lincoln sets tone with inaugural address union is indivisible places burden of conflict on south ...
TRANSCRIPT
XII: The Coming of War
Lincoln sets tone with inaugural address Union is indivisible Places burden of conflict on South
South controls all US forts except Ft Pickens and Ft Sumter
April 12, 1861 – South opens fire on Ft. Sumter No casualties, Union surrenders VA, NC, TN, AR secede
XII: The Coming of War
Advantages & Disadvantages
South North
Fighting defensive war Industrial capacity
Superior moral cause Transportation
More talented officers Finance
Frontier background Superior Political leadership
Stable government
Naval power
population
XIiI: The Civil War
Northern Strategy Anaconda Plan
(Winfield Scott) Sea power blockade
Southern Strategy Withheld cotton to
gain foreign support = fails
Should have traded for military weapons
No taxes requested from states…
XIII: The Civil War
Armies North 1.5 million served, 1 in 7 desert,
93,000 KIA, 210,000 died from disease South 0.9 million served, 1 in 9 desert,
90,000 KIA, 180,000 died from disease 600,000 total deaths (US pop 31 mil) Poor medical treatment
XIII: The Civil War
Many believe the war will end quickly Winfield Scott wants 300,000 men
and 3 years William Seward wants 90 days George McLellan believes 10 days
will do. North takes action before it is ready
to do so. Two major theatres: East and West
XIII: The Civil War-Important Figures
SOUTH NORTHJefferson Davis, President CSA
Robert E Lee, General Army of Virginia
Stonewall Jackson, Maj Gen Army of Va
XIII: The Civil War-Important Figures
NORTH NORTHAbraham Lincoln, President USA
George McLellan, General Army of Potomac
Ulysses S Grant, General Army of Potomac (later part of war)
XIII: The Civil War
McDowell removed from command, McClellan takes over in east
Grant becomes general in West
XIII: The Civil War
Western battles Ft Henry, Ft Donaldson Feb 1862: major
access to rivers neccesary for Southern supplies
Shiloh: April 6, 1862 (Union victory)
XIII: The Civil War
Peninsular Campaign – May-June 1862 McClellan removed from command John Pope in command; failure
2nd Bull Run (decisive Confederate Victory)
McClellan back in command
XIII: The Civil War
Why is Antietam so significant? Stops Lee’s attempt at Northern invasion Highest casualties of any American
single day of battle Emancipation Proclamation First battle Union can consider positive McClellan removed from command for
not pursuing Lee after retreat.
XIII: The Civil War
Fredericksburg Dec 1862 Decisive Confederate victory “It is well that war is so terrible, lest we
grow to fond of it” –Lee Chancellorsville May 1863
Despite being outnumbered, Confederates again rout Union troops
Jackson is killed by friendly fire; major loss for CSA
XIII: The Civil War
1861-1862 On the battledfield, South is winning On the homefront, North is winning
1863-1865 War will turn in favor of North with new
leadership
XIII: The Civil War
Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Lee invades North on strength of victories
at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville Gen. Meade in charge of Army of Potomac First two days leave South in good
position, though not victorious Pickett’s Charge – frontal assault by South
fails and Lee is forced to retreat Meade ordered to pursue but delays and is
replaced
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSraOEtrhWY
XIII: The Civil War
Vicksburg June-July 1863 Controls access to
Mississippi R. Grant lays siege, starves
city. South surrenders 30,000
man army Grant appointed to
command Army of Potomac
Likely more important militarily than Gettysburg
Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation,
conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Abraham LincolnNovember 19, 1863
XIII: The Civil War
Wilderness Campaign 1864 Grant uses superior number to win war,
regardless of cost Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor
see heavy casualties for Union but wear down South
Siege of Petersburg – 9 month battle, key to taking Richmond
XIII: The Civil War
Western Theatre Strategy: Advance to
Atlanta and split Confederacy
1864 Atlanta abandoned Sherman’s March to
the Sea Total war, destroy
South’s ability to wage war
Break the will of Southern people
Savannah falls in Dec 1864
XIII: The Civil War
End of the War Lee gives up Petersburg April 3
1865 Retreat is cut off, surrounded at
Appomattox Courthouse, VA Surrenders April 12, 1865 Bennett Place, Durham, NC
April 261865▪ CSA surrenders Army of Tenn to
Sherman. Other armies surrender as
news of Lee’s & Johnston’s surrenders reaches deep south.
XIV: War on the Home Front
Naval Power Blockade weakens South South created new weapons▪ Torpedo, ironclads, submarine
South attacked Northern commercial shipping
Trent Affair 1861
XIV: War on the Home Front
Finances Taxes 21% of Northern effort, 1% of
Southern effort Northerners bought war bonds,
Southerners didn’t National Banking Act creates Union
currency▪ Little inflation in North▪ Southern goods cost 92x pre-war cost
XIV: War on the Home Front
Conscription South – 18-35 yr olds, later 17-50▪ 20 negro law – “rich mans was but a poor
man’s fight” Union – 20-35 yr olds▪ $300 or substitute exemption▪ 30% of army▪ NY draft riots
XIV: War on the Home Front
Political Dissention South▪ No party system ▪ 1864 peace movements, most hinged on
Southern indepdence North▪ Copperheads (Peace Democrats)▪ Republicans divided over how to punish South▪ Suspension of habeas corpus
XIV: War on the Home Front
Women and the war North▪ Low paying jobs in factories▪ Served as nurses (Blackwell, Dix, Barton)
South▪ Managed plantations, less gentile manner▪ Poor women in field service
XIV: War on the Home Front Northern African-Americans
Not accepted in large #s Union until 1863 Segregated units w/ white commanders, less
pay 186,000 serve, 38,000 killed Plays understated role in winning war for North
Southern African Americans Slaves served armies as servants Industrial service Late in war pushed into combat roles (never
would work)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz3sZiVAO0k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz3sZiVAO0k
XV: Results of the War
“Before the war, the United States were. After the war, the United States is. Federal govt is supreme over states Executive increases powers
Slavery abolished (13th Amendment) Industrial dominance of north Political domination by North North controls economic development of South Westward Expansion
Morrill Act Distrust between North and South
Beginning of serious racial divide