© mark e. damon - all rights reserved chapter 5 - learning
TRANSCRIPT
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© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
CHAPTER 5 - Learning
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Directions:
• Scroll through the presentation and enter the answers (which are really the questions) and the questions (which are really the answers).
• Enter in the categories on the main game boards.
• As you play the game, click on the TEXT DOLLAR AMOUNT that the contestant calls, not the surrounding box.
• When they have given a question, click again anywhere on the screen to see the correct question. Keep track of which questions have already been picked by printing out the game board screen and checking off as you go.
• Click on the “Game” box to return to the main scoreboard.
• Enter the score into the black box on each players podium.
• Continue until all clues are given.
• When finished, DO NOT save the game. This will overwrite the program with the scores and data you enter. You MAY save it as a different name, but keep this file untouched!
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Round 1 Round 2Final
Jeopardy
Tolman
Honzik Ski
nner
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Principles of Classical
Conditioning
More Classical
Condition-ing
Additional Classical
Conditioning
Bonus: Classical
Conditioning
Principles of Operant
C.
More Operant
C.
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Round 2
Final Jeopardy
Scores
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Relatively permanent change in behavior acquired through
experience
Relatively permanent change in behavior acquired through
experience
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What is learning?What is learning?
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The process of learning by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit an identical or
similar response to one originally elicited by another stimulus as
the result of the pairing of the two stimuli.
The process of learning by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit an identical or
similar response to one originally elicited by another stimulus as
the result of the pairing of the two stimuli.
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What is classical conditioning?What is classical conditioning?
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An unlearned response to a stimulus
An unlearned response to a stimulus
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What is an unconditioned response?
What is an unconditioned response?
Scores
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A stimulus that elicits an unlearned response
A stimulus that elicits an unlearned response
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What is an unconditioned stimulus?
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
Scores
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A stimulus that before conditioning does not produce a
particular response
A stimulus that before conditioning does not produce a
particular response
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What is a neutral stimulus?What is a neutral stimulus?
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An acquired or learned response to a conditioned stimulus
An acquired or learned response to a conditioned stimulus
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What is a conditioned response?What is a conditioned response?
Scores
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A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned
response after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned
response after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
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What is a conditioned stimulus?What is a conditioned stimulus?
Scores
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The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a
conditioned response
The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a
conditioned response
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What is extinction?What is extinction?
Scores
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The spontaneous return of a conditioned response following
extinction
The spontaneous return of a conditioned response following
extinction
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What is spontaneous recovery?What is spontaneous recovery?
Scores
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The process of relearning a conditioned response following
extinction
The process of relearning a conditioned response following
extinction
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What is reconditioning?What is reconditioning?
Scores
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The tendency for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned
stimulus to elicit a conditioned response
The tendency for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned
stimulus to elicit a conditioned response
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What is stimulus generalization?What is stimulus generalization?
Scores
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The tendency to differentiate among stimuli so that stimuli that
are related to the original conditioned stimulus, but not
identical to it, fail to elicit a conditioned response
The tendency to differentiate among stimuli so that stimuli that
are related to the original conditioned stimulus, but not
identical to it, fail to elicit a conditioned response
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What is stimulus discimination?What is stimulus discimination?
Scores
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The process by which a new stimulus comes to elicit a
conditioned response as a result of its being paired with a
conditioned stimulus that already elicits the conditioned response
The process by which a new stimulus comes to elicit a
conditioned response as a result of its being paired with a
conditioned stimulus that already elicits the conditioned response
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What is higher-order conditioning?
What is higher-order conditioning?
Scores
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An emotional response to a particular stimulus acquired
through classical conditioning
An emotional response to a particular stimulus acquired
through classical conditioning
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What is a conditioned emotional reaction?
What is a conditioned emotional reaction?
Scores
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Excessive fears of particular objects or situations
Excessive fears of particular objects or situations
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What are phobias?What are phobias?
Scores
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Form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the
principles of learning
Form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the
principles of learning
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What is behavior therapy?What is behavior therapy?
Scores
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Aversions to particular tastes acquired through classical
conditioning
Aversions to particular tastes acquired through classical
conditioning
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What are conditioned taste aversions?
What are conditioned taste aversions?
Scores
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The body’s system of defense against disease
The body’s system of defense against disease
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What is the immune system?What is the immune system?
Scores
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3 characteristics that strengthen conditioned responses
3 characteristics that strengthen conditioned responses
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What are:
1.Frequency of Pairings
2.Timing
3.Intensity of unconditioned stimulus
What are:
1.Frequency of Pairings
2.Timing
3.Intensity of unconditioned stimulus
Scores
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This person viewed that classical conditioned involves a cognitive
process by which organisms learn to anticipate events based on cues or signals that reliably
predict the events
This person viewed that classical conditioned involves a cognitive
process by which organisms learn to anticipate events based on cues or signals that reliably
predict the events
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Who was Robert Rescorla?Who was Robert Rescorla?
Scores
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Thorndike’s principle that responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to recur,
while those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to recur
Thorndike’s principle that responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to recur,
while those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to recur
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What is the Law of Effect?What is the Law of Effect?
Scores
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The philosophical position that free will is an illusion or myth and that human and animal behavior
is completely determined by environmental and genetic
influences
The philosophical position that free will is an illusion or myth and that human and animal behavior
is completely determined by environmental and genetic
influences
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What is radical behaviorism?What is radical behaviorism?
Scores
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A stimulus event that strengthens the response it follows
A stimulus event that strengthens the response it follows
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What is a reinforcer?What is a reinforcer?
Scores
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The process of learning in which the manipulation of the
consequences of a response influences the likelihood or probability of the response
occurring
The process of learning in which the manipulation of the
consequences of a response influences the likelihood or probability of the response
occurring
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What is operant conditioning?What is operant conditioning?
Scores
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An experimental apparatus developed by B. F. Skinner for studying relationships between
reinforcement and behavior
An experimental apparatus developed by B. F. Skinner for studying relationships between
reinforcement and behavior
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What is the Skinner box?What is the Skinner box?
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In Skinner’s view, behavior acquired through coincidental
association of a response and a reinforcement
In Skinner’s view, behavior acquired through coincidental
association of a response and a reinforcement
Scores
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What is superstitious behavior?What is superstitious behavior?
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A cue that signals that reinforcement is available if the
subject makes a particular response
A cue that signals that reinforcement is available if the
subject makes a particular response
Scores
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What is a discriminative stimulus?
What is a discriminative stimulus?
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The strengthing of a response through the introduction of a
stimulus following the response
The strengthing of a response through the introduction of a
stimulus following the response
Scores
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What is positive reinforcement?What is positive reinforcement?
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The strengthening of a response through the removal of a stimulus
after the response occurs
The strengthening of a response through the removal of a stimulus
after the response occurs
Scores
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What is negative reinforcement?What is negative reinforcement?
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Reinforcers, such as food or sexual stimulation, that are
naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or
drives
Reinforcers, such as food or sexual stimulation, that are
naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or
drives
Scores
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What are primary reinforcers?What are primary reinforcers?
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Even More Operant
Contition-ing
Operant Condition
-ing!
Finally:Operant
Condition-ing
Cognitive Learning
Bonus: Cognitive Learning
Practicing Reinforce
ment
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$400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400
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$800 $800 $800 $800 $800 $800
$1000 $1000 $1000 $1000 $1000 $1000
Round 1
Final Jeopardy
Scores
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Learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their
reinforcing properties because of their association with primary
reinforcers
Learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their
reinforcing properties because of their association with primary
reinforcers
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What are secondary reinforcers?What are secondary reinforcers?
Scores
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A process of learning that involves the reinforcement of
increasingly closer approximations of the desired
response
A process of learning that involves the reinforcement of
increasingly closer approximations of the desired
response
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What is shaping?What is shaping?
Scores
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The method used to shape behavior that involves reinforcing
even-closer approximations of the desired response
The method used to shape behavior that involves reinforcing
even-closer approximations of the desired response
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What is method of successive approximations?
What is method of successive approximations?
Scores
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Predetermined plans for timing the delivery of reinforcement
Predetermined plans for timing the delivery of reinforcement
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What are schedules of reinforcement?
What are schedules of reinforcement?
Scores
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A system of dispensing a reinforcement each time a
response is produced
A system of dispensing a reinforcement each time a
response is produced
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What is a schedule of continuous reinforcement?
What is a schedule of continuous reinforcement?
Scores
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A system of dispensing a reinforcement for only a portion
of responses
A system of dispensing a reinforcement for only a portion
of responses
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What is a schedule of partial reinforcement?
What is a schedule of partial reinforcement?
Scores
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The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to escape from
an aversive stimulus
The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to escape from
an aversive stimulus
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What is escape learning?What is escape learning?
Scores
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The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to avoid an
aversive stimulus
The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to avoid an
aversive stimulus
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What is avoidance learning?What is avoidance learning?
![Page 85: © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved CHAPTER 5 - Learning](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062313/56649d0c5503460f949e11f3/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
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The introduction of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a reinforcing stimulus after a
response occurs, which leads to the weakening or suppression of
the response
The introduction of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a reinforcing stimulus after a
response occurs, which leads to the weakening or suppression of
the response
Scores
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What is punishment?What is punishment?
Scores
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The systematic application of learning principles to stregthen adaptive behavior and weaken
maladaptive behavior
The systematic application of learning principles to stregthen adaptive behavior and weaken
maladaptive behavior
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What is behavior modification?What is behavior modification?
Scores
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A from of behavior modification in which tokens earned for
performing desired behaviors can be exchanged for positive
reinforcers
A from of behavior modification in which tokens earned for
performing desired behaviors can be exchanged for positive
reinforcers
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What is token economy program?What is token economy program?
Scores
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A learned method in which complex material is broken down into a series of small steps that
learners master at their own pace
A learned method in which complex material is broken down into a series of small steps that
learners master at their own pace
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What is programmed instruction?What is programmed instruction?
Scores
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A form of programmed instruction in which a computer
is used to guide a student through a series of increasingly
difficult questions
A form of programmed instruction in which a computer
is used to guide a student through a series of increasingly
difficult questions
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What is computer-assisted instruction?
What is computer-assisted instruction?
Scores
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What is one reason why parents should not use punishment as a
method of disipline?
What is one reason why parents should not use punishment as a
method of disipline?
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What is that punishment
•Does not teach new behaviors
•Can have undesirable consequences
•May become abusive
•May represent a form of inappropriate modeling ?
What is that punishment
•Does not teach new behaviors
•Can have undesirable consequences
•May become abusive
•May represent a form of inappropriate modeling ? Scores
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Schedule in which the number of correct responses needed before
reinforcement is given varies around some average number
Schedule in which the number of correct responses needed before
reinforcement is given varies around some average number
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What is variable ratio schedule?What is variable ratio schedule?
Scores
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Learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response or being
reinforced for it
Learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response or being
reinforced for it
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What is cognitive learning?What is cognitive learning?
Scores
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The process of mentally working through a problem until the
sudden realization of a solution occurs
The process of mentally working through a problem until the
sudden realization of a solution occurs
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What is insight learning?What is insight learning?
Scores
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Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and that
is not displayed until reinforcement is provided
Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and that
is not displayed until reinforcement is provided
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What is latent learning?What is latent learning?
Scores
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A mental representation of an area that helps an organism
navigate its way from one point to another
A mental representation of an area that helps an organism
navigate its way from one point to another
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What is a cognitive map?What is a cognitive map?
Scores
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Learning without conscious awareness of what is learnedLearning without conscious awareness of what is learned
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What is implicit learning?What is implicit learning?
Scores
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Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others
Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others
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What is observational learning?What is observational learning?
Scores
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Developer of the term ‘cognitive map’
Developer of the term ‘cognitive map’
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Who is Edward Tolman?Who is Edward Tolman?
Scores
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The “Aha!” phenomenonThe “Aha!” phenomenon
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What is insight?What is insight?
Scores
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In observational learning, the person whose behavior is
observed
In observational learning, the person whose behavior is
observed
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Who is the model?Who is the model?
Scores
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Also referred to as ‘vicarious learning’
Also referred to as ‘vicarious learning’
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What is observational learning?What is observational learning?
Scores
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To modify behavior through reinforcement, it is important to
establish a clear ____, or connection, between the desired behavior and the reinforcement
To modify behavior through reinforcement, it is important to
establish a clear ____, or connection, between the desired behavior and the reinforcement
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What is contingency?What is contingency?
Scores
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Exchanging of desirable reinforcers; a more formal way of
establishing a contingency
Exchanging of desirable reinforcers; a more formal way of
establishing a contingency
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What is contingency contracting?What is contingency contracting?
Scores
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2 guidelines for enhancing the effectiveness of reinforcement2 guidelines for enhancing the effectiveness of reinforcement
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•Be specific
•Use specific language
•Select a reinforcer
•Explain the contingency
•Apply the reinforcer
•Track the frequency of the desired behavior
•Wean the child from the reinforcer
What are:
•Be specific
•Use specific language
•Select a reinforcer
•Explain the contingency
•Apply the reinforcer
•Track the frequency of the desired behavior
•Wean the child from the reinforcer Scores
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2 ways to give praise2 ways to give praise
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What are:
•Make eye contact with the child
•Use hugs
•Be specific
•Be sincere
What are:
•Make eye contact with the child
•Use hugs
•Be specific
•Be sincere
Scores
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2 more ways to give praise2 more ways to give praise
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What are:
•Avoid empty flattery
•Reward the effort, not the outcome
•Avoid repeating yourself
•Don’t end on a sour note
What are:
•Avoid empty flattery
•Reward the effort, not the outcome
•Avoid repeating yourself
•Don’t end on a sour noteScores
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© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
Scores
Schedules of Partial-ReinforcementSchedules of Partial-Reinforcement
Final Jeopary Question
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The four types of partial-reinforcement
The four types of partial-reinforcement
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What are:
1.Fixed-ratio
2.Variable-ratio
3.Fixed-ratio
4.Variable-interval
What are:
1.Fixed-ratio
2.Variable-ratio
3.Fixed-ratio
4.Variable-interval
Scores