march 4 1909 — president william howard taft approves congressional gold medals for the wright...
TRANSCRIPT
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March 4
• 1909 — President William Howard Taft approves Congressional Gold Medals for the Wright brothers.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION
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March 4
• 1936 — The last great passenger-carrying airship, a veritable behemoth in its day, takes to the air for the first time.
• The German dirigible LZ 129, the “Hindenburg,” is powered by four 1,320-hp Daimler-Benz DB 602 diesel engines.
• The “Hindenburg” makes its first Atlantic crossing in the record time of 64 hours 53 minutes on May 6.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION
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March 4
• 1948 — The first American civilian to fly at supersonic speeds is Herbert Henry Hoover in Bell X-1 in Muroc, California.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION
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March 4
• 1966 — USAF McDonnell Douglas F-4C “Phantom II” fighters are attacked by Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 “Frescos” in the first air-to-air combat in North Vietnam.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION
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Questions / Comments
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SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY
2 3 4
Fuel Systems
5 6
Electrical
Systems
7 8
9 10
Chapter 6
11 12
Chapter 6
13 14
FltLine Friday
15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24
NO SCHOOL
25 26 27 28 29
30
March 2014
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Questions / Comments
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Chapter 6 – Aircraft SystemsFAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
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Mission:
Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft.
Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary aircraft systems.
EQ:
Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.
Today’s Mission Requirements
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Airframe SystemsFuel Systems
• Fuel, electrical, hydraulic, and oxygen systems make up the airframe systems.
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Airframe SystemsFuel Systems
• The fuel system is designed to provide an uninterrupted flow of clean fuel from the fuel tanks to the engine.
• The fuel must be available to the engine under all conditions of engine power, altitude, attitude, and during all approved flight maneuvers.
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Airframe SystemsFuel Systems
• Two common classifications apply to fuel systems in small aircraft:
• Gravity-feed • Fuel-pump systems.
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Fuel SystemsGravity-Feed Systems
• The gravity-feed system utilizes the force of gravity to transfer the fuel from the tanks to the engine.
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Fuel SystemsGravity-Feed Systems
• For example, on high-wing airplanes, the fuel tanks are installed in the wings.
• This places the fuel tanks above the carburetor, and the fuel is gravity fed through the system and into the carburetor.
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Fuel SystemsGravity-Feed Systems
• If the design of the aircraft is such that gravity cannot be used to transfer fuel, fuel pumps are installed.
• For example, on low-wing airplanes, the fuel tanks in the wings are located below the carburetor.
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Fuel SystemsFuel-Pump System• Aircraft with fuel-
pump systems have two fuel pumps.
• The main pump system is engine driven with an electrically driven auxiliary pump provided for use in engine starting and in the event the engine pump fails.
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Fuel SystemsFuel-Pump System
• The auxiliary pump, also known as a boost pump, provides added reliability to the fuel system.
• The electrically driven auxiliary pump is controlled by a switch in the flight deck.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Primer
• Both gravity-feed and fuel-pump systems may incorporate a fuel primer into the system.
• The fuel primer is used to draw fuel from the tanks to vaporize fuel directly into the cylinders prior to starting the engine.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Primer
• During cold weather, when engines are difficult to start, the fuel primer helps because there is not enough heat available to vaporize the fuel in the carburetor.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Primer
• It is important to lock the primer in place when it is not in use.
• If the knob is free to move, it may vibrate out during flight and can cause an excessively rich mixture.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Tanks
• The fuel tanks, normally located inside the wings of an airplane, have a filler opening on top of the wing through which they can be filled.
• A filler cap covers this opening.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Tanks
• The tanks are vented to the outside to maintain atmospheric pressure inside the tank.
• They may be vented through the filler cap or through a tube extending through the surface of the wing.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Tanks
• Fuel tanks also include an overflow drain that may stand alone or be collocated with the fuel tank vent.
• This allows fuel to expand with increases in temperature without damage to the tank itself.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Tanks
• If the tanks have been filled on a hot day, it is not unusual to see fuel coming from the overflow drain.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Gauges
• The fuel quantity gauges indicate the amount of fuel measured by a sensing unit in each fuel tank and is displayed in gallons or pounds.
• Aircraft certification rules require accuracy in fuel gauges only when they read “empty.”
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Fuel SystemsFuel Gauges
• Any reading other than “empty” should be verified.
• Do not depend solely on the accuracy of the fuel quantity gauges.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Gauges
• Always visually check the fuel level in each tank during the preflight inspection, and then compare it with the corresponding fuel quantity indication.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Gauges
• If a fuel pump is installed in the fuel system, a fuel pressure gauge is also included.
• This gauge indicates the pressure in the fuel lines.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Selectors
• The fuel selector valve allows selection of fuel from various tanks.
• A common type of selector valve contains four positions: LEFT, RIGHT, BOTH, and OFF.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Selectors
• Selecting the LEFT or RIGHT position allows fuel to feed only from that tank, while selecting the BOTH position feeds fuel from both tanks.
• The LEFT or RIGHT position may be used to balance the amount of fuel remaining in each wing tank.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Selectors
• Fuel placards will show any limitations on fuel tank usage, such as “level flight only” and/or “both” for landings and takeoffs.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Selectors
• Fuel consumption should be monitored closely to ensure that a tank does not run completely out of fuel.
• Running a fuel tank dry will not only cause the engine to stop, but running for prolonged periods on one tank causes an unbalanced fuel load between tanks.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Selectors
• Running a tank completely dry may allow air to enter the fuel system and cause vapor lock, which makes it difficult to restart the engine.
• On fuel-injected engines, the fuel becomes so hot it vaporizes in the fuel line, not allowing fuel to reach the cylinders.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Strainers, Sumps and
Drains
• After leaving the fuel tank and before it enters the carburetor, the fuel passes through a strainer which removes any moisture and other sediments in the system.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Strainers, Sumps and
Drains
• Since these contaminants are heavier than aviation fuel, they settle in a sump at the bottom of the strainer assembly.
• A sump is a low point in a fuel system and/or fuel tank.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Strainers, Sumps and
Drains• The fuel system may
contain sump, fuel strainer, and fuel tank drains, which may be collocated.
• The fuel strainer should be drained before each flight.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Strainers, Sumps and
Drains• Fuel samples should
be drained and checked visually for water and contaminants.
• Water in the sump is hazardous because in cold weather the water can freeze and block fuel lines.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Strainers, Sumps and
Drains• In warm weather, it
can flow into the carburetor and stop the engine.
• If water is present in the sump, more water in the fuel tanks is probable and they should be drained until there is no evidence of water.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Strainers, Sumps and
Drains• Never take off until all
water and contaminants have been removed from the engine fuel system.
• Because of the variation in fuel systems, become thoroughly familiar with the systems that apply to the aircraft being flown.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Grades
• Auto gas should NEVER be used in aircraft engines unless the aircraft has been modified with a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
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Fuel SystemsFuel Grades
• AVGAS for aircraft with reciprocating engines 100LL.
• Although AVGAS 100LL performs the same as grade 100, the “LL” indicates it has a low lead content.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Contamination
• Accidents attributed to powerplant failure from fuel contamination have often been traced to:
• Inadequate preflight inspection by the pilot.
• Servicing aircraft with improperly filtered fuel from small tanks or drums.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Contamination
• Storing aircraft with partially filled fuel tanks.
• Lack of proper maintenance.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Contamination
• Fuel should be drained from the fuel strainer quick drain and from each fuel tank sump into a transparent container, and then checked for dirt and water.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Contamination
• Water is the principal fuel contaminant.
• Suspended water
droplets in the fuel can be identified by a cloudy appearance of the fuel, or by the clear separation of water from the colored fuel, which occurs after the water has settled to the bottom of the tank.
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Fuel SystemsFuel Contamination
• As a safety measure, the fuel sumps should be drained before every flight during the preflight inspection.
• Fuel tanks should be filled after each flight or after the last flight of the day to prevent moisture condensation within the tank.
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Questions / Comments
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Class SummaryIgnition Systems
• Carburetor heat is an anti-icing system that preheats the air before it reaches the carburetor, and is intended to keep the fuel/air mixture above the freezing temperature to prevent the formation of carburetor ice.
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Class SummaryOil Systems
• In a fuel injection system, the fuel is injected directly into the cylinders, or just ahead of the intake valve.
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Questions / Comments