{ hydrosphere. h2o molecule hooray for polarity!!!! polarity= having a positively and a negatively...
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Hydrosphere
H2O molecule
Hooray for Polarity!!!!
Polarity= Having a positively and a negatively charged end.
Everything!. This interaction is call "Hydrogen Bonding". It is a type of weak electrostatic attraction (positive to negative). Because each and every one of the water molecules can form four Hydrogen Bonds, an elaborate network of molecules is formed.
What does the polarization have to do with the properties of water?
H2O properties
Adhesion and Cohesion
Ability to absorb and release heat
Density
Adhesion and Cohesion
Cohesion: H2O molecules are attracted to other H2O molecules.
Adhesion: H2O molecules are attracted to other substances.
Surface Tension is the result of cohesion. It allows this water strider to sit atop the water.
Water has a high specific heat capacity-the amount of heat needed to raise its temperature a certain amount.
How does this effect the climate?
What would happen if water had a LOW specific heat capacity?
Absorbing and Releasing Heat
Water is less dense as a solid.
VERY important for life on earth…..Why?
Density = mass/volume
The mass of a substance per unit volume
Properties of water lab
The universal solvent….
A solvent is a substance that has the ability to dissolve other substances.
Phases of Water:
SolidLiquid Gas
Phases of Water Condensation= Going from GAS
to LIQUID. Evaporation= Going from
LIQUID to GAS. Freezing= Going from LIQUID
to SOLID Sublimation= Going from
SOLID to GAS
Energy: The ability to do work.
Convection
Conduction
Radiation
Convection Occurs in liquids
and gases Caused by
differences in density
Convective heat transfer
Conduction Occurs in
Solids Caused by a
collision of molecules
Radiation
Energy that travels through a material or through space.
Travels in waves. Examples: Light,
heat and sound
Water, water Everywhere….
Oceans~96.5%Fresh water~2.5%
Ice Groundwater Surface Fresh Water Atmosphere and soil
~71% of the earth is covered with water
The Ocean
The top 3 meters of the ocean hold a lot of heat.
Ocean Currents redistribute this heat toward the earths poles
The Gulf Stream carries warm water north along the east coast
Surface zone (mixed layer): Water temp higher at
surface because of direct sunlight (may also be called the sunlight zone)
Waves and currents mix surface water and transfer heat downward
Extends 100-400 meters Warmer at equator Only place where
enough light is present to grow marine plants
Thermocline The transition layer
between the mixed layer at the surface and the deep water layer.
separates the upper mixed layer from the calm deep water below
varies in depth. Factors that affect the
depth and thickness of a thermocline include seasonal weather variations, latitude and longitude, and local environmental conditions.
Deep bottom layer Area of very cold
water just under the thermocline. Usually between 0 – 5 degrees Celsius.
Extends 1000-4000 meters
Water down here is denser and not well mixed.
Salinity A measure of
dissolved solids in sea water
Number of grams of dissolved salts in 1 kilogram of water
Water with high salinity is more dense.
Natural Processes Affecting Salinity
Salts and other materials in ocean water come from:Volcanic activity in oceans
Erosion of land areas
Wave action along the shoreline
Halocline= Area where salinity increases rapidly with depth.
UpwellingProcess in which surface water moves farther out into the ocean and deep water moves upward to replace the surface water
Ocean Currents: Masses of ocean water that flow from one place to another
Surface Currents: movements of water that flow horizontally in the upper part of the ocean’s surface
Deep density currents: cold, dense currents that flow very slowly beneath surface of ocean
Surface Currents
Develop from friction between the ocean and the wind blowing across its surface
driven by the "prevailing winds" through an area. These prevailing winds are influenced by temperature
differences in the Earth's surface over long distances
Deep Density Currents
cold, dense currents that flow very slowly beneath surface of ocean
occurs when denser seawater moves towards an area of less dense seawater
Waves
What causes waves?
Generated by: Wind Tide Earthquakes!
The Lingo…..
TIDES=Daily changes in the elevation of the ocean surface What causes the tides to change?
Tide Types
Barrier Islands
Outer Banks Protect shallow bays and wetlands on the mainland behind them