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TRANSCRIPT
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The Impact of Intellectual Capital on the Performance
of Tourist Offices in Jordan
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The Impact of Intellectual Capital on the Performance
of Tourist Offices in Jordan
Prepared by:
Abdel-Rahman Khalid Radi
Supervised by:
Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati
Abstract
This study aimed to measure and analyze the intellectual capital
dimensions (Human Capital, Structural Capital, Relational Capital) at the
Performance of tourist offices from the managers point of view in tourist
offices in jordan.
To achieve the objectives of this study there was aquestionner
designed and developed, composed of (55) paragraph, and between about
(490) managers in these offices; (205) of them has been reached during the
period from january to march 2013. Then the statistical package for social
science (SPSS v.20) was used to find the values means, standard deviation
and anlyze simple regression, multiple regression and stepwise regression.
The study found severt results, the most import one is that the level of
the intellectual capital in tourist offices which has coverd by this study was
moderate, and its ingredients was varied in the level its also arranged as
follows: Relational Capital, followed by Human Capita, and finally the
Structural Capital. The study exposed that there is an effect for the
intellectual capital on the performance of tourist offices in jordan at the
level of (0.05 ≥ α), its also exposed that the biggest effect is at relational
capital then human capital, finally structural capital.
The study has point to the existance of astrong relationship between
the components of the three intellectual capital , so this means the increase
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ع
of any components leads to increase in the rest of the components of
intellectual capital which will be back on the increase and improve the
performance.
Based on the finding of the study, this study recommend the tourist
offices in jordan to pay attention to the management and investement
components of intellectual capital (Human Capital, Structural Capital,
Relational Capital) because the intellectual capital has the ability to
improve and increase the performance of organization.
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�=���� ��#� �.�1���� .����� �������!��� ��#0!���� �� #���� �=�%#&��� �=����
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�0� ��� ��� �+�#�! %� "!�1���� ���� C�#� .5 ���� ��<�+�� E�#�!�� ���
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#�&� ��0�� �� � ����)Green, 1998: 337( .��B "� .7 ,#%+�� ���� C�# �#� ( � ��(
& �� .���� .�#%+�� �� �*��� �L� � e. ������G!�� ��+! U .�#� "� 3*�! � #��2!��� #
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2. �#� :�:�!� �.���� ����� .% & =�� "� ���! "!�� .�#�#��� #���� #���!
������ 8#��� ������ ��#�7 � ��:� ���!�� [#�� ��%&� .��� ���� .
3. G�� �� � � �=�&� � @#2 ������ @����� �,#%+�� ���� C�# �#� ( "� .
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.����+ �7!#� (� .�#��� ���! ��� )�"��7��28: 2011 .(
��� �%�� #� % � ��1 ���� C�# �#� (� C��5� �U����� � ��� �0�� ���
�%& �!#� ( �*� ,#%+�� ���� C�# C��1 ��� �# �1 ?-�� =�� � .���� ��� ,#%+��
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"�� � �<:# � � ��#���� �0�� �� � ��� �<#��2! ��1 "!�� ?-���� .��*:
1. :,% 0)Brooking, 1996:(
"<� ��F� / #� ��( .%#&�� .�#� ���� ���5! �!� ?-���� �-< )�� � :
����� �.�#%+�� .�%��� ���� �.�!�!�� .�� �� ���� ��+L��� ��� �:%!#�� �����
� ����)� :��.(
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27
4.� ��")1-2 :( :,% 0Brooking
Source: Brookimg, A.(1996). Intellectual Capital, core Assets for the Third
Millennium Enterprise, London: International Thomson Business Press.P.38
2. :,% 0)Daniel, 1997:(
#�&�Daniel) 1997 (� ��( �*-�� "�"< ,#%+�� ���� C�# �#� > ���2� C:
1. #0� �� � ����� "� .�#��� #� #�23! ��� ;�-� .�*�!�#!�>� = ��
��*!��� #��2! "� .�#%+�� ��#�0!�U�.
2. .�����!�� .F� �� .�#� ,� �.�#%� �� �*� �7� � �� ������� ���*�!�#!�� ���5!
#%+�� ���� C�# ,�!�! "!��,.
3. d ��! �� ��(� d� �!�! �-�� d;�! �-�� �.�#%+�� �� �*��� '�� 8� a!�
4. d�7!�1 ��L�!� ?�!�! �-�� ��7+�%� .�#%+�� �� �*��� ���5!
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5. �7!�1 )�� .�#%+�� �� �*��� 8���!� .����� #�#%!� .�#��� 8� /�*!
�7!�<��.
3. :,% 0)Stewart, 1997:(
� ���� C�# �%!�.���!�� ����%�� �#���!� ?-�� )�� ,#%+�:
=���� �� C�# �"�%�7�� ���� C�# �,#& �� ���� C�#.
4.� ��")2N2 :( :,% 0Stewart
Source: Stewart, T.(1997). Intellectual Capital: the new wealth of organization,
4. :,% 0)Seviby, 1997:(
C�# ��1 ?-���� �-<����* .0�0 ��( ,#%+�� ���� : ������ ��#� *) ��=�+%��
�7!����!��� .�#��� ��* "� ������ �%!!� .�#& ��( "��� �� �%��� �) �������
D�#!�U� ��=�# � #!�� %�� .L��� .�#� >� ( "*#���� �%���)F� :��� =���� / ��1���� (
% C��5� ��#&\ A�0 ���7� � :#�#5!�U�� �=�+%��� � � *!��� ����.
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4.� ��")2N3 :( :,% 0Sveiby
Source: Sveiby (1997): The “invisible” Balance Sheet, 8 September 1997, Dec 1998, Oct
com and .Sveiby.www: Available at). line-on(2001 /com.sveibytoolkit.wwwJuly : Cited on.
14, 2006.
5. :,% 0)Skandia, 1997:(
��( ,#%+�� ���� C�# ?-���� �-< 8�� : ��5��� "�%�7�� ���� C�#� ,#& �� ���� C�#
��( "�%�7�� ���� C�# :��( "�L�!�� ���� C�# ��5��� �"�� : �� C�#� "�L�! �� C�# :
C�#"!���� �� C�#� ,#�%! � ��.
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30
4.� ��")2N4 :( :,% 0Skandia
Source: Amidon, D.M. (1999) Power of Innovation. Entovation International, Ltd. (Wilmington).
and, 1999Aug 22 : Last updated, htm.skandia/innovation/com.entovation.www://http: Available at
se.skandia.www://http.2007, 03August : Cited on.
6. :,% 0)Edvinsson and Malone, 1997:(
"��!��% ,#%+�� ���� C�# ?-���� �-< ��5�:
1. ����* �%& ��� �� , #� �%& �#��� �%�!� � �<� ,#& �� ���� C�#.
2. !�! "!��� ��L��� ����% ��=�# � ����� �� ���1 �%!!� �#��� � .�5!� #
D�#!�U�.
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31
4.� ��")2N5 :( :,% 0Edvinsson and Malone
Source: Edvinsson, L.& Malone, M.(1997). Intellectual Capital: Realizing Your
Company’s True by finding Its Hidden brainpower. New York:Harper Business
London: Nicholas
7. :,% 0 )Leonard and Straus, 1999(:
1� '�� "���*���� ���#�� )45: 2010(8� <� "!b�% ?-���� �-< :
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8. :,% 0)Sullivan’s, 2001:(
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.�#%+�� .�%���.
4.� ��")2N6 :( :,% 0Sullivan
Source: Sullivan (2001). Profiting from Intellectual Capital: Extracting Value from
Innovation. Patrick Sullivan (ICM Group) Models, LLC, Intellectual Property Series,
August 8, 2001, P.4, New York. John Wiley and Sons.
9. :,% 0)Marr et al. 2003:(
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� I �#�� #��! .��#���� .�#%+�� ����� .2 !#�� .������ �U��!��� .�5�� ��� �
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10. :,% 0) 2004 Limand Dallimore,:(
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11. :,% 0)Jacob and Hellstorm, 2005:(
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�%!�� ��#� >�� �+L��� ,#& �� �%!� �� "��L�!��" .�#%+�� .�%���� �������
)IP.(
4.� ��")2N7 :( :,% 0Jacob, et. Al.
Source: Jacob.M and Hellstorm, T.,(2005). “Knowledge without goals? Evaluation of knowledge
management programmes”. Evaluation 9(1),pp: 55-75.
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��#� !�U �#� % .�<� �!�� ,#L��� ) �� "� =� �� D��� ( 6�#�� ���% ���!!
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.+�!� #��� M .�+�%� ���5!�� "� .L��� � .��1�� �#�� �� 5!� )Brown and Lavrech,
1994: 89(.
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,-�� @�*��� ��� =� �� � �# �� �0�� ���! �7�� <� ��5�! "� .L��� �55)Wheelen
and Hunger, 2008: 267-268(. #�&� 1�) Hunt and Morgan, 1995: 6( .�<� ���
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2000: 374( �� ���L��� @�*� [ � ��� ��*�� �5 �� "���� =� �� � ��( #�&� � ��
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�#� (� .�#��� �#� ( .�<�� ,#%+�� ���� C�# [�!� ��� 8#�!�� ��( 6���� .��# �� �� <�
M7��� A�� �� � �!��� �.%#&�� =� � :�:�! "� �<#� � .�5!� ��#�G!% ,#%+�� ���� C�#
�# �� "����!�� "+���� .��� ��� �� !�� /�:�! �! .��# �� .:��� ����� �� /* E#G�� �.�
�G� "!�� .��# ��)400 (.�#� >� ����!��� ��� .�5 � #+� ��� ��:�)14 ( .�� �#� (
� .� �*�� .1�� �*� ��( "F���>� ����!�� MF�!� ��� 1� ���:��� =���� "� .�:�
��� .�5!��� ��#�G!�� ��� ! ��( ?�!�� .%#&�� =� �� ���! 3 .��# �� ����� �/ �!�� #�G!
>� "� 6����� .��1 .�#� ( � ��1 ������ �+L��� .� #� ��#�7� ��=�+% ��( .���( ������� �#�
.��+�� .�#� >� 8F�L��� "�.
I .��# )Wu, 2005 (���� :"The Integration between Balanced
Scorecard and Intellectual Capital".
���� C�# / :��!�� ���5!�� .1�2 ��%! .�+�% .&1�� ��( .��# �� 9-< �� < 1�
�9=�� .�+�%� ,#%+�� ���� C�# C��1 ����1 / ���!�� ����c a���! ��( .���>� �,#%+��
�� ��5�!� ;�-� .����� .��# M7� .��# �� 9-< "� A�� �� � �!��� 1� �.��# �� ��*#�� 8� <
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��� C�# C��1� =�� ��� ��! � �7�%� :��!�� ���5!�� .1�2 � ��( .��# �� ����!�
%! :��!�� ���5!�� .1�2 ��#�L� � ��( .���( ��!���% "� ��5�� 2�5� � �!� ,#%+��
,#%+�� ���� C�# �#� (.
I .��# )Bong, 2005 (���� : "Intellectual Capital as Competitive
Advantage of Firms within a Socio-cultural Context: An India Case
Study".
.F� [ a���! ��( .��# �� 9-< �� <.���%(� ,#%+�� ���� C�# ��7+ �� 2!
������ � ��%#&�� .�����! �:�%��!*U�"��!1U� �� "� ��� U �"��50��� �"��!��
=�#*( �! 5� �.��# �� .:��� ����� �� /* �*� �)75 ( =�# ��� ��-�+�!�� =��\#�� / .� �5
����*# ��� �� ��� .���� ��* "� ��%#& A�0�.���>� ��( ��� �%� �������� )�!%�
# ��� �� ��� .���� D�21 "� ,#%+�� ���� C�# � .��# �� ���� 1� 6�# � # !�� ���*
��#�7�� 6���� )�2!! U "!�� [#��� �������� "� ;�- #�B �< ��� �.�����!�� �:���
�7F� � .���!�� .�#��� �� .�����.
N .��# )Gannon et al.,2008 (���� "Managing Intellectual Capital
for Sustained Competitive Advantage in the Irish Tourism Industry".
#���� ��%#&�� D�+!�� .��c @#& '�� �� #�2( #��2! ��( .��# �� 9-< �� <
�.� !��� .�����!�� �:��� ���!� ,#%+�� ���� C�# �!1��� "�L�!��� ,#& �� ���� C�#
<#�B #0%� @�*� .������ ��%#& E� C���! �-�� �< ���\� .��# �� 9-< ��#2� d�
d�7��� .L������ .�����!�� �7!:� :�:�!� ��%#&�� ��+! �-��.
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48
�0�� �� �!�U� [ 2 !# .� !��� .�����!�� �:��� # � 3 .��# �� ����� 1�
.��# �� � !��� ��7!����� .�#��� �#� ( ��� �!�U� ;�-� �.L��� .���� �� .�#%+�� #����
+�� #���� �� .L��� .�����!�� �:��� �0! "!�� .�5�� #���� � �!� C��3% .�#%.
I .��# )Ngah and Ibrahim, 2009 (���� :"The Relationship of
Intellectual Capital Innovation and Organizational Performance: A
Preliminary Study in Malaysian SMEs".
�( .��# �� 9-< �� < 1 ������ ,#%+�� ���� C�# ����% � .1���� a���!� �� �
"� #�%! U�=� �� 9-< �# 1 ��� ;�-� ���:��� "� .2��!��� �#�G��� ��%#&�� "�L�!��
��#�7��� ����� #�0!�� ��� ��%#&��.��� >� �#�#!�U�� =�5 �� �7��� � �7� � � �*���
( .��# �� 9-< ���� � 8�!�! "!��� .��#��� ����� ��%#&�� 9-< ��*��!�� � �! ��
��� .2��!��� �#�G��� ��%#&�� ���� ,-�� #�� �[# %�� ��%#&�� .��#��� ��*��!�U�
=�5 �� �7� �!� @� #�� ��5�!#�#!�U�� .� #�� ��%�� .!� .��# �� .��� ���%! 1� �
�%�������#� � � � ��� �#� ���-�+�! . )��! .�#%+�� ����� � ��( .��# �� ����!�
� � *�� ��*!���� /���� #�%! � ��� .2��!��� �#�G��� ��%#&�� �# 1 � ��: "� 6�#� % 6�#� .
I .��# )Maditinos and Tsairidis, 2009 (���� :"Intellectual Capital
and Business Performance: An Empirical Study For the Greek Listed
Companies".
C�# .��%��� ,#%+�� ���� C�# #���� � .1���� '�� ��( .��# �� 9-< �� <
��%#&�� "� ����� =� 3 �7!1��� #�%! U� �� C�#� "�%�7�� ���� C�#� ,#& �� ����
� MF�!� ����! 1� ����0� .�#� "� .*# �� .�������� � .��1 .� �*�� .1�� ;��< � ��( .��# �
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#�%! U� �� C�#� .7* ,#& �� ���� C�#� "�%�7�� ���� C�# � �.��# �� ��#�G!
��1���� .��% ��� .*# � .*�!��� 9-< ���% 1� �[#�� .7*.�2� !#>� ���� C�# ����% �
��� =� � ��� 6�� �*�� C%��� � �,#%+����%#&�� 9-< "� ��.
N .��# )Sharabati, et al. 2010 ( ���� "The Effect of Intellectual
Capital on the Performance of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Organization in Jordan".
"� .�� �� .���� ��L� =� � ��� ,#%+�� ���� C�# #0� "�5! ��( .��# �� �� < 1�
#��"<� .�5!��� ��#�G!�� #�03! ��# �7�� A�� .� � .��# .��# �� 9-< # !�!� � : C�#
��L� =� � �<� / �!�� #�G!�� ��� "!�1���� ���� C�#� "�%�7�� ���� C�#� ,#& �� ����
��-�+�!�� =�# �� .��# �� ��& 1� �������L� "� ������� �2����� ������ �#� >�� �
�< � o�� ��� .�� �� .����)15 ( /* �! 1� ������ �� /*� .�� !�U� �� �!�� �!�)132 (
��� !�� ��� )200 ( "+���� =���>� �0 .�F���>� ����5!�� 6� � A�� �� � �!�� �%
����!��� �!�� #� ��U� ����!� 2� !#U��?# !���� �*� ��( MF�!��� �#�&� 1� � �#&� .1
��� ,#%+�� ���� C�# �7� �: ��%� ������ ��L� =� �� ,#%+�� ���� C�# � .� �*���
� 5!��� "� =� �� ���! �:�� ��5�! �*� ���#� �!#� ( #� �� %! .L���.
I .��# )Mitchell, 2010 (���� :"A model for Managing Intellectual
Capital to Generate Wealth".
.�\# !� ,#%+�� ���� C�# �#� > ?-�� #� !�� ��( .��# �� 9-< �� <
.���!�� A�0�� #������ "� ,#%+�� ���� C�# ����% .��# �� ����� �.L��� ���*�!�#!��� :
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�� 2! E#G�� ������ "� E� �� �7�� � ��L��� :�! "� �<��! "!�� "< ����%��
.��� #��!�� �! .��# ��)9 ( =�# ��-�+�! ��%#&�� � ��� "� .�5!� �� �� ���
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/* ��#2 � .��# �� ����� )44 (��� !�� ����5�� '��� ���%� �+L��� ��� ��:�
�L�� �L� � �B#�� ��� ��� ��( .��# �� MF�!� ����! 1� �,#%+�� ���� C�# .5��!�� #<
�#� > .%#&�� �#� ( [ � ;�# ( ;��< %� �� ��� U( .%#&�� "� �#��� .��# �� ?-��� � ���
,#%+�� ���� C�# ��!<U� .%#&�� ��� "G �� ��3 .��# �� ���� ;�-�� �,#%+�� ���� C�#
������ .���!*U� .F&�!�� .�<� ��( .���>� .�%��� ��#��G! A� �> # %� �%& .%#&�� .
I .��# )Zeghal & Maaloul, 2010 (���� :"Analyzing Value Added
as an Indicator of Intellectual Capital and its Consequences on Company
Performance" .
.��# �� 9-< �� <��( ��� 9#0�� �,#%+�� ���� C�#� #&\% .����� .�5�� #� ����!
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25� ��*����%!��.
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51
I .��# )Hormiga, et. al., 2010 (���� :"The Role of Intellectual
Capital in the Success of New Venture".
.��# �� �� < 1���(�!���% ,#%+�� ���� C�# #�03! �� : C�# �,#& �� ���� C�#
/ �!�� #�G!�� ��� ��1���� �� C�# �"�%�7�� ����)� � *�� /�#�&�� @�*�( ��!<U� � .�� �
�7 6�#� )��� .+�!��� 9 �� 3 ,#%+�� ���� C�# .���>� ��7 5!� .L��� #�2! "� 6�#� %�
�% ��<#��2!� �7���� ��L�! ��� .L� �% "� �#� >� � ��� "� ,#%+�� ���� C�# #� ��(
"� .��# �� =�#*( �! 1� ������ /�#�& � ,#%+�� ���� C�# ����! ��( .��# �� ���
�< � .��� ��� .��� �U� .%���)130 (.%#&. � .1�� �*� ��( .��# �� MF�!� ����!�
.�<� ��( .��# �� �#�&�� �% �� � *�� ��%#&�� @�*�� .����� #�B ������ �� �*���
�%! � �� ���� .%#&�� =� � �%� A�� ���%#&�� =� � ,#& �� ���� C�# �5�� � 1
� �� "� �����!��� ���!��� ��#�� @�# 9 ��! ��#� �#��� � ����!��� ����!�� =�� , \
)��� �%& ����� �#%� #��2! ��� �# 5�� � � ��(.
_ .��# )Ahangar, 2011 (���� :"The Relationship between Intellectual
Capital and Financial Performance: An Empirical Investigation in an
Iranian Company".
# �� 9-< �� < 6� ��!�� ;�-� �.%#&�� =� � ��� �<#0�� .����� .�#%+�� .�5�� '�� ��( .��
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�(� ���� �� �� � � � .��# �� ��� � �% � �#��� .�*�!�( ��� ,#%+�� ���� 8L��� .�*�!
,#& �� ���� C�# "� ��%#&�� #�0!�� � ��: ��� �7����! %�.
I .��# )Al-Dujaili, 2012 (���� :"Influence of Intellectual Capital
in the Organizational Innovation".
.��# �� 9-< �� <��( 9 �� 3 ,#%+�� ���� C�# #�03! �� )�� �"�%�7�� �,#& ��=�� (
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�)3I5 (�)3I6( #0%� ��*� 1 ��� �� /�*� "����� ����!�� � 40% /�* # !�! �-7��
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Variable Factor 1 Extraction
0.683 0.826 رأس ا���ل ا�%2�ي
+, 0.758 0.870 رأس ا���ل ا��3
+� 0.786 0.887 رأس ا���ل ا�-�45
0.979 0.989 رأس ا���ل ا�� �ي
� ا�������أداء ا���� 0.826 0.682 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis
4.� �%�/) 3-3 :(��" �� ��� '�0%� �� �$ �����.
Factor 1 ا��>�ة ا��4;
0.537 .ن?�7 ا #<G)RS ا Q G)#'.9#& ا #/P#7 +9/"سN وا #.Mل ا ."م 'KL"ع ا ?("ح& 1
2 T*م*"م Uم G)RS># م3ه-ت ا N0.572 .+9/"س
3 W#.+G)RS># م*"رات ا � 0.603 . ا #/M+ D'5 7#PریN و +K<ی
4 G)?Q"/# ب",& ا G5 7R'9Xة ومY)#7 م#P/# ا W.Z T*یM "م W[Qن أ>RS># م اML0.755 .ی
5 W(ش W[Q\ب T*/ب7 م>'K# ا T* "#5ن أ>RS># 0.718 .ی3دي ا
�8"ت 6X# ا W[Q7 أ#P/# ء ا"K5; W#5 ^ی�Rآ G)RS># ا W#.0.724 .ی
RS># . 0.665<ن م>9�Q<ن ب�)W آ�(� Q& مZ"ل أT* "#5ا 7
8 T* _@X# ا T*'#5 ل"Zم &Q 7) "5 ة� 0.696 . یa'9# ا #<G)RS خ�
9 b.� ا T*[.ب Gم G)RS># ا T'.9اری� 0.710 . ب"س#9
0.626 .)دوران W)', W#5(ا #<RS<ن ی.#'<ن Q& ا #/P#7 م/c ا .MیM مG ا ?/<ات 10
�"رآ7 ب"Qf)"ر ا MZیMة داخW ا #/P#7یYR<9 ا #<RS<ن 11#' . 0.648
� مG ا 9& یMLم*" ا #/"Q?<ن 12Eس<اق أآfا D رة إ>Kة ومMیM8 م"تMن خ>RS># م اML0.642 . ی
13 7#P/# ا &Q اعMا;ب iام� 0.665 . ا #<RS<ن راض<ن G5 س("س"ت وب
0.667 . ی.#W ا #<RS<ن ب"س#9�ار D'5 اب9)"ر أQ)"ر M8یMة 14
0.673 . ا ?("ح(7 اfخ�ى#)"+Nی.9�� ا #<G)RS م�G)5M مL"رن7 ب" 15
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61
4.� �%�/) 3-4 :(����8 �� ��� '�0%� �� �$ �����.
4.� �%�/) 3-5 :(���.J$ �� ��� '�0%� �� �$ �����.
Factor 1 ا��>�ة ا��4;
16 7#P/# ا cR/+"*)Q G)RS># ا U)#Z ة� 0.513 . آW 5"م ب�امM+ iری�(7 م?#9
17 L ا D'5 آ"ف W(��ارات ا cX9+ &9ه" Q& ا #/P#7ا #<RS<ن ی3ث�ون ب. 0.626
K+. 0.649<ر ا #/P#7 ا ��امi واfنP#7 ب"س#9�ار 18
19 Gی�Q>9# ا G)<ش� 0.706 .ب�امi ا Q n)S>9& ا #/P#7 ش"م'7 ب>(o یn)S>+ T9 أW[Q ا #
9+. 0.719�U ا #/P#7 نP"م ح<اYQ و8<اYp مK9<ر ی�آD'5 Y اfداء 20
21 "L7 وث#P/# ا W#5 وف�SةM5"?ی>7 وم� 9Q. 0.716*" م
221 � 0.693 .یK+ T9<ی� ا .#'("ت Q& ا #/P#7 ب�)W م?#9
23 � 0.705 .ا #/P#7 راMpة Q& مZ"ل +MLیT ا �>o وا K9<ی
24 T ". 7 ح<ل ا)/L9 رات ا>K9 ا � 0.679 .ا #/P#7 +9"بq Uخ
25 7#P/# ا &Q M).ب Mح D إ � 0.699 .یT5M مr'Z ا;دارة ا �>o ا .'#& وا K9<ی
M).+. 0.635 ا #/T)P/+ 7#P نR?*" ب�)W م?#9� ب#" ی9/"سN مU ا �>o وا K9<ی� ا .'#& 26
U[+. 0.443 ا #/P#7 اس9�ا+(Z("ت واض>7 ;دارة حL<ق ا #')(7 27
28 Mح D@,أ D 7 إ)('# ق ا>Lح G7 م#P/# ا M)R9?+. 0.399
0.451 . ا ?("ح(7 اfخ�ى)"+RN<ق Q(*" D'5 ا #+?WZ ا #/M5 7#Pدا مG ا >L<ق ا #')(7 آW س/7 و+9 29
30 T)P.+ D'5 ا;دارة W#.+ي و�(R أس ا #"ل ا� 7)?)p��وة ا E ق ا #')(7 ا>L7 ح#P/# ا ��9.+
"*9#),. 0.393
Factor 1 ا��>�ة ا��4;
31 -5 D'5 7#P/# ا sQ"<+GودیY# ا Uى مM# ی'7 ا>t 0.599 .,"ت
32 Gp"بY ا Wآ"� bRX+. 0.669 ا #/P#7 ا <,u ا -زم >W م
33 MایY9م W(� 0.706 . ا Yب"Gp ی9X"رون ا MXم"ت ا MZیMة '#/P#7 ب
0.666 . م.TP ا Yب"Gp راض<ن G5 ا #/P#7 وم<ا <ن *" 34
� مG ا R "<9"ت 35)E7 ا )#P/# ا a'9#+ل ("Zم &Qم"تMX (."ت، ا�0.666 .)ا 9?<ی^، ا #
0.698 . ا #/P#7 ,"درة D'5 إض"5f 7#), 7Q#" *" مG خ-ل ا R "<9"ت مU ا #/P#"ت ا ?("ح(7 اfخ�ى 36
37 oیMم م.'<م"ت ح"P7 ن#P/# ا a'9#+. 0.594
38 9�آ7 مU ا .MیM مG ا #/P#"ت ا ?("�ح(W#.+ 7 ا #/Q 7#P& ا <,u ا >" & D'5 ا #�"ریU ا #
.اfخ�ى0.697
39 GودیY# خ9("ر اw ًا��س ا #/P#7 و,9ً" آ�((+. 0.679
40 �ة مG خ"رج �X أص>"ب ا z "@# رة ذوي ا"��ارات ا;س9�ا+(Z(7 یT9 اس9L ذ ا"X+ا M/5
7#P/# ا . 0.535
41 GودیY# (" ح<ل ا�7 ب("ن"ت آ"م'7 ن?#P/# ا a'9#+ . 0.620
42 (� W . 0.599 داTp وم?#9� ح<ل ا Yب"MZ+Gpد ا #/P#7 ا �("ن"ت ب
D.?+ . 0.580 ا #/P#7 إ D ا >@<ل M, D'5ر آ"ف مG ا c{9ی7 ا �ا7.8 مG ا .#-ء 43
T9*+ . 0.617 ا #/P#7 ب#�"رآ7 ح'p"R*" ب" #.'<م"ت وا #.�7Q ا .'#(7 44
0.642 .5" (7ن?�7 أ5#"ل ا #/P#7 ب" R "<9"ت ا;س9�ا+(Z(7 مU ا #/P#"ت ا ?("ح(7 اfخ�ى 45
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4.� �%�/) 3-6 :( ��� '�0%� �� �$ ����������� ���� .
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�+�� V� ��#% ��� ��� �!�U� "��� �� ���!U�)Cronbach’s Alpha ( #�G! �%�
,#%+�� ���� C�# �5!��� #�G!�� "� .�0!��� .��# �� ��#�G!) C�# �,#& �� ���� C�#
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�+�� V� ��#% MF�!� ���%� � #��)Cronbach’s Alpha ( � )0.83 – 0.91 ( � �< �%
�1# �� *�� "�)3I7 ( %� A�� ��� 5�� ��� � /5! ��#�G!�� /�* � "��� 9-<�
)Bollen et. al., 2005 ( 5�� �� �� ��� � �< ��0.75 #�&� ��� )Bontis et. al.,
2001 (� 0.60.�����>� ������� �#� >� .5��!�� A�� �� "� .�� 5 # !�! .
�%�/) 3N7( .���� 3�� '� � �� ��* ��� Z� 0%�� 'J �$
Factor 1 ا��>�ة ا��4;
� م/P#9/" راMpة Q& ا @/"75 ا ?("ح(7 مL"رن7 مU ا # 46�9.+N+"(ى� 0.679 . ا ?("ح(7 اfخ
D.?+. 0.636 ا #/P#7 إ D زی"دة ح@9*" ا ?<,(7 47
48 D'5 7#P/# وأخ-,&ی)<ن رد ا Nوم/"س Uی� 0.671 . ا #/"G)?Q س
0.740 ن?�7 ا /Z"ح Q& +?<ی^ ا ��امi وا MXم"ت ا MZیMة 5" (7 49
50 M)8 5"م W(� 0.762 أداء ونZ"ح أ5#"ل ا #/P#7 ب
51 7#P/# ا &Q | }KXم" ه< م Uم nS># إن9"8(7 ا N0.726 . +9/"س
52 K# ا u,> ا Uل إن9"8(7 ا .#'(7 مM.م Nه"ی9/"سc)R/9 0.633 . '<ب
Y+. 0.575داد أرب"ح ا #/P#7 ب�)W 5"م 53
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.���!�� .�F���>� )������ �� �!�� �! 5� � �!�� �:
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.D'5 أداة U#8 ا �("ن"ت ا #?MX9مQ 7& ,("س ا 9#}(�ات ا 9& اشu'#9 5'(*" ا Mراس7
4. +�F$ء ا��G�Hات س{ ا >?"ب&ا <: ا� وذ a <صn أراء 5(/7 ا Mراس7 ح<ل م9}(
.ا Mراس7، وآa c اwن>�اف ا #.("ري �("ن مMى +�u9 ;8"ب"ت G5 وسK*" ا >?"ب&
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65
9. :��� ���0* ����� )Stepwise Regressions :( ,� #� �� � #� !�U
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** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
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1I ��(� �.J$ L�� (Linearity test) : #�&� �1# �%&��)4I1 ( .1���� � ��(
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75
3I �$� ( H�#%� (Normality Test) : �1# �%&�� #�&�)4I3 ( "�� 2�� /�:�!�� ��(
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"�� 2�� /�:�!�� #!5! .������ ����� �� � .�� 5 .*# )Hair et al., 1988, Howell,
1997.(
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5I ��(�� ��J6��Independence of errors) :( ��!�� #� ��� �� �!�� �!
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0.748 0.560 85.212 0.000*
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�� .�� �� .��#+�� -���� � ��� .��#� E�# �!� ;�-� ��� '�! "! P0� �� ��� ��� �/%�
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