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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-13187-2 — Darfur's Sorrow: The Forgotten History of a Humanitarian Disaster2nd EditionM. W. DalyIndexMore Information

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index

Abatcha, Ibrahim, 199

Abbaker, Adam Salih, 304

Abbakr, Abbakr Badawi, 174

Abbakr Isma�il, 75, 82, 83, 96, 120

Abboud, Ibrahim, 182. See also

Sudanese military regime

abbo umo (umangawi), 103–04

Abd al-Aziz Adam al-Hilu, 260

Abd al-Hamid Abu Bakr Ibrahim, 156

Abd al-Hamid Ibrahim, 129

Abd al-Hamid Ibrahim, Yusuf, 174

Abd al-Hamid Musa Kasha, 276

Abd al-Hamid Musa Madibbu, 174

Abd al-Jabbar Dusa, 302

Abdalla Ali Masar, 276

Abdallah, Hilal Muhammad, 265

Abdallah, Idris, 105

Abdallah, Jibril, 275–76

Abdallah, Muhammad Ahmad

(al-Mahdi)

conquest of Kordofan, 63

crisis following death of, 68–70

death of, 68

declaration as Mahdi, 62–63

Gordon’s offer of sultanate to, 68

support of, 63–64

Abdallah Abbakir, 277, 279

Abdallah Dud Banja, 57, 65, 66, 68, 70

Abdallah Khalil, 174, 178, 182

Abdallah Safi al-Nur, 275, 276, 281

Abdallahi (Khalifa), 69–70, 71–73

1887 campaign in Darfur, 72–73

Abu Jummayza’s rebellion against,

74–77

administration of Darfur, 78–83

becomes Muhammad Ahmad’s

disciple, 62

forced migration of tribes by, 77–78

during invasion of Anglo-Egyptian

forces, 88

and Kurqasawi brothers, 71–72

Mahdist victories of, 69

and Muhammad Khalid Zuqal, 70

Abdallahi, Idris, 118

Abd al-Nabi, Isma�il, 71, 74, 76

Abd al-Qadir Pasha, 67

Abd al-Qadir wad al-Zayn, 40

Abd al-Rahman (d. 1803, sultan of

Darfur), 21, 33

Abd al-Rahman, Hasabu, 276

Abd al-Rahman Adam Rijal, 127

Abd al-Rahman Bahr al-Din, 156, 158

Abd al-Rahman Firti, 98

Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, 121

and elections of 1958, 182

in opposition to Socialist Republican

Party, 172–73

threat of rebellion from, 175–76

and Umma party, 183

and Unionists, 155–57

varying appeal of, 121–25

Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Ibrahim,

174

Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Siwar

al-Dahab, 234

Abd al-Rahman Musa, 302, 304

Abd al-Rahman Shattut, 48

Abd al-Razzaq Haqqi Pasha, 51–52

355

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INDEX

Abd al-Salam al-Khalifa, 175

Abd al-Shafi�, Ahmad, 267

Abd al-Shakur Abd al-Rahman Shattut,

68

Abd al-Wahid Muhammad al-Nur, 267,

277, 278, 279, 300, 302, 303–04

Abdo, Ahmad Makki, 183

Abduh Abdallah Isma�il, 277

Abel Alier Kwai, 204

Abo Bey, 66

abo dali, 103–04

abo dima (dimangawi), 103–04

Abtar, Idris, 55

Abu Adhan (Shamli, Ahmad Pasha), 42,

43

Abu Anja, Hamdan, 70, 71, 72

Abu Bakr, 69

Abu Hamad, 88

Abuja peace process, 297–98

Abuja Protocol, 296

Abu Jummayza, 74–77

Abu Kauda, 90

Abu Kauda, Husayn, 89, 102

Abu�l-Bashar Abbakar, 302

abu�l-jabbayyin (head tax collector), 29

Abu�l-Khayrat, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80

Abu�l Qasim Ahmad Bukr, 20

Abu�l-Qasim Ali Dinar, 156

Abu�l-Qasim of Kutum, Ahmad, 174

Abu Madyan, Muhammad, 34

Abu Qurayn, 52

Abu Risha, 74, 82

Abu Shak, Ahmad, 89

Abu Sinn, Ali Abdallah, 175, 183

Abu Sinn, Muhammad Ali, 174

Addis Ababa Agreement, 204, 205, 219,

226

Administration Conference, 155–56

Advisory Council for the Northern

Sudan, 150–52

discussion of education in Darfur,

153

elections to, 171–72

Africa Confidential, 286

African Belt, 245–46, 266

Africans, versus Arabs, 264–66

African Union (AU), 289, 298

and Abuja peace process, 300–02

monitoring team appointed by,

295–96

in peace process 2006–09, 303–11

taking leading peacekeeping role,

294

violence against, 304

African Union/United Nations operation

in Darfur (UNAMID) force,

307–08, 313

Agha, Ali Khurshid, 40–41

Agricultural Bank, 213

Agricultural Research Corporation, 186

Agricultural Research Council, 186

agriculture. See also desertification;

drought; famine; water supplies

benefits from Five-Year Plans, 162,

163, 165

during Egyptian regime (Turkiyya), 42

government efforts to diversify, 141

during May Regime, 220–21

overreliance on, 185

overview, 5–7

during Sudanese parliamentary

regime, 188–91

during World War II, 147–50

airports in Darfur, 147, 190

Ali, Adam, 107

Ali, Ahmad, 79

Ali, Ramadan, 105

Ali b. Abi Talib, 60

Ali Dinar Zakariyya Muhammad al-Fadl

army of, 107

and death of Abu�l-Khayrat, 80

and French territorial claims, 96–100

and Mahdists, 80–81, 92–94, 102–03

officials under, 78, 79

overthrow of, 112–14

palace of, 114

photograph of, 113

relations with Dar Masalit, 96–97

and religious groups, 103

returned from captivity, 2

rivals of, 101–03

struggle ruling tribes, 100–01

taxation by, 28, 106

territorial administration, 103–07

titles of, 91

Wingate’s plans against, 109–12

356


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INDEX

Amnesty International, 287

Anglo-Egyptian Agreement, 175

Anglo-Egyptian regime

colonial rule in Darfur, 117–19

Condominium Agreement, 89, 156,

172

conquest of Darfur, 108–14

conquest of Sudan, 88–89

deterioration of Anglo-Egyptian

relations, 155–57

economy during, 2, 137–39

Hicks expedition, 65, 66–67

independence from, 177

Indirect Rule by. See also Native

Administration

and Mahdism, 119–25

and maqdumates, 128–29

and nazirs, 130–33

and shaykhs, 125–26, 130–33

judicial administration by, 118

slave trade policy of, 92, 115, 124

taxation by, 115, 121, 128, 132,

138

as unequal partnership, 88

Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, 156

Anglo-French agreements, 95

animal products, export of, 7, 143, 148

Anqara, al-Nur Bey Muhammad, 57, 59

Anti-Thirst Campaign, 197

Anyanya rebels, 193, 236–37

Aouzou Strip, 205–06

Approved Enterprises Act, 186

Arab Alliance (tajamu al-arabi), 245–46,

263–68

Arab Belt, 245–46

Arabicization, 13–14, 193, 259

Arabic language, 12, 178

Arabi Dafallah (amir), 92

Arabism, 244–45

Arab Monetary Fund, 255

Arabs

versus Africans, 264–66

population of, 10

Reconciliation Agreement with Fur

people, 245–46

tribal origins of, 11

war with Fur people, 264–66

Arbab Ahmad Shatta Ishaq, 174

Argun, Sa�d, 51

Atim, Sese Muhammad, 129

Atrocities Documentation Team, 285–86

AU. See African Union

Ayman, Rashid Bey, 59

Ayub, Isma�il, 38, 47, 48–49

al-Azhari, Isma�il, 118, 173, 175, 176,

178, 195, 196, 198–99

Bahr al-Din (Endoka), sultan, 127–28

on Advisory Council of the Northern

Sudan, 151

decentralization of judicial system of,

158

and Dud Murra, 98

informal majlis of, 152

and Mahdists, 121

photograph of, 120

reduced power of, 119

Bahr al-Ghazal, 37, 46

Baker, Samuel, 45–46

Bakheit, Jaafar Muhammad Ali, 207–10

Bakhit Abu Risha, 75

Bakhit of Dar Sila, 96

Bani Halba tribe

during Abu Jummayza revolt, 76

defeat of SPLA invaders, 260

home of, 10

and Indirect Rule, 132

relations with Ali Dinar, 94, 101

versus Slatin, 65–66

support of Mahdist revolution, 66

tribal court established, 152

war with Fur people, 245

Bani Husayn tribe, 10, 52

Baqqara tribes, 35

and Abdallahi, 69

during Abu Jummayza revolt, 76

and Ali Dinar, 100

forced migration of, 84

home of, 10


migration of, 17

opposition to Mahdiyya, 72

population of, 12

raiding of, 85

settling of during drought of 1973,

215

357


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INDEX

Baqqara tribes (cont.)

support of Mahdism by, 123

support of slave trade by, 61–62


use by Gordon to suppress slave trade,

50

war with Fur people, 27, 35

Bari tribe, 44

al-Bashir, Omar Hasan, 247–48. See

also National Islamic Front (NIF)

regime

breach with al-Turabi, 257, 269–70

election as president, 250

indictment of, 309, 313

offer of peace to rebels, 289

photograph of, 250

reactions to Fur complaints about

Arab attacks, 278

reactions to SLA/JEM attacks, 281

al-Bashir, al-Sammani, 127

Bashiri Bey wad Bakr, 65–66

Bedri, Ibrahim, 172–73, 175

Beja Congress, 195, 198

Bell, Gawain, 173

Bence-Pembroke, R. A., 139

Benn, Hilary, 303

Berti tribe, 10, 26, 66, 121, 130

Bidayriyya tribe, 10–11, 12, 216

bin Ladin, Osama, 256

Birgid tribe, 10, 66

conquest of, 21


opposition to Mahdists, 64, 72

sultan’s relations with, 26

Bishara, Adam Tamin, 121

Bishara, Muhammad, 75

Bishara Taj al-Din, 77

Black Book (al-kitab al-aswad), 274–77

Black Flag division, of Mahdist, 69

borders of Darfur, 95–100, 118–19

borehole drilling, 197–98, 212

Bosh Muhammad al-Fadl, 48

Boustead, Hugh, 129

Britain. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime

Disaster Relief Committee, 291

Egypt’s independence from, 116

evacuation of Egyptians from Sudan,

67–68

Long Range Desert Group, 146

occupation of Egypt

and party politics, 172–73

view toward UN stance on Sudan, 297


Browne, William, 21–22

Bukr, Ahmad, 19

Burckhardt, J. L., 29

Burkan (“Volcano”) Brigade, 218

Bush administration, 292, 310

Bushra Isma�il, 281

camps

during famine of 1984–85, 232

for refugees, 285, 301, 309

Carriage of Goods by Motor (Control)

Ordinance, 163

cattle

in Darfur, 189

disease in, 138–39, 189, 211

export of, 143, 168–69

and Five-Year Plan, 168–69

taxes on, 163

cease-fire agreements, 289, 295, 304

census of 1955–56, 178–80

cerebrospinal meningitis, 140, 170

Chad

attempts to mediate Darfur crisis,

288–90

food aid for camps in, 291

French involvement in, 199

refugees from in Darfur, 232

relations with Libya, 205–06, 216–19,

241–43, 258–59

relations with Sudan, 199–200,

242–44, 258–59, 301

Sudanese refugees in, 283, 287

and Tripoli Agreement, 299

during World War II, 146

Chad Liberation Front, 199–200

Chad National Liberation Front

(FROLINAT [Front de Liberation

Nationale du Tchad]), 199–200,

205–06, 216–17

children. See also education

deaths of during drought/famine of

1984–85, 230–31

treatment by janjawid, 282–83

358


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INDEX

China, view toward UN stance on

Sudan, 297

cholera virus, 85–86

Christians

during Egyptian regime (Turkiyya),

56–57

during May Regime, 251

climate of Darfur, 6–9

Closed Districts Order, 126

cloth tax (takkiyya), 29, 106

coins, 106

commerce. See economy; trade

Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, UN,

295

Committee for Restoration of State

Authority and Security in Darfur,

278

Committee of Forty, 248

communists, 195, 206, 210, 220

Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA),

273, 297–98, 306–07

Condominium Agreement, 89, 156, 172

cotton, export of, 181, 187. See also

Gezira Scheme

council of kings (majlis al-maluk), 105

coup

of 1958, 182–84

of 1969, 201–05

of 1971 (failed), 195, 210

of 1989, 247–48

CPA (Comprehensive Peace Agreement),

273, 297–98, 306–07

“crimes against humanity,” whether

applicable to Darfur, 293–94

Cromer, Lord, 90–91

crops. See agriculture

Daali (jadd al-Fur), 17

Dabaha, Muhammad Ibrahim, 127, 132

al-Dabi, Muhammad Ahmad, 262

al-Dadingawi, Mahmud Ali, 93, 103,

105, 107

al-Dadingawi, Salih, 129

al-Daghur, Fadlallah, 83

Daju tribe, 10, 15–16, 26, 75

damur (homespun), 143

Darfur. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime;

Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA);

Egyptian regime; Mahdist state;

May Regime; National Islamic

Front (NIF) regime; Sudanese

military regime; Sudanese

parliamentary regime;

Transitional Military Council

(TMC)

agriculture of, 5–7

borders of, 95–100, 118–19

climate of, 6–9

conquest by Egypt, 47

division into three states, 261–63

effect of World War I on, 108–12

epidemics in, 170

ethnic composition, 10–12

exports of, 7, 9, 143, 189–90

and Five-Year Plans, 164–67

geography of, 5

health services in, 170, 191–92

importance to Umma party, 197–99

labor relations in, 171

meaning of name, 4

National Council for the Salvation of

Darfur, 245–46

nationalist politics in, 170–75

population of, 9, 178, 188

Regional Government of, 222–25

relations with Chad, 242–44

rivalry with Wadai, 83, 95–96

SPLA invasion of, 260

territories of, 5

water supplies in, 190–91

Darfur Construction Unit, 191

Darfur-Darfur Dialogue and

Consultation, 303

Darfur Development Front, 194, 266

Darfur Liberation Front (DLF), 277–79

Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA), 4

conditions in Darfur during signing of,

304–05

negotiations over, 302–04

overview of, 302

security arrangements of, 303

Darfur Province Council, 150–52, 154,

208

Darfur Regional Assembly, 223

Darfur Regional Government, 231

Darfur Students Association, 224

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INDEX

Darfur Tribes Initiative, 299

Dar Hamid tribe, 10–11, 12

Dar Masalit, 48–49, 74, 119

Anglo-Egyptian claims to, 98–99

education in, 135

effect of division of Western Darfur

on, 261–62

and French, 97, 98

native administration of, 127–28

origin of name, 10

relations with Ali Dinar, 96–97

Uthman Adam’s invasion of, 80

Dar Masalit Rural Council, 207

Dar Qimr, 10, 26, 52, 74, 97–99,

119

Dar Sila, 48–49, 74, 96, 98

Dar Tama, 26, 48–49, 74, 97–99

Dar Zaghawa, 74

Dau al-Bayt, Ibrahim, 156

Daud Yahya Bulad, 260

Davies, Reginald, 124, 127–28

Dawra, Muhammad, 19, 21

debt. See foreign debt

Deby, Idris, 245, 258–59, 289–90. See

also Chad

DECARP (Desert Encroachment and

Rehabilitation Program), 233

decentralization, 222–23, 225

de Gaulle, Charles, 146, 147

dei Danziger, Francesco Emiliani, 56

Democratic Revolutionary Council, 218

Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 198

Depression. See Great Depression

Desert Encroachment and Rehabilitation

Program (DECARP), 233

desertification, 141, 148–50, 212, 214,

227–28. See also drought

development plans

Five-Year Plans, 162–69, 210–11

New Schemes program of 1957–61,

185

Six-Year Plan, 210–14

Ten-Year Plan, 185–88, 189, 190

devshirme system of slavery, 24

diarrhea, 231

dimangawi (abo dima), 103–04

dimlij (district chief), 25

Dinka tribe, 41, 42, 130, 238

Diraige, Ahmad Ibrahim, 224–25, 228,

277

attempt to mediate Darfur crisis, 289

call for true federal system, 241

election as governor, 264, 266–67

and famine of 1984–85, 231

as leader of Dar Fur Development

Front, 194

“disaster relief industry,” 272

“disaster tourism,” 227

disease. See epidemics

district chief (dimlij), 25

district representatives (shartays), 25,

32–33, 151

diwan tax, 29

DLF (Darfur Liberation Front), 277–79

Doctors without Borders survey, 312

Dongola, 18, 88

DPA. See Darfur Peace Agreement

drought, 139–43

of 1926, 139–40

of 1969–70, 189

of 1984–85, 226–33

of 1989–90, 260–61

during Mahdist rule, 85–86

Dud Banja, Abdallah, 57, 65, 66, 68, 70

Dud Murra (Muhammad Salih), 83, 98

DUP (Democratic Unionist Party), 198

Dupuis, C. G., 130

dysentery, 142

Eastern Darfur District Council, 207

Eastern Darfur Rural Council, 207

Economic Integration Agreement, 202

economy. See also exports; taxation;

trade

during Anglo-Egyptian regime, 2,

137–39

of Darfur, 188–92

development plans


New Schemes program of 1957–61,

185


Ten-Year Plan, 185–88, 189, 190

and foreign financing, 186–87

during Great Depression, 142–43

during Mahdist state, 84–86

360


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INDEX

during May Regime, 210–14, 220–21

during National Islamic Front (NIF)

regime, 255–56

during Sudanese military regime of

1958–64, 184–88

during Sudanese parliamentary regime

of 1956–58, 184–88


of 1965–69, 197

education, 153–54

1955–56 census findings, 179,

180

during Anglo-Egyptian regime, 126,

133–37


166–67

and failure of Six-Year Plan, 211



1958–64, 193

Egypt. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime;

Egyptian regime

British occupation of, 87

elimination of annual grants from,

137

expansion of empire, 39–40

Fur trade with, 18, 27

independence from Britain, 116

Mamluk kingdom of, 24

relations with Sudan, 202, 217, 256,

257

Egyptian regime (Turkiyya), 39–59,

63–64. See also Gordon,

Charles

administration of, 41–42

agricultural production, 42

army of, 45, 46

capital of, 40

conquest of Darfur, 47

debt of, 54

efforts to suppress slave trade, 44–45,

50, 55–56, 61

explorations by, 42–43

officials of, 41, 43, 46–47

provinces of, 41

rebellion against, 40, 51–52, 57–59.

See also Mahdist state

rule over Darfur, 47, 48–49

taxation by, 40, 41–42, 51, 54

trade during, 49–50

waning interest in Sudan, 43, 60

elections

of 1953, 173–74, 175–76

of 1958, 181–82

of 1963, 192–93

of 1965, 195–96, 220

of 1968, 198

of 1974, 204–05

of 1986, 237

of 1996, 250

scheduled for 2010, 307, 308

elementary vernacular schools (kuttabs),

134–35

El Fasher

conquest by Egypt, 47

fula (lake) of, 141

origin of, 20–21

rebellion against Egyptian rule in,

51–52

relief of garrison by Gordon, 53

SLA and JEM attacks on, 281

and Slatin, 59

during World War II, 147

El Fasher Rural Council, 207

Eliasson, Jan, 306

El Obeid, 63, 65

Emin Pasha (Eduard Schnitzer),

56

Ennedi Groupe Nomade, 146

environment. See desertification;

drought; soil degradation;

water supplies

epidemics. See also medical provisions

of 1926, 139–40, 143

of 1927, 1930, and 1936, 138–39

of 1928–29, 140

in Darfur, 139–43, 170, 191–92


estate (hakura) system of land tenure,

25–26, 106, 214–15

ethnic cleansing

as aspect of tribal fighting in 1980s,

216

by National Islamic Front and

janjawid, 3–4, 265–66, 282–84

use of term, 293–94

361


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INDEX

Europe

efforts to suppress slave trade, 37,

44–45

opposition to British occupation of

Egypt, 87

political inaction toward Darfur, 293

Europeans

appointment to positions over

Muslims, 56–57

in Egyptian army, 45–46

as officials in Egyptian regime, 46–47

slave trading by, 44

European Union Airbridge, 232

Executive Council and Legislative

Assembly Ordinance, 155–56

Executive Council of Darfur, 223

exiles (muhajarin), 123

exports, 7, 9, 143

animal products, 7, 143, 148

cattle, 143, 168–69

cotton, 181, 187. See also Gezira

Scheme

gum, 143, 165, 189–90, 221

al-Fadl, Muhammad, 21, 34, 102

Fallata people, 11, 152

famine, 139–43

of 1873–74, 85

of 1888–92, 78, 85–86

of 1913–14, 110–11, 117

of 1926, 139–40

of 1931–32, 140

of 1941–42, 148

of 1973, 214–16, 228

of 1984–85, 3, 226–33

of 1989–90, 260–61

FAN (Northern Army Force), 217

faqihs (Islamic Law experts), 25, 33, 103

Federal Army of Darfur, 243

Fiki al-Muhajir, 124

fitr (head tax), 29, 106


food aid, 231–32

for camps in Chad, 291

during National Islamic Front regime,

255, 260–61, 285

Food Aid National Administration, 233

Food for Peace, 187

foreign debt

during Egyptian regime, 54


during National Islamic Front (NIF)

regime, 255–56

during Transitional Military Council

(TMC) regime, 238

Forty-Days Road, 18, 27, 28, 84

France

and Ali Dinar, 96–100

and borders of Darfur, 95–96, 108

and Chad, 199

opposition to Wingate’s plans to take

Darfur, 112

view toward UN stance on Sudan,

297


Free Officers Movement, 201–02

FROLINAT (Front de Liberation

Nationale du Tchad) [Chad

National Liberation Front],

199–200, 205–06, 216–17

Funj sultanate, 34

fuqara (holy men), 31–33, 122

Fur-Arab war of 1987–89, 264–66

Fur language, 10, 12, 14

Fur Leadership Conference, 278–79

Fur people, 4. See also Fur state; Fur

sultans; Keira clan

alliance with Zaghawa against NIF,

277–79

effect of epidemics of 1926 on,

139–40


main groups, 10


militias against Chadians, 243–44

organization/training of against Arab

Alliance, 266–68

population, 12

possible coexistence with Tunjur,

16–17

Reconciliation Agreement with Arabs,

245–46


support of slave trade by, 62

war with Arabs, 264–66

fursan (horsemen), 26–27

362


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INDEX

Fur state. See also Fur people; Fur

sultans; Keira clan

commerce of, 18, 27–30

expansion of, 19–22

fall of first sultanate, 37–38

military of, 26–27

and religion, 30–33

royal government of, 22–26

slave trade, 27–30

territories of, 25

Fur sultans. See also Ali Dinar; Fur state;

Keira clan

fall of second sultanate, 112–14

Gordon’s attempts to restore, 55

as judges, 32–33

legitimacy of sultans, 101–03

palaces of, 33

revenue of, 29–30

succession of, 21–22

tombs of sultans, 31

wives and concubines of, 22, 23

Gaddafi, Muammar, 3, 205–06, 217,

219, 235–36, 299. See also Libya

Garang, John, 237, 252, 273, 297

genocide, whether term applicable to

Darfur, 293–95

geography of Darfur, 5

Germany, and Ottoman Empire, 108–12

Gessi, Romolo, 55, 56

Gezira Scheme, 137–38, 162, 163

al-Ghali, Salah Ali, 278

al-Ghali Taj al-Din, 127, 132

Ghazi Salah al-Din, 311

al-Ghazzali Ahmad Khawwaf, 77

Giegler, Carl, 56, 59

GONU (Government of National

Unity), 274, 300, 306–07

Gordon (Memorial) College, 134, 153,

162

Gordon, Charles

appointments made by, 50, 56–57

attempts to restore Fur sultans, 55

in Darfur, 52–59

death of, 68

efforts to suppress slave trade, 55–56

evacuation of Egyptians by, 67–68

as governor-general of Sudan, 46–47

plans to avenge, 90

resignation as governor-general, 59

Goukouni Oueddi, 217–18

Government of National Unity

(GONU), 274, 300, 306–07

graduates’ constituency, 182

Graduates’ General Congress, 150–52,

153–54, 155

grain prices, 148, 161, 229

Gration, Scott, 310–11

Grazing Agreement, 130

Great Depression

effect on Sudan, 142–43

and Indirect Rule, 137–38, 139

groundnut (peanut) industry, 221

Guardian, on atrocities in Darfur, 288

gum, export of, 143, 165, 189–90, 221

Habbaniyya tribe

Abdallahi’s treatment of, 77


support of Mahdist revolution, 63, 66



Habre, Hissene, 216–17, 218–19, 245,

258–59

Hadanduwa tribe, 42

al-Hadi (imam), 202

Hajjam Hasab Allah, 52

Hajjar Tokef, 98

hajj routes, 1

hakura (estate) system of land tenure,

25–26, 106, 214–15

Hamar tribe, 10–11

Hamid, Adam, 123

Harir (Sharif), 277

Hasab Allah, 48

Hasan (son of Taj al-Din), 174–75

Hasan, Mustafa Muhammad, 174

Hasan, Yusuf, 129

al-Hasan, Zubayr Ahmad, 279

Hasan Jibril Sulayman, 174

Hasan Sulayman, 262

Hashim Mustafa, 152

Hassaballah, Adud, 265

Hawa, Salih, 77

Hawkesworth, Desmond, 172

head tax (fitr), 29, 106

363


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INDEX

head tax collector (abu�l-jabbayyin), 29

health services


164, 167

in Darfur, 170, 191–92

Henderson, K. D. D., 173, 175

Henri Dunant Foundation, 289

herd tax (zaka), 106

Hicks, William, 66–67

Hicks expedition, 65, 66

High Technical Permanent Committee

for Combating Drought,

Desertification, and Disasters

(HTPCCDDD), 233

Hilal, Musa, 265–66, 276, 278, 279

al-Hilali, Muhammad, 46

al-Hindi, Husayn, 205

holy men (fuqara), 31–33, 122

homespun (damur), 143

honorifics of Fur officials, 23–24

horsemen (fursan), 26–27

hospitals, 141–42, 164, 170

Howe, Robert, 156

HTPCCDDD (High Technical

Permanent Committee for

Combating Drought,

Desertification, and Disasters),

233

Huddleston, Hubert, 145

Humanitarian Cease-fire, 289

humanitarian issue, treatment of Darfur

as, 290–91

al-Husayn, Muhammad, 33, 37–38

Husayn, Sanin, 83, 93, 95

Ibn Umar Sa�id, 218

Ibok, Sam, 289

Ibrahim (defterdar), 40

Ibrahim (nazir), 130

Ibrahim Ali, 89–90

Ibrahim Muhammad Sulayman, 278,

280–81

Ibrahim Qarad, 38

Ibrahim of the Tama, 74

ICF (Islamic Charter Front), 195, 220

Idris (sultan), 74, 76, 81–82, 96, 119

Idris, Ali, 173

Idris, Hashim, 152

IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority on

Drought and Desertification), 252

al-ikhwan al-muslimun. See Muslim

Brotherhood

IMF (International Monetary Fund),

210–11, 238–39, 255

Indirect Rule. See also Native

Administration


and maqdumates, 128–29

and nazirs, 130–33

and shaykhs, 125–26, 130–33

Industrial Act, 186

Ingleson, Philip, 151

Integration Charter, 258

Intergovernmental Authority on

Drought and Desertification

(IGAD), 252

international attention on Darfur, 289.

See also Europe; United Nations;

United States

international movement to “save

Darfur,” 309–10

media, 286–87, 288, 290–91, 292

organizations

Amnesty International, 287

Britain’s Disaster Relief Committee,

287

International Crisis Group, 287

World Food Program, 291

treatment as humanitarian issue,

290–91

International Commission of Inquiry,

296

International Convention on the

Prevention and Punishment of

Crimes of Genocide, 294–95

International Criminal Court, 295, 308

International Crisis Group, 287

International Monetary Fund (IMF),

210–11, 238–39, 255

intifada, 224, 225

Islam. See Islamization; Mahdi;

Mahdists

Islamic Charter Front (ICF), 195, 220

Islamic Constitution, 257

Islamic law. See law, Islamic (shari�a)

Islamic Law experts (faqihs), 25, 33, 103

364


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INDEX

Islamic Legion, 217, 264

The Islamic Way: How? (Nimayri),

222

The Islamic Way: Why? (Nimayri), 222

Islamism, 244–45

Islamization

early, 13–14, 18, 30–33



247–48, 251


1958–64, 193

Isma�il (khedive), 37, 38, 45–47

Italian forces in Africa, 144–46

ivory, trade of, 44, 148

Ja�aliyyin, 40

Jabal Marra

agriculture of, 7

as closed district, 279

and early Fur state, 17

as military training grounds, 267

photographs of, 6, 8

as refuge during Egyptian regime, 48,

54

roads created by government, 169

Tura in, 17

Jabal Marra Investigation Scheme of

agricultural expansion,

190

jadd al-Fur (Daali), 17

jallaba (merchants or peddlers), 49–50,

193–94. See also trade

Jamma, Mahmud Bashir, 224–25

janjawid, 262, 268. See also National

Islamic Front (NIF) regime

activities after signing of DPA, 304

agreements to disarm, 296

alliance with National Islamic Front,

265–66, 278, 280, 281–85,

286–87, 291, 300

Bush receives list of, 292

efforts to suppress knowledge of,

286–87

first official reference to, 245

Fur defense against, 243

and Muhammad Ahmad al-Dabi,

262

orders/promises to disarm, 294, 296,

303

organized resistance against, 268,

277–78, 279

raids/ethnic cleansing by, 3–4,

265–66, 282–84, 312

and refugee camps, 291

against SLA/JEM, 281–84

Jawama�a tribe, 10–11, 12

Al-Jazira radio station, 287

JEM. See Justice and Equality Movement

Jibril, Husayn Abdallah, 276

jihadia, 70, 71, 78

jizzu vegetation, 6, 160–61

John Paul II (Pope), 257

journalism, on atrocities in Darfur,

286–87

judges (qadis), 32–33, 105–06, 115, 118

judicial deputies (nuwwab), 79

judicial procedures. See also law, Islamic

(shari�a)

during Anglo-Egyptian rule, 118


during Sudanese military regime, 183

Juma�a Muhammad Hagar, 277

Juma, Sa�id, 59

jurenga, 26, 27

Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)

attacks on El Fasher and Nyala, 281

formation of, 276–77

National Movement for Reform and

Development split from, 298–99

negotiations in 2008–09, 306

NIF alliance with janjawid against,

281–84

rift with SLM, 298–99

al-Juwaysar, Hasan Hilmi (pasha), 51

Kababish Arabs, 10, 100, 110, 130

Kabkabiyya, 19, 49, 51, 93

Kapila, Mukesh, 291

Karakirit division of Fur, 10

Karam al-Din Muhammad, 132

Karo Fata (White Bone) famine, 85

kasha, 227

Keira clan, 16–19, 47, 48. See also Fur

state; Fur sultans

Kelly, P. J. V., 118

365


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INDEX

al-Khalifa, Majdhub, 302

Khalil, Jibril, 302

Khalil Ibrahim, 276, 280–81, 298,

303–04

khalwas (Qur�anic schools), 133, 135,

179, 193

Khartoum

closing of slave market at, 44–45

education in, 180

and European traders, 43–44

hospitals in, 170


Khartoum University, 153

Khatir Tur al-Khalla, 277

Khatmiyya order of sufis, 249

Khusraw, Muhammad, 34

Kiir, Salva, 273

al-kitab al-aswad (Black Book), 274–77

Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 88–90,

99–100, 108, 112

Kordofan, 20, 25

and Ali Dinar, 94

combined with Darfur as “province of

the west,” 78

conquest of, 21, 34, 63

Egyptian invasion of, 39–40

Kristof, Nicholas, 288

Krump, Theodor, 18

Kubbar, Ahmad, 279

Kufra Oasis, 146

Kul Kul, 49, 51

Kunjara, Adam, 71

Kunjara division of Fur, 10

Kurqasawi, Karamallah, 71–72

Kurqasawi, Muhammad, 71–72

kuttabs (elementary vernacular schools),

134–35

Kuuruu, 17

Lagu, Joseph, 204

Al-Lahib al-Ahmar (Red Flame), 193

Lam Akol Ajawin, 300

Lampen, G. D., 131–32, 144, 151, 164

Land Registration Act, 264

land tenure, estate (hakura) system of,

25–26, 106, 214–15

Land Use and Rural Water Development

Department, 191, 197–98

languages spoken in Darfur, 12, 14

law, Islamic (shari�a)

during Ali Dinar’s rule, 105


during Fur state, 32–33

during May Regime, 222, 226


247


regime, 234, 237–38

“Law of Fratricide,” 21

legislation. See law

Legislative Assembly, 155–57, 171–72

Legitimate Command, 249

Libya

Italian threat from, 145–46

relations with Chad, 205–06, 216–19,

241–43, 258–59

relations with Sudan, 202, 216–19,

235, 241–42, 258–59

Libyan Islamic Legion, 218

Lissan, Ahmad Tugud, 302

literacy, 133–37, 211

loans to Sudan. See also Gezira Scheme


during May Regime, 210–11,

213


255


regime, 238–39

Local Government Appropriation of

Taxes Ordinance, 159

locust plagues, 140, 147–48

Lual Deng, 303

Lupton, Frank, 56, 64

Ma�alia people, 63, 66, 94, 132

MacMichael, H. A., 30, 110, 111, 114,

117–18

Madibbu, Ibrahim, 302, 304

Madibbu, Ibrahim Musa, 127, 131,

156

Madibbu, Musa, 100

Madibbu, Sa�id Mahmud Ibrahim Musa,

299

Madibbu Ali, 63, 64, 66, 71

Maffey, John, 126–27

366


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INDEX

Mahdi (divinely guided one). See also

Abdallah, Muhammad Ahmad;

Mahdists; Mahdist state

Abdallahi al-Sihayni as, 119

general concept of, 60–62

khalifas of, 69–70. See also Abdallah;

Abu Jummayza

al-Mahdi, al-Hadi, 195–96, 198

al-Mahdi, al-Sadiq, 195–96, 198

during 1965–69 parliamentary

regime, 198

Arab Alliance letter to, 264–65

during May Regime, 202, 205,

219–22, 226


249, 258

photograph of, 236

as prime minister, 239


regime, 235–36, 237–38

al-Mahdi, al-Siddiq, 172, 173

Mahdi Hassaballah, 130

Mahdists, 61–62. See also Abdallah,

Muhammad Ahmad; Mahdi;

Mahdist state; Umma party

and Ali Dinar, 102–03

battle of Shaykan, 66–67

conquest of Darfur, 64–67, 73

conquest of Kordofan, 63

crisis following death of Mahdi,

68–70

and elections of 1953, 173–74

and elections of 1958, 182


May Regime’s attack on, 202

rising of 1921, 119–25

Slatin’s efforts to suppress, 64–66

support of, 63–64


(TMC) regime, 235, 237–38

victories of, 64–67

Mahdist state

drought during, 85–86

economy during, 84–86

epidemics during, 85–86

famine during, 85–86


rebellion of Abu Jummayza, 74–77

resistance to Ali Dinar, 92–94

rule of Darfur, 73–74, 78–79, 80–83

taxation by, 73

trade during, 84–86

Wadai resistance to, 83

Western opposition to, 73–74

Mahid Elgabid, 289

Mahjub, Muhammad Ahmad, 195, 196,

198, 199

Mahmud, al-Malik Rahmatallah, 156,

173, 174

Mahmud Ahmad, 78, 79, 80–83, 88–89

Mahu Bey, 40, 41

majlis al-maluk (council of kings), 105

malaria, 170, 191, 231

Malloum, Felix, 206, 216–17

Mamluk kingdom of Egypt, 24

Manasir people, 66

Manikli, Ahmad Pasha (al-Jazzar), 42

manufacturing, 185, 189, 211

Maqbula bint Nurayn, 104

maqdumates, 128–29

maqdums, 25, 103, 158–59

al-Mardi, al-Tayyib, 224

Masalit people, 12, 75, 277–79

Mason, Alexander, 56

May Regime

agriculture during, 220–21

attack on Mahdists, 202

and Bakheit, 207–10

economy during, 210–14, 220–21

education during, 211

and Gaddafi, 205–06

Islamization during, 226

and National Reconciliation, 219–22

neglect by during drought/famine of

1984–85, 226–33


overthrow of Sudanese parliamentary

regime by, 201–05

redivision of south Sudan, 225–26

regionalization of northern Sudan,

222–25

relations with Chad, 216–19

relations with Libya, 202, 216–19

taxation by, 223

McMahon, Henry, 108, 112

measles, 231

367


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INDEX

Mecca, pilgrimage to, 29, 84

media attention on Darfur, 286–87, 288,

290–91, 292

medical provisions, 141–42

Meidob people, 26, 152, 159, 161, 263

Messedaglia, Giacomo, 56

migration of tribes

during drought of 1973, 214–16

during drought of 1984–85, 229–30

forced, 77–78, 84

for grazing, 160–61

overview, 9–10

Military Economic Board, 220

military regimes. See May Regime;

National Islamic Front (NIF)

regime; Sudanese military regime

Milner Mission, 125

Mima tribe, 66, 72

Minawi, Minni Arkoy, 300, 302, 304

Ministry of Agriculture, 186

Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Natural

Resources, and Irrigation, 212

Ministry of Cooperation and Rural

Development, 212

Ministry of Energy and Mineral

Resources, 212

Ministry of Finance, 186, 240

Ministry of Industry and Mining, 186

Ministry of Local Government, 240

al-Mirghani, Ahmad Uthman, 235

al-Mirghani, Ali, 124, 155, 176

al-Mirghani, Muhammad Uthman, 249

Misiriyya people, 64

missionaries, 44

Mubarak, Hosni, 256

mufti, 118

muhajarin (exiles), 123

Muhammad (emir), 129

Muhammad (Prophet), 60

Muhammad Adam, 302

Muhammad Adam Sharif, 103

Muhammad Ali Pasha, 34

and Ahmad Abu Adhan, 43

origin and language of, 39

Sudanese rebellion against, 40

taxes levied on Sudanese by, 40

Muhammad al-Zaki Ahmad, 174

Muhammad Sharif, 70

Muhammad Taha, 226, 248, 269, 279,

280, 289, 302

Muhammady, Mam�un, 212

murahalin (tribal militias), 238, 299

Musa, Adam Hamid, 276

Musa, Ahmad, 199–200

Musa, Ibrahim, 130, 151, 152, 173

Musabba�at people, 21

Muslim Brotherhood (al-ikhwan

al-muslimun), 193, 194, 220. See

also National Islamic Front

(NIF)

during May Regime, 205, 221–22,

224, 226


259


of 1965–69, 195


regime, 235

Muslim clerics (ulama), 32, 79, 105,

118, 122

Muslims. See Islamization; Mahdi;

Mahdists

Nachtigal, Gustav, 22, 23, 24, 30

Nafie Ali Nafie, 311

Al-Nahjj al-islami limatha? (The Islamic

Way: Why?) (Nimayri), 222

na�ib umum Dar Fur (chief judge), 79

National Alliance for National

Salvation, 234–35

National Council for the Salvation of

Darfur, 245–46

National Democratic Alliance (NDA),

249, 257

National Dialogue conference, 249

National High Council for Drought and

Desertification, 233

National Islamic Front (NIF) regime

and Abuja peace process, 297–98

alliance with janjawid against

SLA/JEM, 281–84

and Arab Alliance, 263–66

coup of 1989, 247–48

Darfur Liberation Front (DLF)

against, 277–79

dealings with south, 251–54

368


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INDEX

dissidents of, Black Book published

by, 274–77

division of Darfur into three states by,

261–63

economy during, 255–56

ethnic cleansing by, 282–84

foreign relations, 256–57

Islamization under, 251

military of, 248–49

neglect of/discrimination against Fur,

267–68

provincial administration, 250–51

relations with Sudan People’s

Liberation Movement, 270–74,

297–98

rule in Darfur, 259–61

SLA/JEM attacks on, 280–82

split of, 269–70

strains within, 257

support of Chadian rebels against

Habre, 258–59

and terrorist organizations, 256

totalitarian nature of, 248

National Liberation Party, 182

National Movement for Reform and

Development (NMRD), 298–99

National Reconciliation, 219–22, 257

National Research Council, 186

National Unionist Party (NUP), 172–75,

177–78

in elections of 1958, 182

in elections of 1965, 195–96

and May Regime, 202

reuniting with People’s Democratic

Party, 198

split of, 178

Native Administration. See also Indirect

Rule

during Anglo-Egyptian regime,

119–25, 127–28, 130–31,

132–37

combination with local Darfur

government, 158–59

of Dar Masalit, 127–28

effect on education, 133–37

efforts to amalgamate tribes under,

132–33

and intertribal relations, 130–31


during May Regime, 202, 209


251

Nawai, Idris, 279

NDA. See National Democratic Alliance

negotiation agreements, 295

Neguib, Muhammad, 176

Newbold, Douglas, 150, 155

New Schemes program, 185

New York Times, on atrocities in

Darfur, 288

NIF regime. See National Islamic Front

(NIF) regime

Nimayri, Jaafar Muhammad, 202–05,

208, 218. See also May Regime

books published under name of,

222

efforts to make peace with Chad,

216–17

and National Reconciliation, 219–22


photograph of, 203

return from exile, 257

Niyazi, Sulayman Pasha, 67

NMRD (National Movement for

Reform and Development),

298–99

Non-Project Assistance, 187

Northern Army Force (FAN), 217

Northern Darfur Rural Council, 207

Northwest Darfur District Council, 207

Nuba Mountains Federation, 195, 198

NUP. See National Unionist Party

al-Nur, Adam, 132

al-Nur, Sa�d, 38

al-Nur, Tibn Sa�d, 105

Nur al-Din Dafa�allah, 276–77

nuwwab (judicial deputies), 79

OAU (Organization of African Unity),

217–18

Obama administration, 292, 310–11

October Revolution, 192–95

oil production, effect on international

relations, 256–57, 286

Organization and Promotion of

Industrial Investment Act, 186

369


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INDEX

Organization of African Unity (OAU),

217–18

Ottoman Empire, 108–12. See also

Egyptian regime (Turkiyya)

PDP. See People’s Democratic Party

Peace and Reconciliation Council, 303

Peace and Security Council, AU, 301

peanut (groundnut) industry, 221

People’s Assembly, 204, 209

People’s Democratic Party (PDP), 178


and elections of 1965, 195, 220

reuniting with National Unionist

Party, 198

People’s Local Government Act, 207

Perham, Margery, 128

pilgrimage to Mecca, 29, 84

plague, locusts, 140, 147–48

police in Darfur, 138

Popular Assembly, 249

Popular Islamic and Arab Conference,

256

Popular Patriotic Congress (PPC), 270

Powell, Colin, 294

The Powers of Nomad Sheikhs

Ordinance, 125–26

PPC (Popular Patriotic Congress), 270

prison labor camps, 167

Professionals’ Front, 194

Pronk, Jan, 296

Prout, Henry, 56

provinces of Darfur, 48–49, 118

Provincial Administration Act of 1960,

183

qadi al-Islam, 79

Qarad, Husayn Ibrahim, 102

qisms, 49

Quarantine Law, 191

Qur�an, as basis of laws, 79

“Quraysh 1,” 265

“Quraysh 2,” 266

quz region, 6–7

Rabih Zubayr, 95

al-Raddi, Umbadda, 83

railways, 163, 164–65, 190, 213–14

Railway Workers’ Union, 171

rainfall. See drought

Ramcharan, Bertrand, 293

al-Rashid, Muhammad Harun, 48, 51,

52, 53, 55

battle against Slatin, 57

Egyptian regime’s inability to deal

with, 54

killing of, 57

Ra�uf, Muhammad Pasha, 47, 59

RCC (Revolutionary Command

Council), 201–03, 247, 249

Red Flame (Al-Lahib al-Ahmar), 193

redivision of south Sudan, 225–26

refugees, 285, 290–91

Regional Conference of SSU, 223

Regional Government Act, 222

Regional Government of Darfur, 222–25

regionalization of northern Sudan,

222–25

Regional Self-Government Act, 204

Relief Information and Coordination

Support Unit, 233

reporters, and atrocities in Darfur,

286–87

Republican Brothers, 226

Revolutionary Command Council

(RCC), 201–03, 247, 249

Rigolet, Charles, 56

Rijal, Adam, 93, 97–98, 105, 107

rinderpest, 138–39, 189, 211

Rizayqat tribe, 10

and Abu Jummayza revolt, 76

conflicts over tribal boundaries and

rights of way, 262–63

and Indirect Rule, 130, 132

massacre of Dinka refugees by, 238

Muhammad Tayrab’s campaigns

against, 21

opposition to Mahdiyya, 71, 72

relations with Ali Dinar, 94

and Slatin, 66

support of Mahdist revolution, 63–64



roads in Darfur, 169, 213

Robertson, James, 156, 157, 173, 174

Rosset, Karl Friedrich, 56

370


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INDEX

Rural Water Development Corporation

(RWDC), 212

Rural Water Supplies and Soil

Conservation Board, 190–91

Russia, view toward UN stance on

Sudan, 297

RWDC (Rural Water Development

Corporation), 212

Sadat, Anwar, 217

Sa�id, Muhammad, 44–45

Salamat people, 245

Salih, Mahmud al-Tayyib, 174

Salih, Muhammad (Dud Murra), 83,

98

Salim Ahmad Salim, 302, 306

Salim Qabudan, 42

Sanusi, Ali, 127

Sanusiyya order of sufis, 103, 111

Savile, R. V., 109–10, 118

Sayf al-Din, 48, 129

al-Sayyid, Hamid Effendi, 151

al-Sayyid Bey Jum�a, 67

schistosomiasis, 142, 191–92

Schnitzer, Eduard (Emin Pasha), 56

schools, 133–37, 153–54

1955–56 census findings, 179

benefits from Five-Year Plans, 166–67

and failure of Six-Year Plan, 211


during Sudanese military regime, 193

SCP (Sudanese Communist Party), 192,

193, 198

Scramble for Africa, 37, 96

SDF (Sudan Defense Force), 144, 145,

146

Security Council, UN, 293, 296, 304

countries interested/uninterested in

aggressive UN stance, 297

Resolution 1556, 296

Resolution 1574, 296–97



September Laws, 226, 234, 237–38

Sese, Tijani, 245, 265

al-Shafi� Ahmad al-Shaykh, 195, 210

al-Shahana, 298–99

Shakka, 55, 64

Shamli, Ahmad Pasha (Abu Adhan), 42,

43

shari�a. See law, Islamic

shartays (district representatives), 25,

32–33, 151

Shatta, Ahmad, 38

Shaykan, battle of, 66–67

shaykhs

and Abd al-Rahman, 123

alliance with Muhammad Khalid,

69–70

collection of taxes by, 54

education of children of, 133–37

during Egyptian regime, 49, 65

and Indirect Rule, 125–26, 130–37




settling of legal disputes by, 105–06

Sudanese dependence on for

leadership, 122

Shayqiyya tribe, 40

Shilluk people, 41, 42

Shuqayr, Na�um, 48

al-Sihayni, Abdallahi, 119

Sinnar, 18, 20, 34, 39–40

Sirte Process, 306


SLA. See Sudan Liberation Army

Slatin, Rudolf, 57–59, 64–67

and Ali Dinar, 91, 92, 97

and borders of Darfur, 95, 97, 98–99

efforts to suppress Mahdists, 64–66

as governor of Dara, 57

and revolting tribes, 100, 101

slaves

eunuchs, 24

in important positions, 24–25

in Sudanese military, 61

of sultan, chief of (ab shaykh dali), 24

slave trade

Anglo-Egyptian policy on, 92, 115,

124

Egyptian efforts to suppress, 37,

44–45, 50, 55–56, 61

European efforts to suppress, 44–45

by Europeans, 44

of Fur state, 27–30

371


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INDEX

slave trade (cont.)

overview, 7

Sudanese, 44–45

support by Baqqara tribes, 61–62

support by Fur people, 62

SLM. See Sudan Liberation Movement

smallpox, 86, 140, 142, 170

Socialist Republican Party (SRP),

172–75

social services, 166–67, 187–88

soil conservation, 165, 168

Soil Conservation Committee, 149–50,

167, 168

Soil Conservation, Land Use, and Rural

Water Programming

Administration, 212

soil degradation, 149–50, 228

South Darfur Transport Company,

214

Southern Darfur Rural Council, 207

Southern Darfur Rural Development

Program, 211

Southern Liberal Party, 182

Southern Regional Government,

236–38

Southern Sudan Liberation Movement

(SSLM), 204

SPLA. See Sudan People’s Liberation

Army

SPLM. See Sudan People’s Liberation

Movement

SRP (Socialist Republican Party),

172–75

SSLM (Southern Sudan Liberation

Movement), 204

SSU (Sudanese Socialist Union), 204,

208–10, 222, 223, 225, 234

Stack, Lee, 125, 126

Sudan. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime;

Egyptian regime; May Regime;

National Islamic Front (NIF)

regime; Sudanese military regime;

Sudanese parliamentary regime;

Transitional Military Council

(TMC)

effect of Great Depression on, 142–43

effect of World War I on, 108–12

relations with Chad, 199–200,

242–44, 258–59, 301

relations with Egypt, 202, 217, 256,

257

relations with Libya, 202, 205–06,

216–19, 235, 241–42

Sudan Defense Force (SDF), 144, 145,

146

Sudanese Communist Party (SCP), 192,

193, 198

Sudanese military regime

of 1958–64, 182–95

of 1965–69. See May Regime

of 1989–. See National Islamic Front

(NIF) regime

Sudanese parliamentary regime

of 1956–58, 181–84

of 1965–69, 195–96, 197, 200,

201–05

of 1986–89, 238–41

Sudanese Socialist Union (SSU), 204,

208–10, 222, 223, 225, 234

Sudan Government. See Anglo-Egyptian

rule of Sudan

Sudanization Committee, 175

Sudan Liberation Army (SLA)

early success of, 280–82

first chairman of, 267

NIF alliance with janjawid against,

281–84

refusal to sign DPA by factions of,

303–04

splits within, 279–80

Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM),

279–80

refusal to sign DPA by fractions of,

303–04

rift with JEM, 298–99

splits within, 300

Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA)

goal of, 237–38


248, 252–54

Sudan People’s Liberation Movement

(SPLM)

alliance with National Democratic

Alliance, 249

372


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INDEX

Comprehensive Peace Agreement with

Sudanese government, 297–98

division of, 252–53

formation of, 225–26

goal of, 237–38

improved relations with National

Islamic Front (NIF), 270–74

invasion of Darfur, 260


247, 252–54, 260

PPC’s “Memorandum of

Understanding” with, 270

and transitional government, 237–38

Sudan Railways, 162, 164–65

Sudan Textile Industries Company,

213

Suez Canal Zone, 155–57

sufis, 251

Khatmiyya order of, 249

Sanusiyya order of, 103, 111

Tijaniyya order of, 103

Sufism (Islamic mysticism), 61

sugar consumption, 140–41

Sulayman, 17–18, 19

sultans, Fur. See Fur sultans; Keira

sultanate

sunna (custom) of the Prophet, 79

Sunni Islam. See Mahdi

Supreme Council of the Armed Forces,

182

Suq al-Na�am project, 212, 213

Symes, Stewart, 124–25, 145,

150

syphilis, 142

Ta�aisha tribe, 66

Abdallahi’s treatment of, 77


in Mahdist armies, 78


al-Tagawi, Tahir, 65–66

al-Tahir, al-Tijani, 258

Taj al-Din, 82, 96, 98

Taj al-Din Nyam, 302

tajamu al-arabi (Arab Alliance), 245–46,

263–68

takanawi (an office), 103–04

takkiyya (cloth tax), 29, 106

Tamurkwa division of Fur, 10

Tawfiq, Muhammad, 47, 67

taxation, 25–26

by Ali Dinar, 106

by Anglo-Egyptian regime, 115, 121,

128, 132, 138

by Egyptian regime, 41–42, 51, 54

by Mahdiyya, 73

by May Regime, 223

types of, 29–30

Tayrab, Muhammad, 20–21, 33

Tayrab Sulayman, 105

al-Tayyib Ibrahim, 251, 261

al-Tayyib Ibrahim Khayr, 248

al-Tayyib Muhammad Khayr, 281

Ten-Year Plan, 185–88, 189, 190

terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001,

271

terrorist organizations, 256

Tia, Muhammad Bey, 66

al-Tijani Sa�d, 183

Tijaniyya order of sufis, 103

Tinay, 281

Tirayu, Ali, 302

TMC (Transitional Military Council),

234–35, 236, 237–38, 241–43

Tombalbaye, Francois, 199, 206

trade. See also slave trade

of early Fur state, 18

between Egypt and Sudan, 42

during Egyptian regime, 49–50

of Fur state, 18, 27–30

during Great Depression, 142–43



of 1965–69, 197

Transitional Military Council (TMC),

234–35, 236, 237–38, 241–43

Transitional National Assembly,

249

transportation, 138

benefits from Five-Year Plans, 164

in Darfur, 169–70


and trade/agricultural problems,

148

373


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INDEX

tribes. See also Indirect Rule; names of

specific tribes

1955–56 census findings, 179

efforts to amalgamate, 132–33

fighting among over land, 216

forced migration of, 84

identification and loyalties, 13

migration of, 77–78, 160–61, 214–16,

229–30

militias against Chadians, 242–44

overview, 10–12

relations with Ali Dinar, 94,

100–01

Tripartite Economic Agreement,

202

Tripoli Agreement, 299

Tripoli Charter, 202

Tuhami Jalal Bey al-Din, 51

Tunjur people, 10, 16–17

Tura (Jabal Marra), 17

al-Turabi, Hasan, 220, 222, 247–48,

250, 256, 257, 269–70

Turco-Egyptian regime in Sudan. See

Egyptian regime (Turkiyya)

Turkish language, 39

Turkiyya. See Egyptian regime

al-Tuwaysha, 49, 53

ulama (Muslim clerics), 32, 79, 105,

118, 122

umangawi (abbo umo), 103–04

Umar, Adam, 70

Umar Darhu, 70

Umar Lel, 19–20

Umma party




president of, 172–75


1956–58, 181–82, 183


1958–64, 192–93

during Sudanese parliamentary

regime of 1965–69, 195–96,

197–99

support by Darfur, 259

support of FROLINAT, 200


regime, 239

Umm Birayr, Ilyas, 50

Umm Diwaykarat, battle of, 89

Umm Kadok, Hasan, 71

Umm Shanqa, 64, 65, 67

UNAMID (African Union/United

Nations operation in Darfur)

force, 307–08, 313

Unionists. See National Unionist Party

(NUP); People’s Democratic Party

(PDP)

United Democratic Salvation Front,

253

United Nations

Commission of Inquiry on Darfur,

295

denounced by NIF regime, 300

denouncing NIF’s actions as war

crimes, 284

High Commissioner for Refugees

(UNHCR), 291

Office for the Coordination of

Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA),

291

opposition of Sudanese government to

intervention by, 4

in peace process from 2006–09,

303–11

Security Council, 293, 296, 304

countries interested/uninterested in

aggressive UN stance, 297


Resolution 1574, 296–97



United States

Atrocities Documentation Team,

285–86

declaration of Sudan as terrorism

sponsor, 256

financial aid to Sudan, 181, 187, 235

opposition to Libya, 217

political inaction toward Darfur,

292–93, 294

relations with Sudan after 9/11, 271

view toward UN stance on Sudan,

297

374


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INDEX

Urabist movement, 64

Uthman, Muhammad (nazir), 132–33

Uthman Adam (Uthman Janu), 72–73,

74, 75, 76, 78, 80

attack on Dar Masalit, 85


Uthman Ishaq Adam, 174

veterinary services, 162, 163, 165

Victory Brigade, 282

Wadai, 20

French conquest of, 95–96

resistance to Mahdists, 83

rivalry with Darfur, 83, 95–96

trade with Darfur, 84

WAR. See Western Air Reinforcement

route

War of the Tribes, 243–44

water supplies

benefits from Five-Year Plans, 167–69

in Darfur, 190–91, 212

drying up of, 141, 148–50, 212, 214.

See also drought

Land Use and Rural Water

Development Department, 191,

197–98

Rural Water Supplies and Soil

Conservation Board, 190–91


of 1965–69, 197–98

weapons, 35

wells, 141, 168–69

Western Air Reinforcement (WAR)

route, 147

Western Arab Corps, 160

Western Darfur Rural Council, 207

Western Savannah Development Corp,

211

Western states, opposition to Mahdist

state, 73–74

Western Sudan Union, 198

White Bone (Karo Fata) famine, 85

Wingate, Reginald, 90

and borders of Darfur, 99, 108

and Darfur’s administration, 117

desire to avenge Gordon, 90, 91

plans to invade Darfur, 109–12

and Slatin, 99

during World War I, 109–12

World Bank, 255

World Food Program, 291

World War I, 108–12

World War II

Darfur Province Council

inauguration, 150–52

Five-Year Plans, 162–67

North African campaigns, 146

supplying of Allies in N. Africa and

Middle East by Sudan, 147

Yahya, Hamid (“Turjok”), 76

Ya�qub, Adam, 127

Yugoslavia, and May Regime, 202

Yusuf Ibrahim, 71, 72–73

Yusuf Muhammad Sharif, 74, 82

Zaghawa tribe

alliance with Fur against NIF, 277–79

and Chadian forces, 258–59

conflict with Rizayqat, 262–63

and drought of 1933, 143

and drought of 1969–70, 189

and drought of 1973, 214

and drought of 1984–85, 228

with Fur against Arab Alliance, 268

grazing troubles and agreements, 160

herding and gathering by, 6–7

lands of, 10, 19

language of, 12

and Libya, 217

and Mahdist rising of 1921, 119–21


militias against Chadian forces,

242–43

opposition to Mahdists, 64, 72

sultan’s relations with, 26

tribal disputes of, 152

Zaghlul, Sa�d, 126

al-Zahra, al-Husayn Ibrahim, 79

zaka (herd tax), 106

Zakariyya Bey, 51

Zalingei, 135–36, 151

Zayadiyya tribe, 10, 26, 101

al-Zayn, al-Qurashi wad, 62

al-Zayn, Ismat, 302

375


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INDEX

Zoellick, Robert, 303

al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur

appointment as governor, 46

and borders of Darfur, 99

conquest of Darfur, 37–38, 47, 48

photograph of, 36

slaves in army of, 61

slave trading by, 44

al-Zubayr, Sulayman, 50, 53–54, 55,

56

Zuqal, Muhammad Khalid, 59, 63, 65,

67, 69–70, 74, 79

376


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