© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Chapter 14: Energy Resources

• Energy Use in the Industrial Age

• Energy Sources

• Energy Futures

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Energy Use in the Industrial Age

• Wood, Coal, and the Industrial Revolution

• Oil and the Internal Combustion Engine

• Energy Use in the Late Twentieth Century

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Shifts in U.S. Energy Use

Figure 14.1 U.S. energy production by source, 1870 to 1995, showing increased diversity in the sources of energy used.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

World Energy Production

Figure 14.2: World energy production showed substantial growth between 1970 and 2000, but with important periods of contraction associated with political tensions or economic decline.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

World Oil Prices

Figure 14.3: Between 1970 and 2000, prices have increased generally and also sharply as a result of the 1973 and 1979 energy crises and the 1990 Gulf War.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Energy Uses

Figure 14.4: U.S. Energy consumption by kind of use, 1949 to 2000.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Energy Sources• Oil and Natural Gas• Coal• Other Fossil Fuels• Nuclear Power• Renewable Energy• Energy Efficiency and Energy

Conservation

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Known Recoverable CoalWorld Total: 1,083,000 million metric tons

State Percent of Total

United States 25

Russia 16

China 12

Australia 9

India 8

See Table 14.2 in the text for the rest of the top-ten list.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Known Recoverable OilWorld Total: 1,028 billion barrels

State Percent of Total

Saudi Arabia 26

Iraq 11

United Arab Emirates 10

Kuwait 10

Iran 9

See Table 14.2 in the text for the rest of the top-ten list.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Known Recoverable Natural GasWorld Total: 5,289 trillion cubic feet

State Percent of Total

Russia 32

Iran 16

Qatar 7

United Arab Emirates 4

Saudi Arabia 4

See Table 14.2 in the text for the rest of the top-ten list.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Oil and Natural Gas

• Production and Consumption

• Oil Futures

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

U.S. Oil Imports

Figure 14.5: From 1950 to 2000, the U.S. continued to produce a significant amount of oil, but imports became an increasing proportion of U.S. consumption.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Gasoline Prices

Figure 14.6: Despite occasional price spikes, gasoline prices, when adjusted for inflation, remain low.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Oil Recoverability

Figure 14.7: Idealized pattern of cumulative production, based on a sigmoidal curve for oil recovery.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Coal

• Production and Consumption• Extraction and Environmental Impacts

– Underground mining– Strip or surface mining– Acid mine drainage

• Surface Mining Reclamation and Control Act of 1977

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Coal ReservesRatio of Reserves to Production

Country R/P (Years) Country R/P (Years)

China 94 Russia 607United States 220 Poland 156

South Africa 143 Germany 560

Australia 248 N. Korea 5

India 277 Indonesia 62

Ratio for entire world is 225 years.For details on production and reserves, see Table 14.3 in text.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

U.S. Coal Resources

Figure 14.8: Each kind of coal – with its particular sulfur content – exhibits a distinct geographic distribution.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Other Fossil Fuels

• Coal gasification or liquefaction

• Tar Sands

• Shale oil

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Nuclear Power

Figure 14.10: The nuclear fuel cycle

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Renewable Energy

• Renewable and perpetual

• Centralized and decentralized

• Hydroelectric power

• Geothermal

• Solar (active and passive)

• Wind

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Efficiency and Conservation

Figure 14.16: Per capita GNP and energy consumption, 1999. Countries above the trend line are less efficient than those below it. (Note log axes.)

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Hydroelectric Generation

Figure 14.12: Generation by region, 1980 to 2000. Some regions are increasing steadily, with Latin America having the greatest per-capita use.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Hydroelectric Potential

Figure 14.13: Hydroelectric generation as a proportion of potential. Hydroelectric potential is a function both of total stream discharge and of total vertical potential.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Energy Futures

• High-Energy Options– Fossil Fuels– Nuclear and renewable

• Low-Energy Options– Conservation-Intensive– Low-growth

• Energy Policies for the Future

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

ISSUES

• 14.1: The Legacy of Chernobyl

• 14.2: The Three Gorges Dam

• 14.3: Electric Energy Deregulation and the California Energy Crisis

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Chapter 15: The Transition to a Global Sustainable Society

• Limits to Growth?

• What is Sustainable Development?

• How Does Sustainability Work?

• Tipping the Balance

• Looking Forward

• Epilogue

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Limits to Growth?

Figure 15.1: Results of the 1972 model, based on two different assumptions: (a) simple extrapolation into the future; and (b) stability in population and resource use.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

What is Sustainable Development?

• Environmental Versus Economic Sustainability

• A Working Definition of Sustainability

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

How Does Sustainability Work?

• Waste Recycling

• Waste Reduction

• Design for Reuse and Recycling

• Changing Consumption Patterns

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Decoupling

Figure 15.2: This simple graphic represents a daunting challenge: throughout history, resource use has always increased with wealth. Is it possible to continue increasing wealth, without a direct connection to resource use?

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

The Costs of Progress

Figure 15.3: As with many pollutants, SO2 concentrations are greatest in countries experiencing the early stages of economic growth.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Tipping the Balance

• Individual Action

• Corporate Action

• Government Action

• Looking Forward