sf] 5 . of]36gfsf] ;j{q lgGbf / eT;{gf eof] . jL/]g >]i7 /d]l/gf zfSolj¿4 ;fpg ! ut] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf

cbfntdf st{Jo Hofg d'2f btf{ eof] . b'j} hgfnfO{;j{:j;lxt hGd s}bsf] dfu ul/Psf] 5 . ;fpg @ut] lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f}+sf] cfb]zdf b'j} hgfk'k{Ifsf nflu h]n rnfg ul/Psf] 5 .

� dgfªdf ;ft dfl/Pdgfªsf] nK;] hª\undf of;f{u'Daf ;ª\sng ug{

uPsf uf]/vf s/f}hf lgjf;L jif{ #$ sf /fds'df/u'?ª, jif{ @( sf ;Rrf u'?ª, jif{ !% sf lj/] u'?ª, jif{!& sf wj]{ u'?ª, jif{ !% sf sfdL u'?ª, jif{ !^ sf;f]jf/ u'?ª / jif{ !& sf cfOt/fd u'?ªnfO{ dgfª gf/ufp“sf jfl;Gbfn] c;f/ !* ut] cfqmd0f u/L xTofu/] . aflx/sf dflg;nfO{ of;f{u'Daf ;ª\sng ug{ ljut# jif{b]lv :yfgLojf;Ln] k|ltjGw nufPsf lyP . 36gfdf;+nUg :yfgLo jg ;+/If0f ;ldltsf cWoIf km'kf{ l9n]nfdf, e"=k"= uflj; cWoIf km'kf{ l/tf/ nfdfnufot #^hgfnfO{ lhNnf cbfntn] h]n rnfg u/]sf] 5 .

� ckx/0f cf/f]kdf tLg dfl/Pafnaflnsf ckx/0fsf] cf/f]kdf l;/xf / ;Kt/L

lhNnfdf s]xL dlxgfleq sl/a 9]8 bh{g dflg;n]Hofg u'dfO{ ;s]sf 5g\ . b'O{ kIfsf] s'6lk6kl5 efUb}u/]sf o'jfx¿nfO{ ckx/0fsf/L egL xNnf u/]kl5eQmk '/ l:yt dWok '/ l7dLsf ] rfkfrf ]df:yfgLojf;Lx¿sf] s'6lk6af6 c;f/ @# ut] b'O{ hgfo'jfx¿sf] 36gf:ynd} d[To' eof] eg] pkrf/sf qmddfPssf] lgwg eof] . dfl/g]x¿df jif{ !& sf hLjgdu/ / jif{ !* sf ;ljg If]qL dxt /x]sf 5g\ . ;f]xLlbg 3fOt] ePsf jif{ !% sf j;Gt nfdfsf] pkrf/sfqmddf c;f/ @^ ut] lgwg eof] . d[ts tLg} hgfljBfyL{ x'g\ .

� k|x/Lsf] uf]nLaf6 ofbj dfl/P:yfgLojf;Lsf] ;fO{sndf s[lif dn lnP/ cfp“b}

ubf{ ;Kt/Lsf] O6x/L lji0f'k'/df pQm dn kqmfp u/]kl5:yfgLo hgtf / ;z:q k|x/LaLr pTkGg ljjfbn]pu| ¿k lnPkl5 k|x/Ln] rnfPsf] uf]nL nflu ;fpg@ ut] jif{ @% sf clvn]Gb| s'df/ ofbjsf] 36gf:ynd}d[To' eof] . :yfgLo hgtf / ;z:q k|x/LjLr pTkGgljjfbn] pu|¿k lnPkl5 k|x/Ln] rnfPsf] uf]nL nfuL


VIJAYA DASHAMIand

DIPAWALI-2066

we extend our best wishes to all Nepalese peoplefor their life long Happiness, Peace and Prosperity.

Dr. Rabi Rauniyar

G.P.O. 10176, Bagh Durbar Sundhara, Kathmandu Nepal, Tel: 4227735, 422553302013333, 9851033393, Fax: 4219500

Email: [email protected], www.lifecarehospitals.com.np

LIFE CARE HOSPITAL

;fpg @ ut] jif{ @% sf clvn]Gb| s'df/ ofbjsf]36gf:ynd} d[To' eof] .

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;ª\u7g jfO{;LPnsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o nId0f ofbjnfO{c1ft ;d"xn] ;fpg !) ut] an]/L vf]/df uf]nL xfgLxTof u/] . t/fO{ d'lQm df]rf{sf cUgLn] pQm xTofcfkm"x¿n] u/]sf] bfjL u/]sf 5g\ .

� k|x/L dfl/Pca¿4 u/]sf] /fhdfu{ vf]Ng] qmddf k|x/L /

dhb'/x¿jLr ePsf] em8kdf efb| * ut] cdn]vuGhdfk|x/L hjfg ;lGhj jdf{sf] lgwg eof] .

� dfcf]jfbL lnDa" dfl/PtfKn]h'ª lgjf;L PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_

sf sfo{stf{ nudWjh lnDa"nfO{ efb| ( ut] c1ft;d"xn] uf]nL xfgL xTof u/] .

� j;GtL lu/Lsf] xTofk|x/L hjfg dgf]h zfxsL kTgL lj/f6gu/ !*

df a:b} cfPsL jif{ #@ sL j;GtL lu/L ;fxsf] efb|@& ut] /flt c1ft ;d"xn] uf]nL xfgL xTof u/] .

� uf]nL xfgL xTofdxf]Q/L l;+UofxL % lgjf;L Jofkf/L /fd hLjg

7fs'/nfO{ efb| #! ut] a]n'sf c1ft ;d'xn] uf]nL xfgLxTof u/] .

� l;of]g rr{df @$ sf] d[To';'g;/L w/fgl:yt l;of]g rr{sf] k|fy{gf ejg

af“;åf/f lgld{t tLg tn] c:yfoL cfjf; u[xeTs“bf c;f]h !# ut] /flt @$ hgf O;fO{wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] b'Mvb lgwg eof] . l;of]gcGt/f{li6«o kljq k|fy{gf;efdf g]kfn / ef/tsfu/L Ps xhf/ rf/ ;o eQmhgsf] ;xeflutf/x]sf] lyof] . pQm 36gfdf k/L bh{gf}+ 3fOt]ePsf 5g\ .


gofF ;+ljwfg cfufdL @)^& ;fn h]7!$ ut] hf/L ug]{ lglZrt eP klg/fhgLlts bnx¿aLr b]lvPsf ]lvrftfgL, dtleGgtf / ;Qfk|flKtsf] xf]8afhLsf] sf/0f ;+ljwfglgdf{0f k|lqmofdf cj/f]w / cfzª\sfl;h {gf ePsf ] 5 . ;fy } s 'g }/fhgLlts bnsf tkm {af6 xfn};+ljwfg;efdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofbyk ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgk|:tfj k]z u/]sf] k|lt xfd|f] cToGt}uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . olbtf]lsPs} ;dodf ;+ljwfg hf/LgePdf of] hgcfGbf]ngsf] dd{ /hgefjgf ljk/Lt x'g]5 . ;fy} of]sfo{ j}wflgs, /fhgLlts, g}lts /s'g} klg ;t{df :jLsfo{ x'g ;Sb}geg]/ xfdL ;dod} ;r]t u/fpgrfxG5f}F .

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k|]; :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg u/ldlt M @)^%.)(.)*

Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ lgs6 sfo{stf{x¿n] @)^%kf}if ^ ut] nlntk'/l:yt lxdfn va/ klqsfsf]sfof{nodf cfqmd0f ul/ Ps bh{g kqsf/ 3fOt]ePsf], sf7df8f}+l:yt dgdf]xg d]df]l/on sn]hdftfnfaGbL u/L tf]8kmf]8 u/]sf] / k|];dflysf] dfcf]jfbLHofbtLlj¿4 kf}if & ut] sf7df8f}+ dfOtL3/dflj/f]w¥ofnLdf /x]sf kqsf/dfly k|x/Lx¿n] cdfgjLotj/n] s'6kL6 u/]sf] 36gfk|lt /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/k|lti7fgsf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .

s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg cfk;L 5nkmnaf6}zflGtk"0f{ tj/n] vf]lhg' kb{5 . dfcf]jfbL kIfaf6 o;/Ltf]8kmf]8 ug]{, cfqmd0f ug]{, kqsf/nfO{ s'6lk6 ug]{,wDsL lbg], ljBfnodf tfnfaGbL ug]{ h:tf 36gfaf/Daf/ bf]xf]/L/x]af6 yk cGof}n / czflGtsf] l;h{gfx'g] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf 36gfaf6 Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf]nf]stGq, dfgj clwsf/, zflGt / :jtGqtf k|ltsf]k|lta4tfdfg} cfzª\sf pTkGg ePsf] 5 . ;fy} zflGtk"0f{tj/n] lj/f]w k|bz{gdf /x]sf kqsf/x¿ pk/ /fHoåf/fePsf] gfª\uf] / 7f8f] x:tIf]kaf6 jt{dfg ;/sf/ k|];:jtGqftfsf] kIfdf g/x]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . dfly pNn]lvt36gfx¿sf] pRr:t/Lo hf“r cfof]u u7g u/L bf]ifLnfO{sf/jfxL / kLl8t kIfnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg]tkm{ tTsfnsbd rfNg k|lti7fg g]kfn ;/sf/, ;+ljwfg;ef,/fhgLltbnx¿;d]t;“u dfu ub{5 .

;fy} cfºgf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ dfgjclwsf/lj/f]wL ultljlwdf ;+nUg x'g glbg ljz]if cleofgsfnflu k|lti7fg dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tj ;dIf dfu ub{5 .

dfgj ;Eotf ljk/Lt–kqsf/ l;+xsf] xTofldlt M @)^%.(.@(

l;/xf, lkk/f ufp“ lgjf;L hgsk'/wfdl:yt /]l8of]6'8]df sfo{/t @$ jifL{o kqsf/ pdf l;+xsf]@)^%.(.@* ut] ;f“em hgsk'/l:yt cfºg} lgjf;dfc1ft ;d"xåf/f cfqmd0f u/L xTof ePsf] ;dfrf/n]/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ k|lti7fgnfO{ cToGt} b'MvL /

lrlGtt t'NofPsf] 5 . dfgj ;Eotf ljk/Ltsf] of]qm'/ / sfo/tfk"0f{ sfo{sf] k|lti7fg 3f]/ lgGbf /eT;{gf ub{5 . Ps kl5 csf]{ ub}{ ;~rf/sdL{x¿sf]xTof eO/x“bf;d]t /fHo ;Dj]bgzLn gePsf] /zflGt ;'/Iffsf] plrt Joj:yf gldnfPsf] k|ltk|lti7fgsf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . of] ;/sf/nf]stGq, dfgj clwsf/, zflGt / :jtGqtfk|lt k|lta4g/x]sf];d]t k'i6L ePsf] 5 .

ctM o; 36gfsf] pRr:t/Lo 5fgljg u/Lck/fwLx¿nfO{ s8f sf/jfxL, kLl8t kIfnfO{ plrtGofo / ;xof]usf ;fy} ;du| ;~rf/dL{x¿sf] ljz]if;'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg k|lti7fg g]kfn ;/sf/;“udfu ub{5 .

;}Go etL{ /f]Sg cfu|xldlt M @)^%.!!.@!

dfcf]jfbL hg;]gfn] ;}Go etL{ z'¿ u/]sf] k|lt/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ k|lti7fgsf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf]5 . d'n's zflGt dfu{df cufl8 al9/x]sf] jt{dfgcj:yfdf lj:t[t\ zflGt ;Demf}tf / cGtl/d;+ljwfg;d]tsf] ;a} kIfaf6 OdfGbf/Lk"j{s kfngfx'g'kb{5 eGg] xfd|f] dfGotf /xL cfPsf] 5 .

;}Go etL{ sfo{n] zflGt dfu{ cj¿4 x'g ;Sg]tkm{;dod} ;r]t /xg xfdL ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{cfx\jfg ub{5f}+ . ctM ;a} k|sf/sf ;d:ofx¿sf];dfwfg tTsfn /fhgLlts ;xdltaf6 vf]Hg clknub}{ gof“ ;}Go etL{ tTsfn /f]Sg Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_g]t[Tj ;dIf xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .

;d:ofsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug{ dfuldlt M @)^%.!!.#)

yf? ;d'bfonfO{ /fHon] dw]zLdf ;"rLs[t u/]kl5d'n'sdf b]lvPsf] hl6n kl/l:ylt k|lt /fHo;Dj]bgzLn gePsf]df /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/k|lti7fgsf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .

cfGbf]ngsf qmddf kmfu'g @# ut] lrtjgdfsdn rf}w/L / ljlkg v8\sf k|x/Lsf] uf]nLaf6 /


;z:q k|x/L hjfg s'df/ a'9fyf]sL cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf]cfqmd0faf6 dfl/Psf 5g\ . lj/f]w, aGb / x8tfnsfsf/0f xhf/f}+ ofq'x¿aLr af6f]df cnkq k/]sf 5g\eg] ;of}+ ;jf/L ;fwgx¿df tf]8kmf]8 / cfuhgL e};s]sf] 5 . zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt gfh's ePsf] 5 eg]d'n's ;/sf/ljxLg cj:yfdf k'u]sf] dx;'; x'g uPsf]5 . yf? ;d'bfoaf6 z'¿ ePsf] cfGbf]ngdf d'n'ssfcflbjf;L, hghflt, efiffefifLnufot d'l:nd;d'bfon];d]t ;dy{g u/L yk cfGbf]lnt ePsf 5g\ .

b}lgs pkef]Uo ;fdu|Lx¿nufot jQL, kfgLh:tf dfgj hLJfgsf cTofjZos j:t'x¿sf] xfxfsf/5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf;d]t ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bnx¿;Dj]bgzLn ePsf] kfOPg .

ctM d'n'snfO{ /fhgLlts b'3{6gf x'gaf6 arfpg;dod} nf]stGq k|lt k|lta4 ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLltsbnx¿aLr ;femf ;xdlt cfjZos ePsf] x'“bfzflGtk"0f{ /fhgLlts lgsf;sf nflu oyfzL3| kxnug{ k|lti7fg g]kfn ;/sf/, /fhgLlts bnx¿, gful/s;dfh / ;Dj4 kIf;“u xflb{s clkn ub{5 .

xflb{s ;dj]bgfldlt M @)^%.!@.!*

emfkf nIdLk'/ lgjf;L o; /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/k| lti7fgsf ] emfkf lhNnfsfo{;ldltsf ;efklt ;dfh;]jLcfb/0fLo s'nbLk lu/LHo"sf]@)^% r}q !& ut] ;jf/Lb'3{6gfdf k/L lgwg ePsf];dfrf/n] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/k|lti7fg kl/jf/ zf]s ljx\jn ePsf] 5 .

/fli6«o lgjf{rg ko{j]If0f ;ldlt -lgof]s_ sf emfkflhNnf ;efklt;d]t /xg' ePsf :juL{o lu/L nf]stGqPj+ dfgj clwsf/ cleofgsf cu|h;d]t x'g'x'GYof] .dfgj clwsf/sf] k|flKt, /Iff / ;Ddfgsf If]qdf ljutnfdf] ;dob]lv lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn lu/Lsf] lgwgn] ;du|dfgj clwsf/ cfGbf]ngnfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'u]sf] 5 .

P]ltxfl;s ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] emfkflhNnfdf lgjf{rg ko{j]If0fsf] g]t[Tj;d]t pxf“n] g}ug{' ePsf] lyof] . dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs

Gofosf] If]qdf :juL{o lu/Ln] k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfg;bf pRr:yfgdf /xL /xg] 5 .

o; b'Mvb 38Ldf cfb/0fLo s'nlbk lu/LHo"sf]:juL{o cfTdfsf] lr/zflGtsf] sfdgf;lxt zf]s ;GtKtkl/jf/ k|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f+} . ;fy} of]csNkgLo kL8f ;xg ug]{ pRrIfdtf kl/jf/df k|fKtxf];\ egL k/d]Zj/;“u k|fy{gf ub{5f}+ .

;xdlt / ;xsfo{sf nflu ;+o'Qm clknldlt M @)^^.)!.@)

;/sf/df ;fd]n cGo bnsf dGqLx¿sf] c;xdltsfafjh'b klg PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n]g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ kbaf6 avf{:t ug]{ u/Lu/]sf] lg0f{o / To;af6 pTkGg x'g;Sg] kl/0ffdtkm{xfd|f] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .

lj:t[t\ zflGt;Demf}Tff, cGo ;Demf}tf, ;xdlt /;dembf/L / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgåf/f;d]t nf]stflGqsljlw / zflGt k|lqmofdfkm{t /fHosf] cu|ufdL ¿kfGt/0fug]{ /fli6«o clei7 k"/f ug]{ k|lta4tfnfO{ :d/0f ub}{pk/f]Qm lg0f{oaf6 xfdL lgDglnlvt lgisif{df k'u]sf5f}+ . ;]gfklt x6fpg] ;/sf/sf] pSt lg0f{osf af/]df;Qf;fem]bf/ dGqLx¿n];d]t alxisf/ u/]sf] ;Gbe{dfof] lg0f{o sfg'gL, Jofjxfl/s / /fhgLlts tj/n]klg sdhf]/ /x]sf] k|:6 5 .� ;xdlt / ;xsfo{sf] /fhgLlt zflGt k|s[ofsf]

d"n dd{ ePsf] x'“bf ;xdltsf] /fhgLltsf] dd{ljk/Lt ePsf] pQm lg0f{on] zflGt / ;+ljwfglgdf{0f k|lqmofdf;d]t uDeL/ ;ª\s6 l;h{gfug{ ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 .

� ;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿ / /fi6«klt;d]tåf/faf/Djf/ cleJoQm ljrf/n] klg sfg'gL zf;g/ ;xdtLo /fhgLltdf hf]8 lbb} cfPsf] cj:yf;j{yf ljrf/0fLo 5 .

� jt{dfg ;+qmd0fsfndf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgåf/flgb]{lzt x'“b} ;+o'Qm ;/sf/sf] efjgf cg'¿klg0f{o / sfof{Gjog x'g' kb{5 .

� o:tf] lg0f{on] /fli6«o :jfledfg / cl:dtfdf;d]tcf“r cfpg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 .ctM ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / hg;]gfsf] k'gM:yfkgf k|d'v

sfo{ef/ ePsf] x'“bf åGå pQ]hs pQm lg0f{o k|lt


k'glj{rf/ ug{ xfdL ;/sf/;“u ljgd| cfu|x ub{5f}+ . ;fy}cfhsf] ljifd\ kl/l:yltdf s'g} klg lg0f{o ln+bf nf]stGq,zflGt, dfgjclwsf/ / /fli6«otfsf nflu Psl9Ssf x'g;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts bnx¿;dIf cfu|x ub}{ ;/sf/L lg0f{osf]kIf / ljkIfdf x'g] ;Defljt le8GtnfO{ /f]Sg /fhgLltsbnx¿;“u xflb{s clkn;d]t ub{5f}+ .

k|]; lj1lKtldlt M @)^^.)!.@!

g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|wfg;]gfklt ¿Sdfª\ubs6jfnnfO{ avf{:t ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{osf] sf/0faf6pTkGg ePsf] hl6n /fhgLlts Pj+ ;+j}wflgs ;+s6sf];Gbe{df k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfnHo"n] k|wfgdGqLkbaf6 /fhLgfdf ug'{ ePsf] eGg] ;dfrf/k|ltxfdLx¿sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . xfdLk|wfgdGqL bfxfnHo"n] nf]stflGqs dfGotf cg'¿kug'{ ePsf] /fhLgfdfsf] pRr d"Nofª\sg ub{5f}+ .

gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f / ;du| zflGt k|lqmofsf];kmntfsf] nflu PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ nufot;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts bnx¿sfaLr cem a9L ;fy{s;xdlt, ;dembf/L / ;xsfo{sf] cfjZos /x]sf] tYok|lt a9L ;j]bgzLn, uDeL/ / pQ/bfoLx'g;d]t xfdL;a} k|lt xflb{s cfu|x ub{5f}+ .

;xdltsf nflu clknldlt M @)^^.)!.@$

cfh b]z k/d b"u{ltdf k'lu/x]sf] 5 . b]z/xG5 jf /x“b}g eofjx cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 .b08xLgtfsf] j[l4n] ubf{ dfgj lhpg kfpg] /cfºgf xs clwsf/af6 jl~rt eO{/x]sf 5g\ . of]b'/fj:yfdf /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o lrGtgsf] cfwf/af6PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_, g]kfnL sfª\u|];, g]skf-Pdfn]_, dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf ]/dnufotsfbnx¿n] ;+od, ;b\a'l4sf] cfwf/df cfd ;xdltlnO{ cGo /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ klg ljZjf;dflnb} ;+o'Qm ;/sf/ lgdf{0f ug{' kb{5 .

b]zdf ljBdfg åGå / ljb|f]xn] /fi6« cwf]ultlt/u}/x]sf] x'gfn] x7 TofuL, ;Qf df]x 5f]8L /fi6« /hgtfnfO{ l;/f]k/ dfgL /fli6«o ;/sf/ u7g u/LclanDa /fli6«o lxtdf sfo{ ug{ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/

k|lti7fg xflb{s clkn ub{5 . ;fy}, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fk|lqmofdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cj/f]w l;h{gf gug{ /tf]lsPs} ;dodf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{;d]t k|lti7fgclkn ub{5 .

pRr:t/Lo 5fgljg cfof]usf] dfuldlt M @)^^.)@.!)

nlntk'/l:yt PhD;g rr{df @)^^ h]i7 ( ut]ePsf] ad lj:kmf]6df kl/ b'O{ hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] /Ps bh{g dflg; 3fO{t] ePsf ;fy} h'Dnfdf g]kfnLsfª\u|];sf g]tf pdfsfGt xdfnsf] h]i7 * ut] /fltckx/0f kl5 xTof ePsf] 36gf k|lt /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ k|lti7fgsf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .

rr{df k|fy{gfdf /x]sf lgxTyf eQmhg pk/ adlj:kmf]6 u/fO{ wfld{s b+uf dRrfpg] clek|fon] ePsf]sfo/tfk"0f{ 36gfsf] k|lti7fg 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gfub{5 . ;fy} h'Dnfdf Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sfsfo{stf{n] g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf g]tf pdfsfGt xdfnnfO{ckx/0f kl5 xTof u/]sf] eGg] ;dfrf/n] yk cGof}n,cfzª\sf / czflGtsf] l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .

oL b'j} 36gfsf] :jtGq Pj+ lgikIf ¿kdf cg';Gwfgug{ h¿/L 5 . h;sf nflu clwsf/ ;DkGg pRr:t/Locfof]u u7g ug{ k|lti7fg ;/sf/;“u dfu ub{5 .bf]ifLnfO{ sf/jfxL / kLl8tnfO{ Gofo Pj+ plrt Ifltk"lt{/ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf;d]t ug{ xfdL dfu ub{5f}+ .cGTodf ad lj:kmf]6df kl/ lgwg x'g'ePsf ef/tLogful/s !% jifL{o ljBfyL{ ;]n]l:6gf hf];]km / #)jifL{o bLkf k}l6«s Pj+ h'Dnfdf xTof ul/Psf pdfsfGtxdfnsf] :juL{o cfTdfsf] lr/zflGtsf] sfdgf;lxtzf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/k|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f+} .3fOt]x¿sf] zL3| :jf:Yo nfesf] sfdgf ub{5f}+ .

;+o'Qm k|];–lj1lKtldlt M @)^^.)@.@!

bfª lhNnfsf] /fhk'/, a]nf, sf]Onfaf; cflb If]qsf@@ gfsfx¿;d]taf6 lj:yflkt u/fOPsf kLl8tg]kfnLx¿sf] b'Mvk"0f{ 36gfn] xfdL dfgjclwsf/ If]qdflqmofzLn ;ª\3÷;+:yf tyf JolQmx¿sf] uDeL/Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . o; 36gfk|lt xfdL cToGt;Dj]bgzLn ag]sf 5f}+ / 36gfk|lt b'Mv JoQm ub{5f}+ .


g]kfn Oltxf;b]lv jt{dfg;Dd ef/tLo ;LdfIf]qdf 36\g] u/]sf ljljw cfk/flws 36gf /ef/tkIfaf6 ePsf] ;Ldf cltqmd0f / x:tIf]ksf/Le"ldsfåf/f k|tfl8t x'“b} cfPsf] tYo ;a}nfO{ :ki6 5 .oxL ;Gbe{df @)^^ h]7 !# ut]b]lv pNn]lvt gfsfx¿dfa;f]af; ub}{ cFPsf sl/a ^ xhf/ g]kfnLx¿ pQmIf]qaf6 lj:yflkt x'g jfWo ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf]jt{dfg cj:yf cToGt bogLo ag]sf] 5 . o; 36gfn]g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf] cfÎgf] e"lddf cfÎgf] Joj;fo;~rfng u/L :jtGqtfk"j{s a:g kfpg] clwsf/sf]uDeL/ pNnª\3g ePsf] 5 . xfdL o; 36gfsf] tTsfn5fgljg / oyfy{ ;fj{hlgs x'g'k5{ eGg] dfu ub{5f}+ .ef/tLo ;'/Iff anaf6 g]kfnLx¿k|lt ul/Psf]b'Jo{jxf/k|lt xfdL ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5f}+ / o:tf]36gf gbf]xf]l/of];\ elg hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5f}+ .

o; cltl/Qm xfdL of] ;+o'Qm k|];–jQmJodfkm{tg]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ tTsfn lgDg sfo{x¿ ug{ hf]8bf/cfu|x ub{5f}+M!= lj:yflkt e} cToGt si6k"0f{ hLjg ljtfO{/x]sf

kLl8tx¿sf nflu tTsfn uf“;, af; /cf}ifwf]krf/sf] Joj:yf ul/of];\ .

@= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 tTsfn ef/tLo/fhb"t;“u o;af/]df cfÎgf] b[li6sf]0f :ki6kfg{ kxn u/f];\ .

#= lj:yflktx¿nfO{ cfÎgf] jf;:yfgdf kms{g]Joj:yf / ;f] :yfgdf ;'/Iffsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"ltk|bfg ul/of];\ .

$= ;Ldf ;d:ofsf] bL3{sfnLg ;dfwfgsf nflug]kfn ;/sf/n] ef/t ;/sf/;“u cljnDas'6gLlts kxn u/L ;Ldf Joj:yfkg sfo{tTsfn z'? ul/of];\ .

xflb{s ;dj]bgfldlt M @)^^.#.!@

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ k|lti7fgsf sf]iffWoIf Pj+PDg]:6L OG6/g];gn g]kfn ;d"x–# sf7df8f}+sf ;lrj/fhs'df/ u'¿ªsL ddtfdoL dftf dfofb]jL u'¿ªsf]^@ jif{sf] pd]/df cfh lgwg ePsf] ;dfrf/n] /fli6«odfgj clwsf/ k|lti7fg kl/jf/nfO{ cToGt} b'MvLt'NofPsf] 5 . o; b'Mvb 38Ldf lbj+ut x'g' ePsL

dfofb]jL u'¿ªsf] :juL{o cfTdfsf] lr/zflGtsf]sfdgf;lxt zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/ k|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgfk|s6 ub{5f}+ . ;fy} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df b'Mv ;xgug]{ Ifdtf k|fKt xf];\ egL sfdgf ub{5f}+ .

ljwjf ljjfx ;DjGwdf /fHosf] gLlt af/]dfdfgj clwsf/ ;d'bfosf] Wofgfsif{0f

ldlt M @)^^.)$.!^g]kfn ;/sf/n] xfn} ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] jflif{s ah]6

/ sfo{qmddf Psn dlxnf -ljwjf_ x¿n] k'gM ljjfxu/]df ¿ %) xhf/ ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ ljifodf Psndlxnf ;d'bfoaf6 o; ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] rf;f]k|ltdfgj clwsf/ ;d'bfosf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .

Psn dlxnfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jxfgfdf ljjfxu/]df /sd lbg] ljifoaf6 Psn dlxnfx¿sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf 7]z k'Ug] b]lvof] . o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/n]uDeL/ eP/ tTsfn} lgDg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf ug{xfdL hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5f}+ .!= Psn dlxnf -ljwjf_ nfO{ ljjfx u/]df /sd

lbg] 3f]if0ff ckdfghgs ¿kdf cfPsfn]o;nfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnfkIf;“u ;xdlt u/L;Ddflgt 9ª\un] ljsNksf] Joj:yf ul/of];\ .

@= ;Dk"0f{ Psn dlxnfx¿nfO{ pd]/sf] xb g/fvLdfl;s eQf ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/of];\ .

#= Psn dlxnfx¿sf afn–aflnsfx¿sf] lzIff/ :jf:Yosf] ljif]z k|Tofe"lt ul/of];\ .

xflb{s ;dj]bgfldlt M @)^^.%.#!

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltsf ;+of]hstyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k"j{ GofofwLz cfb/0fLonId0fk|;fb cof{nHo "sf]] c;fdlos lgwg ePsf];dfrf/n] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ k|lti7fgnfO{cToGt} b'MvL t'NofPsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/ tyf;fdflhs Gofosf] If]qdf cu|:yfgdf /x]/ lg/Gt/lqmofzLn JolQmTj nId0f cof{nHo"sf] lgwgn]/fi6«nfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'u]sf] 5 . o; b'Mvb 38LdfnId0f cof {nHo "sf ] cfTdfsf ] lr/zflGtsf ]sfdgf;lxt zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/ k|lt xflb{s;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f} .


� eQmk'/ lhNnf zfvf

� cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd

/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ k|lti7fg eQmk'/ zfvfsf]cfof]hgfdf @)^% k'; !@ ut] ægof“ ;+ljwfgdf

dfgjclwsf/sf ] :yfgÆ ljifos cGtlqm {ofsfo{qmd eQmk'/l:yt eQmk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo;ª\3sf];efsIfdf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ k|lti7fg eQmk'/zfvfsf cWoIf /fduf]ljGb vfuL …ls/0fÚsf]cWoIftfdf ;DkGg eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzdf= df]xg /d0f e§/fO{, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf;b:o df= /fdguLgf l;+x, zflGt / ljsf;sf nflugful/s ;dfhsf cWoIf 8f= ;'Gb/d0fL bLlIft, /fli6«odfgj clwsf/ k|lti7fgsf cWoIf s[i0fk|;fb e08f/L,g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf ;ef;b\ ;Tonfn d"n, g]kfnLsfª\u|]; eQmk'/ gu/ ;ldltsf ;efklt /ljGb| k|wfg,g]skf Pdfn] eQmk'/ lhNnf ;lrj ;f]d ld>, g]dlskfeQmk'/ lhNnf sfo{;ldlt ;x–;lrj s]bf/ v8\sf,hgdf]rf{ g]kfn eQmk'/sf cWoIf s[i0nfn af]bf >]i7,g]kfn t?0f bn eQmk'/sf k"j{ ;+of]hs nIdL vltj8f,/fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{sf dxfdGqL k/z'/fd vfk'ª,/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ k|lti7fgsf pkfWoIf of]u]Gb|dfgljh'S5], dxf;lrj ejfgLk|;fb v/]n, dfgj clwsf/tyf zflGt ;dfh eQmk'/sf ;efklt ls/0f Gof}kfg],g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;ª\u7g eQmk'/sf ;efkltx/]/fd njh", ;d;fdlos cWoog ;dfh eQmk'/sf;efklt ;fg' l;njfn;d]tn] ca aGg] ;+ljwfgdfdfgj clwsf/sf ljljw cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ df}lnsclwsf/sf ¿kdf clgjfo{ ;dfj]z ul/g'kg]{, ;a}ju{ / If]qdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] Joj:yf / ;+ljwfgsf]efiff d}qLk"0f{ x'g'kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf lyP .

jQmfx¿n] dflg;sf] af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/sf];'lglZrt u/L cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{sclwsf/x¿sf] ;Ddfg / Uof/]G6L ug'{kg]{df hf]8lbPsf lyP .

sfo{qmddf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ k|lti7fgaf6k|sflzt ædfgjclwsf/ cg'udg cª\sÆ !) / !!nfO{ k|d'v cltly dfggLo df]xg /d0f e§/fO{, ljlzi7cltly dfggLo /fdguLgf l;x+ / 8f= ;'Gb/d0fLbLlIftn] ;+o'Qm?kdf ljdf]rg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .sfo{qmddf k|lti7fgsf ;x;lrj O8f utf}{nfn] :jfutdGtJo / pk;efklt /fdeQm ;'jfnn] sfo{qmd;~rfng ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf !%) hgfsf];xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

� bfª lhNnf zfvf

� kmnkm"n ljt/0fk|lti7fgsf] bfª lhNnf zfvfsf ;efklt ljgf]b

s'df/ >]i7sf] Ps 6f]nLn] @)^% df3 !! ut] t'n;Lk'/c:ktfnsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ kmnkm"n ljt/0f u¥of] .

� cg'udg

!# lbg b]lv y¿x6n] ub}{ cfPsf] cfdx8\tfnsfqmddf k|x/Lsf] uf]nL nfuL /fdk|;fb rf}w/L / k|sfzrf}w/Lsf] xTof eP kl5 sºo{' pNnª\3g ub}{ @)^%r}q ! ut] !@ xhf/ eGbf a9L hgtfn] lj/f]w k|bz{gu/]sf lyP . ;efklt ljgf]b s'df/ >]i7sf] g]t[TjdfpQm If]qdf ko{j]If0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

� lgjf{rg ko{j]If0f@)^%.!@.& ut] bfª lhNnfsf % j6f SofDk;df

;DkGg :jljo' lgjf{rgsf] bfª zfvfn] ko{j]If0f u¥of] .

� cg'udg

y¿x6 ;+o'Qm ;ª\3if{ ;ldltsf] cfx\jfgdf ePsf]cfd x8\tfnsf] df3 @$ ut] bfª lhNnfdf cg'udgul/of] .

� cg'udg

y¿x6 aGbsf ;dodf bfªsf ljleGg uflj; ejgdf

k|lti7fgsf zfvf ultljlw


ePsf cfuhgL nufotsf 36gfsf] bfª zfvfn] @)^^j}zfv !&, !* / !( ut] :ynut cg'udg u¥of] .

� tflnd

bfª zfvfsf] cfof]hgfdf @)^^ h]7 #! ut] t'N;Lk'/dfdfgj clwsf/ ;r]tLs/0f tflnd ;DkGg eof] .

� cg'udg

lk58fju{n] cfx\jfg u/]sf] aGb sfo{qmdsf] @)^^c;f/ # ut] bfª zfvfn] cg'udg u¥of] .

� ljBfyL{ / ljBfno ;Ddflgt@)^% ;fnsf] P;Pn;L k/LIffdf ;fd'bflos

ljBfno / lghL ljBfnoaf6 bfª lhNnfdf pRrcª\s k|fKt ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿ qmdzM lbg]z kf]v/]n /;'>L tk:of kf]v/]nnfO{ c;f/ #! ut] Ps ;df/f]xaLrgub k'/:sf/ / k|z+;fkqåf/f ;Ddfg ul/of] . pQmcj;/df ;kmntf xfl;n ug]{ k|x/L jf]l8ª :s"n,bfªnfO{;d]t ;Ddfg kq k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

� afnaflnsf ;Ddflgt/fKtL c~rnsf åGåkLl8t czQm ljBfyL{

jfnjflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fpg @* ut] Ps ;df/f]xjLrt'N;Lk'/df ;Ddfg ul/of] . ljgf]bs'df/ >]i7sf];efkltTjdf ;DkGg pQm sfo{qmddf bfªl:yt ljleGg/fhgLlts bnsf g]tf Pj+ k|ltlglw / ;dflhshLjgsf JolQmTjx¿n] ljrf/ /fVg' ePsf] lyof] .

� wf/fkfgL pkzfvf wg'iffwg'iffsf] wf/fkfgLdf u7g ePsf] k|lti7fgsf]

wf/fkfgL pkzfvf sfof{nosf] pb\3f6g @)^% df3 @ut] s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ljgf]bs'df/ ljZjsdf{n] ug{'eof] .cWoIf sdn gog e§/fO{sf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGgsfo{qmddf cfgGb s'df/ nfdf, >Lgf/fo0f ljZjsdf{,sdngog e§/fO{, ;"o{gf/fo0f ;fkmL, dx]Gb| 7fs'/, s]bf/clwsf/L, nIdLgf/fo0f d08n / j]rg ;fxnufotn]dfgj clwsf/sf ljljw kIfdf k|sfz kfg{' ePsf]lyof] . df3 # ut] ;DkGg dfgj clwsf/;DaGwLk|lzIf0fdf #& hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

Ps lbj;Lo ;f] k|lzIf0ffdf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ljgf]b

s'df/ ljZjsdf{n] k|lzIf0f lbg'ePsf] lyof] . wf/fkfgLpkzfvf sfo{;ldltdf cWoIf sdngog e§/fO{pkfWoIfx¿df cfgGb nfdf, dx]Gb| 7fs'/, ;"o{ gf/fo0f;fkmL, ;lrj >Lgf/fo0f ljZjsdf{, pk;lrjdf dbg clwsf/L/ ;b:ox¿df lji0f' /fgf du/, p4j a:g]t, eLd a/fn,cl:dtf nfdf, alatf ef/tL /xg' ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L;Nnfxsf/df clwjQmf c/laGb nfn s0f{, lzIfs dxGtdl8s ofbj / lzIfs rqmaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ /xg'ePsf] 5 .

� af}4 zfvf, sf7df8f}+

� ;fwf/0f;ef

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ k|lti7fg af}4 zfvf,sf7df8f}+sf] bf];|f] jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef @)^^ efb|!# ut] ;DkGg eof] . ;efklt 3dfg tfdfªsf];efkltTj / k|lti7fgsf dxf;lrj ejfgLk|;fbv/]nsf] k|d'v cfltYotfdf ;DkGg ;fwf/0f;efaf63dfg tfdfªsf] cWoIftfdf sfo{;ldlt u7g ePsf]5 . pQm cj;/df af}4 zfvfsf] jflif{s ultljlw,cfo–Joo ljj/0f;d]t kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf dxf;lrj ejfgLk|;fb v/]n,sf7df8f}+ zfvf ;efklt ljgf]b s'df/ e§/fO{, k|f=/fh]g s'df/ nfdf / af}4 zfvf ;efklt 3dfgtfdfªnufotn] dfgj clwsf/sf ljljw kIfdf k|sfzkfg'{ePsf] lyof] . af}4 zfvfsf pk–;lrj dgf]htfdfªn] :jfut dGtJo /fVg'ePsf] ;efsf] ;~rfng;+lhj of]Ghgn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . k|ult k|ltj]bg;efklt 3dfg tfdfªn] / cfly{s k|ltj]bg sf]iffWoIflrqdfg tfdfªn] k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

;f]xL cj;/df ePsf] lgjf{rgaf6 ;efkltdf3dfg tfdfª, pkfWoIfx¿df ;'sdfg nfdf, lgdbf]hL{ z]kf{ / ;f]gfd z]kf{, ;lrjdf ;lGhjs'df/of]Ghg, ;x–;lrjdf ljGb' 9'ª\u]n, sf]iffWoIfdf lrqdfgtfdfª / ;b:ox¿df /fh axfb'/ nfdf, >LdtL;f]gfdf z]kf{, lszf]/ nfdf / s]zj ;'gf/ lglj{/f]wlgjf{lrt eP eg] ;Nnfxsf/df k|f= /fh]g s'df/nfdf rog x'g'ePsf] 5 .

� /fxt ;ª\sng cleofg

d'n'ssf ljleGg e"–efudf cfPsf] b}ljs ljklQ,


emf8fkvfnfaf6 kLl8t ePsf g]kfnL bfh'efO,lbbLalxgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] /fli6«odfgj clwsf/ k|lti7fg af}4 zfvfsf] cu'jfO{df:yfgLo ;fdflhs ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿, s'G;flnª ljsf;;dfh, k/Dk/fut yfª\sf snf k|lti7fg;d]tsf];xeflutfdf efb| ( ut]sf lbg hf]/kf6Laf6 /fxt;ª\sng ;'? u/L af}4 If]qdf Ps xKtf;Dd /fxt;ª\sng cleofg ;~rfng ul/of] . h;df ;ft

af]/f nQfsk8f / ¿ $$,%%%.– -rf]jfln; xhf/kf“r;o krkGg ?lkof“_ /fxt ;ª\sng eof] . pQm/sd k|wfgdGqL /fxtsf]ifdf a'emfOof] . ;efklt3dfg tfdfªsf] g]t[Tjdf ;DkGg of] cleofgdfk|lti7fgsf s]Gb|Lo dxf;lrj ejfgLk|;fb v/]n,sf7df8f}+ ;efklt ljgf]b s'df/ e§/fO{ / af}4 zfvf;“u;DalGwt ;b:o Pj+ ;Nnfxsf/ k|f= /fh]g s'dfnnfdfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .



JoQm ub{5f}+ .

Pe/]i6 OG:of]/]G;sDkgL ln=

s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, xfQL;f/, sf7df8f}+

kf]= a= g+= !)^&%, kmf]gM $$@%&%*,

$$$$&!&÷!*, km\ofS;M )!–$$$$#^^

Od]nM [email protected]

j]e M www.everestinsurance.com

czf]s :6LnOi8li6«h k|f= ln=

k|wfg sfof{nokf]= a= g+= !@!!@, jfudtL r]Da/,

s= @–@÷!* ldng dfu{, 6]s', sf7df8f}+, g]kfn

kmf]g g+= $@$#!$*, $@$@)@#,

$@$@##%, ºofS;M $@$*@!%

sf/vfgfhLtk'/, l;d/f, af/f, g]kfn

kmf]g g+= )%!–%@)!@%, %@))$)ºofS;M )%!–%@)!%%




JoQm ub{5f}+ .


afa'/fd s]= ;L=(*%!) !$(*(cfhLjg ;b:o

;'/]Gb| t08'sf/(*%!) !^@%)cfhLjg ;b:o

ldgf s'df/L uf}td(*$! #$@($$cfhLjg ;b:o

/fh]Gb| tfdfª(*$! *$%#($cfhLjg ;b:o

dx]Gb| cjfn];~rfns

jfudtL O{6f l8kf]cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}Fdf]= (*%!),$)#!!

ljhofbzdL

tyf

z'ebLkfjnL @)^^ sf]

;'vb pknIodf ;d:t

g]kfnL bfh'efO tyf

lbbLalxgLx¿df ;'v, zflGt

/ ;d[l4sf nflu


JoQm ub{5f}+ .

VIJAYA DASHAMIand

DIPAWALI-2066

we extend our best wishes toall Nepalese people

for their life long Happiness,Peace and Prosperity.


VIJAYA DASHAMIand



VIJAYA DASHAMIand



GENUINESECONDARY SCHOOL

Bishow Bahadur DuwalPrincipal

Muldhoka–4, Bhaktapur, Phone: 6612651

Fax: 6616053, Email: [email protected]

Website: www.genuineschool.edu.np

HOTEL SHREE TIBET P. LTDP.O.Box. 9299, Thamel, Kathmandu

Phone: 4700902Email: [email protected]

Tamdin D. Tuladhar*

(*Active Member: HURFON)

HOTEL

VAJRAEverest

Paper Mills Pvt. Ltd.Pyukha, Newroad, KathmanduP.O.Box: 2332, Phone: 4240934/35Fax: 01–4224565

P.O.Box: 1084, Bijayshwori, Swoyambhu

Kathmandu, Nepal

Phone: 4271824, 4283386, 4283365

4284804, Hunting Line: 4271545

Fax: 00977–1–4271695


Website: hotelvajra.com


VIJAYA DASHAMIand



Ambika Devi Shrestha

Industrialist /Social Worker

P.O.Box: 459, Battisputali, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 4479488 (Hunting Line), 4473724, 4472328

Fax: 977–1–4471379, 4478378 Email: [email protected]

Website URL: http://www.dwarikas.com

Sabala BhandariExecutive Director

INDRA TRAVEL & TOURS (P) LTD.

P.O.Box: 1145, Thamel, Kathmandu NepalTel: 4220971, 4223605, 4258940

Fax: 977-1-4226060, 4258940 Email: [email protected]

Dwarika's Kathmandu

Village Hotel Pvt. Ltd.

VIJAYA DASHAMIand



BLUE SKY

INTERNATIONAL PVT. LTD.(Foreign Employment Consultants)HMG Govt. Approved License No:. 266/058/059

P.O.Box No: 19346, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal

Phone: 4721213/15/17, Fax: 977–1–4721216

Mail: [email protected], Web: www.blueskyint.com

Prem Bahadur Katuwal*Chairman/M.D.

(*Life Member: National Human Rights Foundation HURFON)


ljhofbzdL tyf z'ebLkfjnL @)^^ sf]

;'vb pknIodf xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf

cfkm" tyf cfkm\gf] afnaRrfsf] pHhjn eljiosf nflu hLjg aLdf ug'{xf];\ . ;fy} cUgL,df]6/, JolQmut b'3{6gf, ;fd'lb|s ofq' aLdf tyf cf}ifwf]krf/ h:tf ljleGg k|sf/sf b'3{6gfaf6

x'g] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg cfkm\gf] wg ;DklQsf] aLdf u/L lglZrGt x'g'xf];\ .

æaLdf If]qsf] ljZj;gLo gfdÆ

/fli6«o aLdf ;+:yfg/f=lj=;= ejg, /fdzfxky, kq dGh'iff %@&, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn

tf/ aLdf km\ofS;M ))(&&–!–$@^@^!)kmf]g g+=M $@^@%@) -xl06Ë nfOg_, $@^@%^$ -cWoIf tyf k|zf;s_

Od]n M [email protected]

ljqmd 9's'5';~rfns

clwsf/sdL{

;fOlgª Oª\uln;;]s]08«L :s"n

5flnª, ;fOlgª /f]8, eQmk'/

kmf]g M ^^!^!)*, (*$!%$#)%$

ljhof bzdL

tyf

z'ebLkfjnL @)^^ sf]

;'vb pknIodf ;d:t

g]kfnL bfh'efO tyf

lbbLalxgLx¿df ;'v, zflGt

/ ;d[l4sf nflu


JoQm ub{5f } + .


VIJAYA DASHAMIand



Prakash Bahadur Thapa

2

Gurkha Instituteof Education & Career Pvt. Ltd

Tel: 5532330www.gurkhainstitute.net

VIJAYA DASHAMIand



AASTHA–NepalP.O.Box No: 8975, EPC : 2345Chakupat-22, Lalitpur, NepalEmail: [email protected]: www.aastha-nepal.com

Rabi Raj ThapaChairperson

Communications Pvt. Ltd.

Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, P.O.Box: 8207,Kathmandu, Nepal

Tel: +977-1-5523050,Fax: 977-1-5529403

Email: [email protected]: www.wlink.com.np


/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ k|lti7fgyk ;b:ox¿sf] ;"rL

cfhLjg ;b:ox¿c+s !! af6 qmdzM ==========

qm= ;+= gfd 7]ufgf(& d]vaxfb'/ ;fksf]6f nlntk'/(* dw' ;'bg s]=;L= bfª(( jfª\Uofn ªf]r] sf7df8f}+!)) ;l/tf kf08] Gof}kfg] sf7df8f}+!)! ;Gtf]zs'df/ u'Ktf bfª!)@ bfdf]b/ u'Ktf bfª!)# czf]s adf{ bfª!)$ k|sfz >]i7 bfª!)% s'ªuf hf]vfª sf7df8f}+!)^ cfgGb 9'Ëfgf sf7df8f}+!)& u0f]zk|;fb lwtfn sf7df8f}+!)* s]zj/fh nf]xgL sf7df8f}+!)( df]xgs[i0f g]kfnL eQmk'/!!) oflzjf /xdfg sf7df8f}+!!! 6fF;L nfdf sf7df8f}+!!@ sdngog e§/fO{ wg'iff!!# >Lgf/fo0f ljZjsdf{ wg'iff!!$ 5f]8]g UofNkf] sf7df8f}+

;lqmo ;b:ox¿qm= ;+= gfd 7]ufgf&** ;f]gfd z]kf{ sf7df8f}+&*( km'8f]df z]kf{ sf7df8f}+&() ls;f]/ tfdfª sf7df8f}+&(! zflGt /fO{ l;Gw'nL&(@ cl:dtf nfdf wg'iff&(# k|Nxfb vftL l;/xf&($ /fdrGb| vqL /fd]5fk&(% eLdaxfb'/ dfgGw/ /fd]5fk&(^ lbg]z s'df/ sfsL{ /fd]5fk&(& ;';g k|hfklt eQmk'/&(* lgns07 kf}8]n tgx'“&(( clDasf rf}w/L ;Kt/L

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˘ˇ ˆ ˙ ˆ˝ monitor no 12_1398428765.pdf · in nepal d inesh tripathi!# peace process at...

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