The Cold War

The Cold War

1"Russians"In Europe and America, there's a growing feeling of hysteriaConditioned to respond to all the threatsIn the rhetorical speeches of the Soviets

Mr. Krushchev said we will bury youI don't subscribe to this point of viewIt would be such an ignorant thing to doIf the Russians love their children too

How can I save my little boy from Oppenheimer's deadly toyThere is no monopoly in common senseOn either side of the political fence

We share the same biologyRegardless of ideologyBelieve me when I say to youI hope the Russians love their children too

There is no historical precedentTo put the words in the mouth of the PresidentThere's no such thing as a winnable warIt's a lie we don't believe anymore

Mr. Reagan says we will protect youI don't subscribe to this point of viewBelieve me when I say to youI hope the Russians love their children too

We share the same biologyRegardless of ideologyWhat might save us, me, and youIs if the Russians love their children tooOrigins of the Cold WarContextGoalsU.S.SovietsAtlantic Charter revisitedBaggage (memories)U.S.SovietSuspicionU.S.SovietsRelations in War YearsFDR and StalinCooperationIdeology v. InterestArithmetic v. AlgebraProblems Unresolved (Germany, Japan, Eastern Europe)Cold War IssuesYalta, 1945German QuestionMorgenthau PlanStrong German EconomyTemporary MeasureTemporary Occupation Zones2. Eastern Europea. Polandb. Declaration on a Liberated Europe

B. Undecided1. Economic Reconstruction of Europe2. Atomic Bomb3. Atomic Energy4. Russian Help in Asia (against Japan)

IV. Formulating a New Foreign PolicyA. Our Response Options1. Universalist-Symmetrical2. Particularist-Asymmetrical3. 5 Power CentersB. Response Type Options1. Aid (military, economic)2. Military Action3. Alliances4. Negotiations5. Confrontation and Dtente (cycles of)

3A Bipolar World

4The Atlantic Charter

5Baggage & Suspicion

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9Relations in the War Years

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Tehran ConferenceYalta Conference

11The Morganthau Plan

12Temporary Occupation Zones

13Division of GermanyThe Allies decided to divide Germany into 4 zones after the war.Also, the capital of Berlin was divided into 4 sectors.SEE next 2 slides

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Truman and the Cold WarWar Ends 1945Truman Gets Tough -1946Containment Policy Develops (Europe)Containment in AsiaEffects on our Foreign PolicyKoreaOutcomes for the Truman Administration

17Potsdam Conference

18Potsdam ConferenceJuly 1945Final wartime conferenceBig ThreeEngland = AttleeUSA = TrumanUSSR = StalinStalin promised to allow free elections in Eastern Europe

19Satellite NationsStalin never allowed truly free elections.Instead, communist governments were installed in many Eastern European nations.Main Purpose?Protect USSR from invasion from the West20

Truman Gets Tough

21Containment PolicyGeorge Kennan, career Foreign Service OfficerFormulated the policy of containment:US would not get rid of communism, but would not allow it to spread.US would contain communism where is already existed.

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The Iron CurtainWinston Churchill coined this term.Famous speech on March 5, 1946 at Westminster College, in Fulton, Missouri.CLICK for text and video of speech

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Churchills WarningChurchill felt that behind the Iron Curtain, the USSR was planning to attack and conquer Western Europe.

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Spy Cases Shock the USDuring the late 1940s and early 1950s, America was rocked by sensational stories of Americans spying for the Soviet Union.

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Alger HissHiss worked for the US State Department.Accused of being a spy for the USSR.Found guilty of perjury.

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The RosenbergsAmerican Communists who were found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American nuclear bomb to the Soviet Union. The couple were executed at sundown in the electric chair at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, on June 19, 1953.

28IRAN

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30The Truman Doctrine

31The Marshall Plan

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33Problem with Berlin?Berlin was in the Soviet Sector.

Stalin was not happy with a small piece of democracy in Eastern Europe.What did he do? 34

Berlin BlockadeJune 1948, Stalin attempts to starve West Berliners into submission.All rail and street access was blocked. 35

The Berlin Airlift

36Berlin AirliftAmerican and British planes flew food and supplies into Berlin for 327 days.Stalin lifted the Blockade by May 1949.37

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Operation Little Vittles During the Berlin Airlift a group of pilots decided to help boost the spirits of the German children. They organized a mission to drop candy to the children using parachutes made of handkerchiefs.

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40North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNATO was established by a treaty in 1949This organization established a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. Original members were:United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Greece (1952), West Germany (1955) join also

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The Warsaw PactCommunist Response to NATO.Signed on May 1, 1955 in Warsaw, PolandMilitary treaty, which bound its signatories to come to the aid of the others, should any one of them be the victim of foreign aggression. Original Members:Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Rumania, the USSR, and the Czechoslovak Republic.

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Cold War in AsiaStruggle for ChinaMao Zedong wanted China to become a communist state after WW II.Chang Kai Shek fought to stop the communists but was unsuccessful.45

China Lost

MaoStalinJohn S. ServiceThe Long MarchTaking BeijingChaing Kai Shek46Communist China194947

TaiwanChiang Kai-shek, retreated from Mainland China and moved his government from Nanjing to Taipei, Taiwan's largest city.Taiwan made a claim they were separate from China.Still a problem area today.

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China Lost, Soviets have A-bomb

NSC - 68

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Economic Alliances51Eisenhower and the Cold WarForeign PolicyA. OptionsB. ProblemsC. ResultLiberation and RollbackPactomaniaSearch for SecurityEconomicsCovert OperationsNegotiationsGermanyUnresolved

52BrinkmanshipDefined as willingness to push nation to the brink of nuclear war to keep peace.Policy advocated by John Foster Dulles; Secretary of State.

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PACTOMANIA54Hydrogen BombUS exploded the 1st H-bomb on November 1, 1952 in South Pacific. That bomb completely destroyed one island and left a crater 175 feet deep. Russians exploded one in August of 1953.

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56Thats All Folks!In the immortal words of Porky Pig:

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60Central Intelligence Agency - CIAUsed spies to gather information abroadBegan to carry out covert operations to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the United States.

61Covert Operations

62IranOne of the CIAs first covert actions tool place in Iran when Irans Prime minister Mohammed Mossadegh nationalized Irans oil fields.CIA worked to remove Mossadegh

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Shah of IranCIA Operation Ajax caused the downfall of Mossadegh from office.The Shah, backed by the US, formed a government friendly to the US.Operation run by Kermit Roosevelt, grandson of Theodore Roosevelt.

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Fruit and Democracy

65Suez War -1956Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and would not allow ships headed for Israel to pass through all nations were supposed to have access.French, English, Israeli force attacked Egypt.After discussion, canal was opened.

66What we have here is a failure to communicate.

67Operation Blue Bat

Eisenhower Doctrine68Cuba

69French Indo-China

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A Slight Thaw

73Change in LeadersThe early 1950s saw a change in leaders in both the US and USSR.USA = Dwight Eisenhower wins the election of 1952.USSR = Nikita Khruschev takes over when Stalin dies in 1953.

74Hungarian Uprising 1956The Hungarian people, tired of Soviet domination in their country, rose in revolt and called for a democratic government.The Soviet response was swift and brutal:

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USSR Crushes RebellionSoviet tanks rolled into Hungary and killed 30,000 Hungarians and executed the resistance leader Imre Nagy.

US and UN did nothing to help.

76Space Race On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I.The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball.Orbited the earth in 98 minutes.

77Race to control space was on!

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80U-2 IncidentU-2 was designed to be high altitude reconnaissance plane.CIA used these to spy on USSR and one was shot down on May 1, 1960.81

Francis Gary PowersRecruited by CIA to fly spy missions.Shot down in U2 over USSR and convicted of espionage.Exchanged for a KGB colonel the US had captured.

82Francis Gary Powers

U-2 Incident83ConclusionMoving into the 1960s, the Cold War was really starting to heat up with no end in sight.

The Cold War will continue in the 1960s with the world moving closer to an open conflict between the US and USSR.

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Cold War in Amerika I. Loyalty and SecurityA. Loyalty DefinedB. Reason for C. CredibilityII. ActionA. Smith Act (1940)B. Loyalty Review BoardsC. H.U.A.C. (1948)III. Tailgunner JoeA. Source of PowerB. A Name .and more prestigeC. McCarran Internal Security ActIV. Election YearA. KoreaB. EconomyC. Eisenhower v. StevensonD. McCarthys Last Stand

85Cold War in America (1945-1960)Was there reason to be concerned? YES!

Soviet domination of Eastern EuropeChina turned Communist 1 billion people!80,000 Americans members of Communist party

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Loyalty Review BoardSet up by President Truman in March 1947.Purpose?Investigate Federal government employees and dismiss those disloyal to US212 dismissed

87Loyalty Oaths

88House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)1947= House of Representatives

Investigate Communist influence in the movie industry

89McCarthyismSenator Joe McCarthy became the most famous anti-Communist activist.Used the issue to help win re-election in 1950.

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91McCarthys TacticsMade one unsupported accusation after another.He would bully witnesses.McCarthyism = tactics used to advance your career.

92McCarthys DownfallIn 1954 McCarthy made accusations against the US Army.Led to televised Senate investigation; and American people did not like McCarthys tactics. His popularity dropped greatly.

93HUAC and the Hollywood Ten

94Hollywood Ten10 Hollywood screenwriters and directors who refused to testify before HUAC.Charged with contempt of Congress.Claimed 1st Amendment right of free speech

95 HUAC

96BlacklistedFollowing a meeting of film industry executives at New York's Waldorf-Astoria hotel, MPAA president Johnston issued a press release on the executives' behalf that is today referred to as the Waldorf Statement.The statement declared that the ten would be fired or suspended without pay and not reemployed until they were cleared of contempt charges and had sworn that they were not Communists. The first Hollywood blacklist was now in effect.

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