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Theories of Personality

Jung

Chapter 4© 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Outline• Overview of Analytical Psychology• Biography of Jung• Levels of the Psyche• Dynamics of Personality• Psychological Types• Development of Personality• Jung’s Method of Investigation• Related Research• Critique of Jung• Concept of Humanity

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Overview of Analytical Psychology

• Assumes Occult Phenomena Influence Lives

• Inherit Experiences from Ancestors in form of Collective Unconscious– Archetypes are highly

developed aspects of this• Aim at Achieving Balance

between Opposing Forces

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Biography of Jung• Born in Kesswil, Switzerland in 1875• Oldest surviving child of an idealistic

Protestant minister • Mother’s family had a tradition of

mysticism • Jung decided to become a physician

after dreaming of making scientific discoveries

• After receiving his medical degree in 1900, he became a psychiatric assistant to Bleuler

• Studied with Janet in Paris in 1902-03

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Biography (cont’d)

• He read Freud’s writings and eventually began corresponding with Freud in 1906

• Freud saw Jung as his successor • Jung became disenchanted with

Freud’s theories and broke with the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1913

• Began his own approach to theory and therapy called analytical psychology

• Jung’s theories became popular outside of psychology (e.g., religion, anthropology, and pop culture)

• Died in Zurich in 1961

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Levels of

Psyche

• Conscious

– Psychic images sensed by the ego

• Personal Unconscious

– Repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences

• Collective Unconscious

– Ideas from the experiences inherited from our ancestors

• Archetypes

– Archaic images derived from the collective unconscious

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Archetypes

• Archetypes include:– Persona – Shadow– Anima– Animus– Great Mother– Wise Old Man– Hero– The Self

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Dynamics of Personality

• Causality and Teleology– Behavior is shaped by both

• Progression and Regression– Progression

• Forward flow of psychic energy

• Necessary for adaptation to outside world

– Regression• Backward flow of psychic energy

• Necessary for adaptation to inner world

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Psychological Types• Attitudes

– Predisposition to act in a characteristic direction

– Introversion• The turning inward of psychic energy with

an orientation toward the subjective

– Extraversion• The turning outward of psychic energy so

that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective

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Psychological Types (cont’d)• Functions

– Thinking• Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of

ideas

– Feeling• Evaluating an idea or event

– Sensation• Receives physical stimuli and transmits them to

perceptual consciousness

– Intuition• Perception beyond the workings of consciousness

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Development of Personality

• Stages of Development– Childhood

• Anarchic

• Monarchic

• Dualistic

– Youth• The period from puberty until middle life

• Major difficulty to overcome is conservative principle or the tendency to cling to childhood

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Development of Personality

• Stages of Development– Middle Life

• Begins at approximately age 35 or 40

• Period of anxiety and potential

– Old Age• Diminution of consciousness

• Death is the goal of life

• Self-Realization (Individuation)– Requires assimilation of unconsciousness into total

self– Process of integrating opposites into a harmonious

self– Rarely achieved

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Jung’s Method of Investigation

• Word Association Test• Dream Analysis• Active Imagination• Psychotherapy (Four Stages)

– Confession of a pathogenic secret– Interpretation, explanation, and elucidation– Education as social beings– Transformation

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Related Research

• Personality Type and Interest in Teaching– Willing, Guest, & Morford (2001)

• Master-in-training students likely to be high in intuition and feeling

• Personality Type and Investing Money– Filbeck, Hatfield, & Horvath (2005)

• MBTI a good predictor of risk tolerance among types

• Interest in and Attrition from Engineering– Thomas et al. (2000)

• Extraversion predicted dropout from engineering courses

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Critique of Jung

• Jung’s Theory Is: – Moderate on Generating

Research and Organizing Observations

– Low on Practicality, Internal Consistency, and Parsimony

– Very Low on Falsifiability

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Concept of Humanity

• He was not Deterministic nor Purposeful, Optimistic nor Pessimistic

• People are both Causal and Teleological

• People Motivated by both Conscious and Unconscious Thoughts

• Biology over Social

• Similarity over Individual Differences